We all have no doubt for a long time that something terrible happened in Russia in the 19th century, a catastrophe, the consequences of which cannot be overestimated … Thousands of associates post various materials on their pages, blogs and videos, on this topic … So I also decided to make my own contribution to the common cause, besides, I myself live in Tver (in the region) and some moments related to the history of the city could not fail to attract my attention - traces of something that are not customary to talk about in the framework of official history are too obvious … So, having prayed, let's get started … Bless, Father!
To begin with, let's look at the description of the location of the city given in the 1767 brochure "Geographical Description of the Volga River from Tver to Dmitrevsk for Her Imperial Majesty's Journey along this River."
So, let's see where we have Tvertsa, where is the Volga, in the above description.
Excellent - here we have the great Russian river Volga, here is the Tvertsa, it flows into it, so this mouth of the Tvertsa is, as it was described in the brochure of 1767, everything is in place, nothing has gone anywhere … So, this is historical the center of the city, since it is described in the imperial brochure … On the other hand, Tver is an ancient city, the mention of it in the chronicles goes back to the hoary antiquity, to the beginning of the last millennium..
Promotional video:
The same lita burned down (burned down) the city of Tfer (Tver) all, exactly one (only one) church remained … It happened in the summer of 6783 (1275), but this is not the summer of the founding of the city, this guard was founded in 1135. True, it is believed that the center of the emergence of the guard was the place at the mouth (on the arrow) of the Tmaka River (modern photo, below), but in fact, who and how could fix it is a question..
in the photo - the mouth of the Tmaka, the Volga (in front), the place of the fortress is on the right.
Let's take a map - general plan, so that you can have an idea, navigate in unfamiliar terrain.
So, let's start comparing photographs of old, new, all kinds of engravings and drawings by foreign artists. Let's first go as deep as possible into the thick of the centuries, into the past - although the first articulate engravings appear in the 16th century.
This is the fortress of Tver, as far as the drawing can be viewed in terms of real coincidence with the terrain, the question … But we can note the general characteristics of the terrain - the terrain is hilly, the terrain is wooded, the banks are gentle, not steep (in the picture the forest descends directly to the water) In addition, the estuary is visible, arrow, as they also say … Perhaps this is Tmaka, if we assume that the Volga in the picture is flowing saline (from right to left), then most likely it is (the fortress has always been only on one side of the Volga) So, we have before us the historical center of the guard, a fortress, if to look at the modern drawing (above) it is to the right of the chapel (in the center of the Volga, down Tmak).
In principle, the location of the fortress is consistent with the logic and laws of the military-fortification science of that time - the fortress is protected from both sides by natural water barriers. Besides, the rivers are transport arteries of that time, especially the Volga - its significance cannot be overestimated … So, the city is located perfectly, there are rivers, there are forests, hills and churches can be seen in the distance, on the hills to the left of the fortress - probably villages, townships.
Pay attention to the steepness of the hills, the settlement is located exactly on the hill, to the left of the Tver fortress.
And now let's look at the drawing of the 17th century - as you can see, the forests have diminished, but the buildings have increased, and the fortress seems to have been built of stone … Temples on the opposite bank of the fortress (some are still standing) Only the angle has now shifted a little to the left, on the left we see the river Tvertsa, its mouth (the one that is in the photo from the height of the birds' flight) and Tmaku is not visible, it is much more to the right, and "did not enter the lens" of the artist.
As you can see, the fortress “petrified” in the same way and the embankment acquired a cultural look, dressed in granite, or some other stone, now it is not known … Perhaps this is how the draftsman depicted the earthen-log bastions of the fortress … Note again - the forests have diminished (people were built, settled down) the hills remain, in both images the hills are clearly marked - the terrain is hilly (this is important !!).
This temple (marked with a red arrow) is still standing behind the Soviet-built river station. Here you can clearly see how the draftsman depicted the main features, features of the temple building - an octagonal temple, "typical" for Tver. many of which have survived in the city and the region..
"Well, what about the catastrophe, the flood, and so on?" - you ask … And I will answer - patience, my friends, because the matter here is unhurried - you need to get acquainted with the area in more detail in order to eventually distinguish between the changes that occurred BEFORE and AFTER on the terrain. Therefore, I suggest you look no longer an allegorical sketch of an amateur draftsman, but a more detailed drawing of 1676.
As we can see, the figure shows the same thing as in the previous one - a star-shaped bulk bastion (drawn more professionally) and it is located exactly on the arrow of the Tmaki River (on the right), that's how it looked.
Let's enlarge a fragment of the image.
And such a picture is observed until the 19th century (here is a drawing from the end of 1838). We see a magnificent embankment, a beautiful Kremlin, a huge settlement, and a hilly area. behind (everything is like in the drawings of the 16th century).
