The process of degassing hydrogen from the bowels of our planet is comprehensive and global. Whitish crop circles, swelling of the soil, explosive craters, karst dips, deep round lakes, atoll lagoons and volcanoes are all vivid evidence of this process, which must be taken into account in the economic activity of mankind.
Hydrogen balance of the planet
The Earth's atmosphere contains about 2.5 billion tons of hydrogen, which escapes into space at 250 thousand tons per year. The source of replenishment of "cosmic losses" is the hydrogen degassing of the Earth in various forms.
There is no longer any doubt that hydrogen is the planet's deepest gas. In the 70s of the twentieth century, V. N. Larin proposed a hypothesis for the Earth's hydride core containing supercompressed hydrogen.
Hydrogen degassing of the planet is the phenomenon of hydrogen evolution mixed with other fluid gases (most often hydrocarbons, helium and radon) in rift zones, during volcanic eruptions, from faults in the earth's crust, kimberlite pipes, some mines and wells. In many cases, earthquakes of tectonic origin are accompanied by an increase in the content of hydrogen in the air at the epicenter and adjacent areas.
Promotional video:
Geochemical model of the Earth.
As can be seen from the hydrogen degassing scheme, deep hydrogen reaches the Earth's surface in the form of hydrocarbons, water, and in the form of H2 gas. Hydrolysis reactions of ocean water during amphibolization, chloritization, and serpentinization of mantle rocks in subduction zones are also added to the general hydrogen balance according to the prevailing scheme:
2Mg 2SiO4 (olivine) + 22H2O = 3Mg6 {Si4O10} (OH) 8 (serpentine) + 6Mg (OH) 2 (brucite) + 4H2.
The lithosphere, as a dense layer of oxides, is an intractable barrier that prevents the release of hydrogen to the surface. As a result, gas accumulates under the crust, where it enters into chemical reactions with other substances, which is accompanied by additional heat release. Most likely, it is the presence of hydrogen that makes the asthenosphere a quasi-liquid medium. The data obtained by the method of seismotomography indicate that at a depth of about 100 km above the asthenosphere, numerous earthquake foci are formed, recording the rise of fluid and melt material.
What do hydrogen exits on the planet's surface look like?
In the zones of hydrogen outcrops in the Earth's relief, very characteristic “subsidence structures” are formed, resembling “saucers” in shape, the diameters of which vary from 100 m to several kilometers.
Hydrogen deposits
Hydrogen wells exist and are successfully operated in the world.
Hydrogen crop circles:
"Witch's Circle" - a strip of more succulent and taller grass along the border of a perfectly flat circle - it is especially noticeable on usually dry areas of land. The intensive growth of plants in the rings is not associated with the peculiarities of the soil or underground water sources, but it is quite explainable by the release of hydrogen. Moreover, passing through the fertile soil layer, the gas discolours it. In intense places where the primordial gas emerges, soil subsidence and the formation of reservoirs are observed.
After a long winter, gas accumulates under the frozen soil and breaks out to the surface, forming heaps of loose earth, similar to anthills, for which they are often mistaken!
Traces of hydrogen emission in soils are not always round, there are also lightning-like traces, these traces in space images can be such as in Kevi, Serbia.
More significant volumes of gases accumulate under the permafrost layer, forming heaving mounds.
Heaving mounds on Yamal, and their further explosive evolution.
Karst caves
Passing through the limestone layer, the hydrogen flow enters into an exothermic exchange reaction, forming calcium compounds, water and carbon dioxide. This results in significant karst sinkholes and sinkholes.
And not for millions of years, as geologists are trying to convince us! Sometimes the process of "corroding" limestone structures with hydrogen occurs literally in front of surprised people, it all depends on the intensity of the gas flow.
Here are some illustrative examples:
Sinkholes
In Guatemala, the tragedy with the appearance of a huge crater is not the first; a similar case, which claimed 5 lives, was on February 23, 2007.
The depth of the funnel reached 100 m.
Hole in Guatemala 2010. Photo: National Geogrphic.
Round lakes
Such sinkholes and explosive funnels are gradually filled with water, forming deep lakes, without external sources feeding them.
There are many rounded deep lakes on our planet, formed by outflows of hydrogen, and these are not traces of mythical wars of the past and "atomic" bombings of ancient civilizations!
Blue lake in the Samara region.
The original crescent lake with a relocatable island originated in Argentina.
Coral atolls
I dare to suggest that some of the deep rounded lagoons of oceanic atolls owe their appearance to hydrogen rushing to the surface.
Sequential stages of atoll formation:
- volcanic island,
- coral reef,
- nuclear atoll.
According to the official version, the formation of the atoll is the result of the gradual destruction of the volcano. Maybe in some cases this is so. But doesn't it seem strange that, as a result of water erosion, much denser volcanic rocks go to a depth of sometimes more than 100m, leaving the fragile limestone crown intact?
It is much more logical if the gas streams emerging on the surface dissolve the limestone structures and form rounded lagoons.
Rift zones
Rift zones and especially mid-ocean ridges are the most powerful sources of planetary degassing. And this is logical, because these are areas where there is no basalt layer and magma chambers through volcanic deposits directly through the "black and white smokers" go into the ocean, forming zones of the Earth's expansion (see the article The Earth is expanding below us!).
In the figure, the Baikal rift zone is an expanding fracture in the earth's crust with a length of about 1,500 km.
