First, a little history to make it clear what it is about. It was built long ago. The date on Wikipedia is approximate. And the current building, as it were, is not the first.
According to the legends that historians have collected in their closets, under beds and bedside tables, there were at least three of them. Thank you for being in the same place, though.
The first Pantheon was built by Agrippa. The right hand of Emperor Augustus. It was 27 BC. He was then dedicated to Romulus, one of the founders of Rome, fed by a she-wolf.
This temple burned down during the Great Fire in 80 AD.
Damn, I think that a monument to fire should be erected near all the history departments of the world. He is their best helper from the creation of the world!
Emperor Domitian (as I understand, in Russian, his name can be read as Do-mi-sol-ka?) Did not agree with the elements and restored him the same year. For his insolence, he was punished by lightning in 110. She hit the Pantheon and it burned down again.
Listen, let's catch a specialist in ancient times and ask him to set fire to a piece of concrete? We urgently ask, threatening to bury all of his Ancient Rome to hell again, return to the state in which he was, it seems, until the 19th century. Maybe then it will be recognized how they invent such crap and believe in it by the whole community?
Promotional video:
For ten years no one dared to approach the ashes. So there was a central, walk-through, with a huge commercial potential, a place in the city center without an owner. And the Romans at this time built huge complexes on themselves and on each other's heads. Any current sealing building, in comparison with the antique Roman, is just a lonely house in an open field. See, for example, how the buildings of its central square (forum) were huddled. You will discover a lot of interesting things.
But all patience comes to an end. Emperor Hadrian, tired of admiring the smoky hole in the slender line of city streets for years, at his next address to the Romans said that all this dense obscurantism, and in general, Christianity will soon come, and you have a useful city square idle because of stupid signs. I'll build everything for you now. Learn the rednecks!
And he built it. Scholars claim that he was a passionate lover of architecture (the first Freemason?) And indeed designed the new Pantheon himself. True, just in case, he did it with a certain Apollodorus from Damascus. But this is purely because there were few books then, and the correct parameters of the Corinthian order, the compositions of concrete mixtures and other things useful for ancient construction were well kept in the heads of specially trained people and without wasting foreign papyrus.
When Adrian extracted all the necessary information from Apollodorus, he naturally threw out the guide. That is, he chopped off the architect's head. Historians say they did not agree on the interior of the barrel.
The most remarkable thing about the Pantheon is its dome - 43 kopecks meters. And it is still the largest dome in the world, without supporting supports in the interior, made of unreinforced concrete. Adrian coped well with the ruler - the distance from the floor to the top of the dome is equal to its diameter.
At the moment, scientists do not know (read: they did not come up with a suitable version) how the building could stand for 2K years, withstanding all earthquakes, invasions of barbarians and, this is a real miracle, all the Great Fires.
And this is all against the background of an unreinforced roof, the world's largest made of concrete, which today's engineers are not ready to repeat. This I just said not just for a catchphrase, this is the conclusion of researchers who studied the building in 1995. There is a scientific work about this, here.
Now attention. Except for the poor and crippled, I ask everyone to stand up! Recently the secret of Roman concrete was revealed !!! Now we know why the Roman Pantheon has stood for two thousand years, and modern booths fall apart in a dozen (if without iron reinforcement, of course).
If this were not now the official version, and not supported by scientific work, I would consider that this is not just an invention, but the most stupid invention of a village journalist.
You can read here and make sure.
As I understand it, the ash was poured, or, more likely, he himself flew out of the volcano and, with a divine historical gin, rushed straight into the tubs with the Emperor Hadrian's solution. Secret, silent and not buzzing. Therefore, of course, no one poured it into other mixtures. Here he is, the only strong one in the whole world and stands.
But then it’s not clear what the hell is this inscription on it:
She honestly says that Septimius Sever Pius Pernitax and Aurelius Antony Pius Felix the Augustus are tired of looking at the age-old decrepitude in the center of the city and have carefully restored the Pantheon.
