We continue the story about the hypotheses of the appearance of crop circles. And in this article we will talk about the above-ground versions of the origin.
Links to previous articles:
Crop circles: hypotheses of occurrence (part 1)
Crop circles: hypotheses of occurrence (part 2)
23. Freaks of nature
Microtornado or air vortices are the most common version. But if in the case of "simple" geometric circles it is still possible to somehow get used to the vortex origin, then in the case of complex figures of pictograms, any desire to rely on the blind forces of nature and the chaotic movement of air flows disappears.
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24. Unusual lightning
In 1686, the already mentioned professor of chemistry Robert Plot in his book "The Natural History of Staffordshire", in addition to demonic forces, animals and other versions of the emergence of the Circles, also gives a version of the effect of lightning on crops.
After much speculation, Plot concludes: "This must be the result of multiple circular lightning strikes in the clouds." The cloud emits a beam of energy that "hits the ground and leaves a circular trail." But then what about the traces that are not round? The professor explained their origin by the fact that sometimes lightning, breaking away from a cloud, takes on a rectangular shape.
25. Electrified vortices
The English meteorologist, head of the research organization for the study of tornadoes and storms, Dr. Tereke Meeden (Terence Meeden) put forward his theory - the existence of special air currents, which he called "stationary enchanted vortices." Meeden hypothesized a weather-induced stationary vortex - something like the one that makes mall trash heaps swirl on a hot summer day, lifting them up like a mini-tornado.
He suggested that such a vortex could form over the field for one or two seconds and leave this strange trail. Meden was convinced that if circles are a natural phenomenon, then they should appear again. Indeed, several new tracks appeared in Wessex in July and August 1981 and 1982. With the exception of the small circulation local press, this case was not considered a hoax. In 1988, at a conference at the University of Oxford Polytechnic, Dr. Meaden announced that the mystery had finally been solved; he explained to the audience that the circles were formed by sudden tornadoes, most of the circles were found near the hillsides; this is due to the fact that the wind blowing from one side of the hill, on the other, creates downward spiral vortexes of the air, which form circles. Meden's point of view,who was considered responsible for the emergence of Circles on electrified vortices, has acquired one of the greatest acclaims.
In Russia, this theory is interpreted as follows: “According to the theory of the plasma funnel, rotating columns of air, carrying an electric charge, can be the true cause of crop circles. Depending on the direction of turbulent air flows - perpendicular to the hill or bypassing it - a mini-tornado (ascending air flow) may occur, which for some time is stably held in one place. The ring-shaped funnel becomes unstable over time, falls down and crumbles with force, bending the plants to the ground in a spiral.
Strange glow and sound can appear in such funnels as a result of electricity …”However, in the mid-1980s, the appearance of more complex circular patterns (for example, the absolutely amazing schemes in Braton), it seemed, should have shaken Meden's confidence. In response, the meteorologist slightly improved his idea, suggesting that these same stationary vortices can also produce miniature hurricanes, which, under appropriate atmospheric conditions (on warm, quiet days), accumulate electricity and form a stable column of air curling downward.
Such a hurricane is supposedly capable of rising and falling, leaving the imprints of several crop circles. Although, of course, the same can happen over roads and water, but there are simply no traces left. Again, most experts believed in Meden's theory, but to ordinary people, the sophistication of making circles seemed an obvious sign of reason, although scientists hastened to point out many natural phenomena, such as snowflakes, which are also very amazing in terms of perfection of execution.
In the 1990s, even Meden's intricate designs failed to explain the super-sophisticated drawings that arose in the south of England. Triangular groups of circles, rectangular figures, linear compositions, asymmetric spots and even arrows - all this cannot be explained by theory.
26. Magnetic vortices
According to Dr. Colin Andrews, who has been researching Crop Circles for 17 years, "About 20% of them were formed by vortex disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field, and the rest were created by human hands." Colin Andrews believes that some circles were formed as a result of the displacement of the electromagnetic field, which causes the electric current to bend the ears in a circle.
In 1983, he and a group of eleven scientists conducted a study of this phenomenon in southern central England. In a report on the results of their research, Andrews' group ruled out versions of pranks, aliens, helicopters and tornadoes. Colin, who works as an electrical expert at the Hampshire Proving Grounds, said: “We now believe that shifts in the Earth's electromagnetic properties caused by the ozone hole may be causing the circles. One of the recent circles in Hampshire amazed us more than the others in that the crushed plants, subsequently straightening, formed a clear pattern of a dart board: a network of concentric circles intersected by perfectly straight "spokes" emanating from the center."