HERE IS AN ENTRY, SIGNED UNDER IT - An old engraving depicting a view of Tver from the Volga. Shown is the central part of the city with the complex of the Transfiguration Cathedral (founded in the 13th century, demolished in 1935), stone palaces (including the Traveling Imperial Palace, built by architect M. F. Kazakov in 1764-6) and houses, on the right you can see the water space of the Tmaka River flowing into the Volga. The historical center of Tver is located on the spit of the Volga and Tmaka rivers; earlier, before the fire of 1763, the Tver Kremlin was located here. The view is shown from the opposite bank of the Volga through the water surface, in the foreground there are wooden houses, on the Volga there is a busy movement of sailing ships and boats. In 1935, when the cathedral was demolished, the appearance shown in the engraving was lost.
Opened in 1955, the stadium is located at the confluence of the Tmaka River with the Volga. The Tver Kremlin was once located on the territory of the stadium, which was destroyed by a fire in 1763, so the arena belongs to the objects of the historical and cultural heritage of the Tver region.
Oh well. the fire is so fire, the stone Kremlin burned down (how did they burn the stone?) but who and why, and most importantly with what (?), tore down the bastions - the ramparts, along the perimeter of the fortress? Why has the coastline changed so much? These are serious questions, I will try to give my own version of the answer to some of them.
What actually happened at the beginning of the 19th century is not known thoroughly, and the story of Napoleon and 1812 has long been hard to believe - there are too many counterarguments (and very serious) starting from the calculation of the supply of a huge army, which does not converge in any way, and ending with evidence of the use of weapons far ahead of their time … Well, and of course what happened to our native land..
In the photo below (1900) there are several very interesting moments, firstly, the pontoon bridge, on the navigable river - says that the ships on the river temporarily stopped moving (is that, for each steamer to disassemble - to assemble the bridge, and then again?) the river has become shallow, we cannot - the width of the river is in order (if it had become shallow, it would have narrowed) as it is now … There is a persistent feeling that the river is shallow, but what covered its bottom (the river has spread in breadth) and therefore the steamers do not go along the river - solid shook..
The reason for this, as it seems to me, is in the very flood, which the official sources are silent about, but which nevertheless was, and this has long been proven by more than numerous researchers - alternatives. (full Internet of such research) In every city there is a seeker who notices changes, comparing them with materials 200 years ago.
RECONSTRUCTION - BLITZ
Generally. my easy reconstruction of events is as follows - a dense mudflow passed through the area (as evidenced by the almost complete absence of forests on the territory of the region 200 years ago) It walked from the mouth of the Tvertsa (right in front of you) The stream "increased" the opposite bank (photographs are being taken from it) there was a fortress on it (it is to the left, on “our” side), which was “buried” by sediments, therefore it is not visible, and the coast has risen significantly when compared with the views of the 18th century (pictures above).
The Volga, covered by a mudflow, naturally added power to it, but gradually it still washed its usual path, somewhat shallowing (the bottom was soapy), but gradually eroded the unsteady soil brought by the mudflow, and went on as before. The banks, of course, were demolished together with all wooden buildings and vegetation.
For a very long time, nothing grew on the new soil, which was lathered by mudflows (hence the city is "bald") and the trees, as you can see, grow only specially planted, there is almost no wild vegetation, especially along the banks of the river near the city and its surroundings. as for the hills in the area of the city (in the pictures up to the 18th century, they are higher), the hills were leveled, the sediment of soil (mainly clay, now loam) raised the soil level to a level with them.
As for the coastline - it is completely leveled and raised to the level of the upper part of the embankment - all this "rolled up" by the mudflow to its present state. Pay attention - on the engraving the bank is gentle! There was also a pier on the site of the modern bridge - to the left of the fortress, a channel was dug a little "deep" of the city..
Ask soil scientists - the entire territory of the Tver region, which is adjacent to the glorious guard, is entirely loam, and young loam. very water-bearing … I myself am suffering with this case. and I even have last year's work on this topic in LJ (read the investigation, as an appendix to this post: "Mysterious Stone. Traces of the recent flood. Report from the Tver region." I often go to the forest, mushrooms, berries - so, trees They constantly fall, they cannot catch on, the soil is simply useless - there is no continental soil, everything is superficial, clay … That is why trees fall, who grow up carelessly..
On this topographic map (1853) map of Mende, you can observe the amount of forest (green spot) and meadow (yellowish), as you can see - all meadows and bushes, and this is the Tver land, from ancient times glorious for hunting. forests, etc … This is not Central Asia, with its semi-desert … nevertheless, we observe such a similar picture in the middle of the 19th century
And now let's look at the same place in our time … The same scale - see what forests? Despite the fact that we have a lot of sawmills, the forest is cut down mercilessly - some bald spots here and there … What does it turn out, there has never been a forest here, it only began to grow in the 19th century, and now, it has grown only by our times? And what then was there earlier? According to the descriptions of travelers, there were impenetrable forests and deep rivers from time immemorial … Then the question is - where did the forest go in the 19th century?