Everyone can choose the Pantheon to their liking. Well, okay, historians still do not notice post-Flood buildings, but this is on the right below what? A guard's booth on a field with cabbage? Where is Rome, damn it?
Or did they pour in the miracle powder, as volcanic dust was then called, until they discovered America and Colombia, and did not say anything to anyone?
Yes, and I would also like to clarify why the dome of the Pantheon before 1425 in all chronicles, books, legends and other documentation on construction, is called nothing else than the world's largest brick dome?
- I beg you, - I am now addressing the customers of the new history. - Please, calm down your crowd of clowns. And in general, set them tasks more specifically! Morons have a spread from here to space.
The dome is solid, but in the middle the prudent emperor made a 7.8 meter hole through which light enters. But the rain, for some reason, does not fall, although the floor in the Pantheon is made like a spillway on the highway at an angle to the center. The hole has its own name, its name is Oculus.
Also, the “heavenly eye” ventilates and cools the building well.
The Romans celebrate the day of the city on April 21 and in honor of this, the Sun in the sky assumes such a position that the Oculus can direct its light, reflecting from the walls and dome, to the grille of the front door, depicting an inner divine glow.
Another remarkable thing in the Pantheon is the portico. Of course, a portico and a portico, half the world is worth it, but it was this one that the Romans decided to build through the place that historians have instead of a head. Through Egypt.
It was decided to outsource 16 columns of 60 tons weighing each to the pharaohs. Own quarry near Rome, from which the rest of the ancient city was built, for some reason did not fit.
One would be surprised at the strength of the Roman-Egyptian builders who dragged these columns first 100 kilometers to the Nile, then on barges to the Mediterranean Sea, then on ships (galleys?) To the port of Ostia, then again on barges along the Tiber to Rome, but these are real trifles in comparison with the heroes from Russia who held the Alexander column in their hands while Montferrand repaired the cracked boat for two days.
Now let's see what historians came up with. It is impossible to cover everything, because there are many historians, and according to the customers, the Pantheon should be one, in the image and likeness of which, after the Renaissance, people who went crazy with its beauty began to build similar barrels with columns around the world.
This is the Pantheon again. And you in front of your nose, for sure, have your own. Just take a look at the nearest cathedral. Fat plump body, coupo and portals. Sometimes with variations, but very often one-on-one.
It is claimed that it was built as a temple to all the gods at once. There is no particular confirmation of this, but the version, as usual, is passed off as correct. Even now there is an idiom - "pantheon of gods".
Yes, I remember one! I confirm that at the end of the life of the USSR there were posters of the Central Committee with photos. Gods as they are. And even lower was a row of bodhisattvas - candidates for members of the CPSU Central Committee.
Unfortunately, the version of a single temple for all the gods at once, in addition to the throwing of historians, also rests against the ancient Roman Greek rule that one cannot build a temple for several deities. It is not clear who is dissatisfied and who should run to slaughter the ram if lightning strikes the temple!
By the way, nothing is clear with the very name “Pantheon”. They lead it from the Greek language. They are building some kind of unthinkable structures. When it finally dawned on them that the Pantheon was in Rome, and not in Athens, I didn’t know, but I’m sure that it was after realizing that they had to invent the Roman Senator Cassius, who wrote in Greek and took notes about the origin of the word "Pantheon".
None of the builders of the three pantheons left a memoir about the name.
Further more, in Latin there is no Pantheon, but there is Pantheum, which, together with the rest, says a lot. For example, the fact that to call all similar buildings in the world - Pantheons, began only after the French Revolution, when the locals called their church Saint-Genevieve - Pantheon in Paris.
Everything is as usual and predictable - any, even Roman, medieval or whatever, other roots are easily found in the 19th century.
One could make guesses about the purpose of this building, according to the interior decoration, but already in 803 Christianity crawled there and poked its dead everywhere. And the ugly dad, Urban the Eighth Barberini, also tore the bronze ceiling from the portico to melt it down for cannons. All this, of course, happened according to the version of official historians.
Previously, a staircase led to the portico, now no. Understand. You will get bogged down to dig everything up.