After studying a large number of circles and other figures, Colin Andrews discovered that the molecular structure of some plants in them is changed. He said: "We have written a letter to the Ministry of Agriculture asking them to remove from use the crop of plants subject to structural changes."
Andrews and his partner Pat Delgado conducted another major study using military equipment for long-term observation in the fields where circles were most likely to appear. They subsequently stated that the circles were associated with a "form of higher intelligence." Andrews stated: “They are caused by some form of high energy unknown to us. The configuration is getting more and more complicated, and, in my opinion, shapes in the form of snowflakes or flowers may soon appear. The figures that we saw are just the beginning."
27. Ball lightning
At the Kurchatov Institute, not too eager to "get involved with this devilry", they nevertheless recalled the descriptions of light extravaganzas over circular fields and delicately suggested that they shine, "and your circles are doing," of course, ball lightning. Perhaps this version is close to the truth.
But the sensational story with the Oliver's Castle video made on August 11, 1996 in the town of Oliver Castle (Wiltshire, England) by a certain John Wheyleigh, turned out to be a fake.
28. Impact from a plasma ball
In 1991, Japanese professor Yoshihiko Otsuki from Waseda University in Tokyo stated: “The appearance of circles is caused by elastic plasma, which is a product of ionized air.
In one of the experiments we got a plasma fireball, which, when it touched a plate covered with aluminum powder, formed beautiful circles and rings like those that appear in the fields."
29. Impact from a toroidal vortex
A similar version was put forward by the Moscow researcher Sergei Ivanovich Sukhonos, who described the theory in the book "Gravitational bagels".
Other researchers and journalists have also turned to this theory, using it to explain Crop Circles and other obscure phenomena; in some articles, such vortices were named "harpies" (in honor of ancient mythical creatures).
30. Impact from the passage of a meteorite
The point of view of the Russian scientist Alexander Nevsky (Korolev) is also perceived by some as official, although it is not yet such.
31. Laser or other directed weapons
Testing the laser weapon installed on the satellite could do something similar with a big stretch (maybe or not - no one knows, because nothing like this has yet been tested).
32. Gravitational impact
An engineer from the British aerospace company Voltaten, having got acquainted with the circles better, very accurately described the principle of constructing the image: “Now I can precisely determine where the real“circle”is, and where the fake.
It seems to me that we are dealing with a kind of scanner that puts the ears in turn in the direction it needs. This is possible only when beams like a laser are directed onto the field from above. But a very strong laser would damage the field, maybe even burn the grain.
So I don't think it is electromagnetic energy. I came to the conclusion that within the framework of modern scientific knowledge, we will not be able to understand this. No energy known to us is able to create such a thing. Most likely, this is gravitational radiation, about which we can only speculate so far. Since we are dealing with technology significantly superior to ours, we must admit that it has an unearthly origin."
33. Side effect of information signals
Is someone giving us signals from Space? But who and how? One way or another, some researchers have been talking about this for a long time.
For example, Western scholars Wingfield and Elsom have stated that "the crop circle phenomenon is caused by some kind of intelligence."
34. Remote impact of UFO
When questioning local residents, most of the arguments arise in favor of the ufological version. Late travelers and night watchmen most often observe incomprehensible glow, or even UFOs in all their glory over the fields, where the next morning they find circles.
35. Spatio-temporal influences from the outside
The impact on soil and plants can be not only from UFOs, but also from afar, even from other galaxies. An impact that is transmitted ultrafast or instantaneously at any distance due to the curvature of space-time can affect the Earth's surface with consequences that become visible not only to instruments, but also visually.
In the 1990s, this version was put forward by "Cosmopoisk" in combination with the "directional information signal" version.
Among other possible reasons, domestic researchers also listed: atmospheric electricity, the interference of ghosts, the impact of parallel worlds, freezing of anomalous objects, etc. Nevertheless, none of the currently existing hypotheses has been officially confirmed.
Read in the following publications: expeditions to the places of origin of circles, how to distinguish a real circle from a fake, and much more.
To be continued..