And most likely, this topographer (a very good, by the way, super-professional) Mende was contracted by the local authorities so that they could understand what they have here and where they have, on the territory of the province, after the aforementioned events.
Look at the photographs of 1900 - an ancient city that is almost a thousand years old - stands as in a desert, naked, without vegetation - trees are planted only in the yards, or thin young, like "Gorzelenstroyevsky" plantings on the streets, in public gardens, etc. There is no wild living vegetation … Didn't manage to grow in 1000 years? But electricity - full speed ahead … And it doesn't look like it appeared yesterday - and the tram even runs..
Khramina 1564, but as if they had just built (but in fact, recently dug out the building) no trees around, nothing.
The same with St. Petersburg - the year of its foundation, in fact, the year of its excavation and restoration and cleaning. And thousands of men who were caught up to clear the city, and they, they say, died in the local swamps. in pits, lowlands. The clayey slurry almost did not dry. especially since the Sun is not very much in that region. In the engraving below, we see the Bronze Horseman, but the main thing is highlighted with a white ellipse - how could the flood destroy the top of the stone building? There is probably still a lot we don’t know..
It is quite possible that these are traces of war, with the use of weapons of mass destruction equivalent to nuclear (or higher) and, as a consequence, the reaction of the atmosphere to megatons of dust thrown into the upper layers - condensation of moisture of the "vapor lens" and precipitation - months of rain, with all the consequences (there is such a hypothesis) …
Take a look at our local landmark, a monument of history and architecture - Catherine's Traveling Palace (18th century), the royal persons rested in it during their travels from Moscow to St. Petersburg (Sapsan had not yet been launched) As you can see - the palace is clearly "drowned" - the logic and taste of the architect would not allow him to make such a disproportionate dwarf … Check the proportions of the palace for compliance with the "Golden Section" (this is a classic) and the proportions will not be maintained..
The palace looks kurguso and squat, its proportions are disturbed and imperfect, they do not look, because at least a meter or two of the walls were “stolen” from below. It's as if you grab twenty centimeters from below, and say that “It was O.”This is how people with disproportionately short legs look … And do not be confused by the finished appearance of the exterior, adapted to the present conditions - the palace was almost destroyed during the Nazi occupation and was completely restored recently..
To see how it should look, majestically and royally, I propose to compare it with the recently "opened" temple (almost all of them are buried "up to the waist", therefore they look like knocked down) You see - a completely different view (you can clearly see the excavation line) because that all architects observe the "Divine proportion" in architecture is a guarantee that the object will look natural and beautiful..
Luzhetsky monastery in Mozhaisk. Monastery yard, where in 1999 a layer of earth about two meters thick was removed. The previous level of the ground is clearly visible on the dark strip running along the bottom of the monastery cathedral. It can also be seen that the windows of the cathedral were raised, except for one, which, prior to the excavation, began from the very ground..
Or, look, the Moscow Kremlin, pay attention to the antediluvian engraving the tower stands on a hill - the artist clearly indicates the degree of slope … In addition, a couple of meters from the bottom of the tower is in the asset - it looks like a girl with long legs "from the neck" … Now, almost all buildings of that time, in Russia, were "shortened", now the rise at the entrance to the Spassky Gate has equalized the minimum unevenness.
Let's compare with the modern look.
Well, back to our great Russian river … Volga - it somehow does not feel very well in the lower photo … One could say that it became shallow at the time when the photo was taken, but the water level in it is the same as usual, maybe completely a little … Only the banks look very strange … Pay attention to what a shallow place right at the river station (to the right and in the center) … But there is a pier now, steamers need depth for mooring. Well, they dug with a dredger? It is quite possible. But the fact that the bottom was covered with mud is one hundred percent … Now the river has long since "washed" its bed, "gnawed" the alluvial soil (probably by the beginning of the 20th century) and the steamers again ran along the natural transport artery, once the only and irreplaceable.
It was here, on the opposite bank (photo below), that there were log-built bastions of the Tver fortress. Here and the beginning of the glorious guard is (further, beyond the bridge the mouth of the Tmaka) The bridge was apparently built quite recently (photo 1900) in the area of the bridge there was an embankment going deep into the city (see the engraving).
It was here, on the opposite bank (photo below), that there were log-built bastions of the Tver fortress. Here and the beginning of the glorious guard is (further, beyond the bridge the mouth of the Tmaka) The bridge was apparently built quite recently (photo 1900) in the area of the bridge there was an embankment going deep into the city (see the engraving).
Or here's another, a nunnery (it is higher, in a black and white photo, a pontoon bridge leads to it).
Naturally, the water level in the river has risen - there must have been some shallowing, because the mudflow "hammered" the channel at a great distance, and while the river was once again cutting its way, the amount of water supplied decreased noticeably.
Well, something like this, a little spontaneous and chaotic, and still I hope I managed to convey the main idea to you, as well as provide the arguments necessary for thought..
Author: OTSHELNIK