Drowns powerfully!
So that you understand at what level historians are trying to understand their inventions, I will tell you more, they do not yet have a complete understanding of whether the Pantheon was a temple or just a rotunda at the baths. Now in my head the first association with the Pope will be - bathhouse attendant!
What else is interesting about the Pantheon? Oh yes. Dedication inscription. It is written on the forehead near the house:
MAGRIPPALFCOSTERTIVMFECIT
“M [arcus] Agrippa L [ucii] f [ilius] co [n] s [ul] tertium fecit
Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, elected consul for the third time, erected this.
The Agrippa building burned, only in the memory of historians, twice to zero, but what is written with a pen, then no fire! It is assumed that Adrian was a generous person and duplicated it in memory of some consul, the author of the first version. It would be better not to cut off the heads of architects. Well, come on, from the emperor, what will you take?
The question is different! How did he manage, from time to time, to get into the future and stick a tablet when grateful descendants lost it? Or, on the contrary, it is Agrippa in a rage, once every ten years, flips into the future and puts his signature in place, and Adrian, running after him, after 2000 years climbs onto the portico and takes pictures. How else?
I don't remember where the photo came from, but the painting by Giovanni Migliara ALESSANDRIA 1785 - 1837 MILAN ROME, A VIEW OF THE PANTHEON
The bell towers at the Pantheon are also unstable. That they are, then they are not. But, that's okay. Historians blamed everything on the "ugly dad" Urban, like he, in an excuse for using local bronze, put a couple of nice bell towers on the roof.
People didn't appreciate it. They were called donkey ears. I hope you don’t need to be reminded that whatever it was, people also rejected the Montferrand remake and called it an inkwell? And he, too, was mainly engaged in porticoes. Damn, can you write something more original? I understand everything, there are only 37 plots in the world, but at least don't hang the same thing on the same round barrels with porticoes.
By the way, along with the ears, the Roman barrel was podrikhtovy and from the inside
Elsewhere I saw that the same attic (the second attic tier of the drum) was repaired only at the end of the 19th century, during the removal of donkey ears, according to modern concepts of "classicism". Considering that Christianity, in fact, began only in the 19th century, this information seems to me closer to the truth.
But now the year is not important. It seems that the information about the alteration is not secret, but figs you will quickly find it. On the contrary, everywhere there will be words that the Pantheon, as it stood from the time of Hadrian, is still standing. Please stop by and take a look. Don't forget the cash.
Heaps with empty caissons.
There are a million pictures, but 99 percent of them, even those that tell about the ancient Pantheon, are equipped with pictures with square caissons without roses and a square attic after alteration.
It seems that the information is not secret either, but I could hardly find it.
Some write that these are neighboring terms - do not believe them.
And, as I found it, I was so stunned. That is why they cannot name either the name of the temple or the deity, and everyone crumples around all the gods and, invented, their pantheon. I hope you can see that Zeus is not on the throne, not Neptune and not a man at all !!!
This is an aunt, and aunts could not occupy a royal place in the general pantheon of the official religion of Ancient Rome. So, this is either her personal temple, or she removed everyone, even then.
I don't even want to comment on this. Some of what I think about this is in the last article, and for the next I have not enough information yet.
Let's go back to our usual "official" Pantheon. Photos and drawings - the sea. I sit looking, trying to forget about the ubiquitous lady, counting ears and steps. As always, where they should be, they are not, and where they should have already been removed, they hang in full screen.
At the bottom right, two men are clearly living after the urban, but they have no ears. And if suddenly earlier, then where is all the bronze that he stole? Plus the staircase, Does it mean that it stood normally for 1500 years, and then accelerated and quickly became covered with a cultural layer? After all, there is no flood in the picture of the world of modern historians !!! At the top left, it is not at all clear what. It seems to me - this is a shalman shawarma on camels from the United Arab Emirates arrived. There was still no oil then. Lived hard!
Well, a million such flaws, such as the fountain closer and further, in short, I start to forget the girl. Already I think, it may have seemed. And suddenly, bam.