Professor V. L. Syvorotkin proved that deep hydrogen, entering the atmosphere, reaches the ozone layer (30 km) and, reacting O3 + 3H2 = 3H2O, forms an ozone hole and ice crystals, which we see in the form of beautiful nacreous and silvery clouds.
Ice circles
These large ring formations several kilometers in diameter periodically appear on the icy surface of Lake Baikal.
According to the results of observation from space, it became known that the rings appeared in 2003, 2005, 2008 and 2009, and each time in a new place.
The formation of circles is associated with emissions of natural combustible gas (methane and hydrogen) from the rift zone of Lake Baikal. In summer, in such places, bubbles rise from the depths to the surface, and in winter, "proparins" with a diameter of half a meter to hundreds of meters are formed, where ice is very thin or even absent.
Volcanoes
The most active process of planet degassing occurs on the volcanoes of rift zones.
50-80% of the gas of almost any eruption is water vapor and its volumes are colossal! Official science assures that these are groundwaters, but then there must be a sea under the middle volcano, and an underground ocean under the supervolcano! More and more scientists are inclined to conclude that this water is formed in the volcanoes themselves, by the combustion of hydrogen. Then the energy of volcanic processes and their explosive nature becomes clear.
Geologists have long paid attention to gas outflows from the earth through deep fractures of the lithosphere. Usually it was determined by trapping the release of helium. There are two isotopes: helium-3 (supposedly preserved since the formation of our planet) and helium-4 (radiogenic, arising from the decay of uranium and thorium nuclei). The first is concentrated in fault zones on the border of the continental and oceanic crust: here its content is a thousand times higher than in the rocks of the continents. This shift in isotope ratios indicates that the gas is coming from the mantle. Together with helium, hydrogen rises and accumulates from there. The volume of silicate melt ejected during one eruption rarely exceeds 0.5 cubic kilometers, while the volume of the gas phase is hundreds and thousands of times greater than the volume of the solid phase. Back in 1964, A. Rittman said that volcanoes should be considered,first of all, as the structure of the planet's degassing.
It is obvious that the processes of gas oxidation upon its release to the surface completely change its primary deep composition, leading to the formation of secondary products arising from the combustion of hydrogen and methane. Gases, heated from 200º to 1000ºC, consist of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, ammonia, sodium chloride. Low-temperature gases are dominated by hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide - all of them are products of secondary chemical reactions involving hydrogen.
Indeed, for example, the gas of Etna volcano consists of CH4 - 1.0%, CO2 - 28.8%, CO - 0.5%, H2 - 16.5%, SO2 - 34.5%, the rest is nitrogen and inert gases … And the contribution of the volcanoes of the Kuril arc to the hydrogen content in the atmosphere is estimated at about 100 tons of hydrogen per year.
Burning gas in volcanic lava in Hawaii.
On the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands in crater lava lakes, a “large flame” up to 180 m high often appears - this is hydrogen burning. Under the volcanoes there are columns of plastic heated matter rising to the surface from the boundary of the liquid core; they contain hydrogen from the Earth's core. In this case, thermal energy is released in the process of hydrogen molecularization: H + H = H2 + Q, and during gas oxidation, with the formation of water vapor in the craters of volcanoes: 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O + Q.
Hydrogen releases during earthquakes
This is how the earth breathes in Japan after the earthquake:
That is, the tectonic activity of the planet directly depends on the process of hydrogen degassing!
Other manifestations of H2 degassing
There are also zones of hydrogen enrichment in oil and gas fields. In Sweden, when drilling the Gravberg-1 well with a depth of 6770 m, below 4 km, a significant increase in the hydrogen content was noted. "Gazyat" and sections of the lithosphere, so in the mine gas of deep underground workings of the Khibiny increased hydrogen content. For example, the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe in the Republic of Sakha-Yakutia releases up to 100 thousand cubic meters of gas every day. Obviously, the formation of diamonds also occurs in a hydrogen environment.
(Read more in the article: Carbonado diamond is the most valuable semiconductor of the future).
For the safety of miners, hydrogen must be measured
There is a persistent problem of explosiveness in mines, especially in coal mines. And without recognition and understanding of hydrogen degassing processes, explosions in mines are inevitable.
Deep H2, reaching the coal seam, partially interacts with its rock to form methane (CH4). Since the most modern equipment measures mainly the methane content in the mine atmosphere, the hydrogen hazard is not taken into account. I believe that sensors for hydrogen as the primary gas will save many miners' lives.
Aspects of the Earth's hydrogen degassing
Humanity must recognize and take into account in its economic activities the degassing of hydrogen from the depths of the planet. This must be done before building any facilities. So far, only Russia takes into account the hydrogen yields during the operation of nuclear power plants.
The leadership in the discovery of the hydrogen breathing of the planet belongs to our scientists. It would be extremely disappointing to buy technologies and machines from the West that run on the energy carrier of the future economic order. Why shouldn't Russia, following hypersound, make a qualitative leap forward in the production and use of the most energy-intensive and environmentally friendly of fuels?
Unfortunately, officially, hydrogen is still not a mineral. Therefore, its exploration and production are not yet regulated. But the use of hydrogen as the fuel of the future, already in production cars, experimental trains, airplanes and rockets, inevitably brings us closer to the hydrogen era!
Author: Igor Dabakhov