And again this team is mini-Nika-Victoria in the corners. The main one apparently decided not to go out, sent an eagle instead of herself. So not only Neptune, but Zeus also decided. Wai-wai-wai.
Some kind of nonsense. This photograph means the end of the 19th century. Two Nicky, one eagle, two donkey ears and an inscription about Emanuel.
No, I remember that one of the last kings of Italy was buried in the Pantheon. They even dug out Raphael, who was lying there, in order to see how the body feels at the deceased within these walls.
They dug it up, smelled it, felt it, touched it. They said ok. We will add them.
They buried their Emanuel, of course, this is also no secret, the sarcophagus is in plain sight, but where does the bas-relief and figures on the portico come from? Previously, they only came across in variations of the distant past.
Maybe I was looking in the wrong place, maybe I was already tired of this Pantheon, but on the whole Internet, which I browsed for more than an hour, I found only one such photo and only one, not even an article, but a scientific note in some professional journal.
Mega funeral. The people were overtaken, there was a queue from the station. Like a mausoleum.
It says that in 1978, Victor Emmanuel II died, who in fact personified the collection of Italy together from several small kingdoms and the new authorities decided to urgently make him a symbol of a new united Italy, so he was buried in the Pantheon, and the Pantheon was decorated, as in the good old times of the Great Roman Empire. Everything seems logical. Except for the eagle. And the aunts on the sides. And donkey ears.
Let's omit the eagle for now. He is clearly SHRIGN, but on the other hand, Emanuel, sort of like Bismarck helped. The fact that Agrippa was removed probably also happens. The bas-relief was hung, you can't see which one, you can't get … to beat. But what nonsense!
Firstly, if you want to make a symbol, as in the old days, the first step is to remove the remake, that is, the ears. The ears are in place.
Secondly, two Nicky on the sides, how do you want to distinguish themselves with them, if they throw wreaths from all the rooftops of that time? It is, on the contrary, to become like everyone else.
Thirdly, in the rightmost picture-photograph, I do not see either the eagle or the Nikki twins. Where there is a crowd and type of turn to the body.
But I didn't look for an answer to these questions, because I found a couple of pictures.
oops!
The same funeral, the same, it seems, Emmanuelle number two. Nicky flew away. The eagle has become a chicken, Agrippa is in place, the inscription about Emmanuel was attached above instead of a triangular bas-relief. The coat of arms in the form of an icon was also stuffed there. And what is this parallel reality?
If you find an explanation, you can go ahead and try to see ten differences here:
No, who sets the task like that? Artists suffer - there is no synchron! It must be clearer, comrades, clearer !!!
Just ask your closest historian for now, and I'll summarize. Even if the second Second Emmanuel appears and he will again be buried with universal honors, everything together that I indicated in this note speaks of only one thing.
The barrel with ears was recently built. At least with the dust of Vesuvius, at least with particles of Eyjafjallajökull. Concrete roof and the rest with iron inside, that is, they used frame reinforced concrete. The whole world is in statues with protruding pins from the skeleton, but here they decided to freeze the concrete in flight? And then, I saw a photo with a protruding reinforcement trace from which stretches along the entire wall.
All these birds, animals, barrels and other architectural excesses were brought down, just recently, in order to make the Pantheon look like a barrel bald from old age and cheerfully throw it away into antiquity, in order to fill history and lure tourists to yourself.
There was a flood! And recently. A fresh building, and suddenly, the stairs were gone !!!
And apparently, as in surprisingly many places on Earth at that time, Athena ruled. Well, or let's call it that for now. Let it denote an unidentified collective image.
But whether this building was technological, whether it served the past civilization as a reliable apparatus, or was it our ancestors who built it 200-300 years ago, being in the ancient civilizational segment of their development, this should be asked in the Vatican and London. There will be first-hand information.
In the meantime, here's the Pantheon, and part of the city, as Piranesi saw them, looking into the past.
Vulcan dust sparsely poured into the concrete solution. How much good has collapsed !!!
