“The earth was formless and empty, and darkness was over the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the water.
And God said: Let there be light. And there was light … And God saw the light that it was good, and God separated the light from the darkness.
And God called light day, and darkness night. And there was evening and there was morning, the first day."
Old Testament, Book of Genesis, Chapter 1
TIME OF DEFECTS
The need for "chronology" has always existed, even in the Bible the calendar bases are laid, otherwise the description of the origin of the world cannot be interpreted.
We can say that the calendar countdown began with this, because the creation of the world lasted seven days. However, when comparing different systems of chronology, it can be seen that the length of the day may differ between them.
Promotional video:
The highest mythological deity of Hindu mythology Brahma - the creator of the Universe - lives a hundred "own" years, equal to 311,040,000,000,000 "human" years. The day of Brahma is equal to the entire period of existence of this world and includes a thousand "great ages" - mahayugas. These periods in those days were necessary for humanity to realize the future, because in translation from the ancient Indian concept "south" meant "generation." Ancient history has 4 yugas: "kritoyuga" - a period of human dignity with universal equality without grief and disease; "Tretayuga" - a period of diminishing justice, the time of birth of human vices and sacrifices; "Dvaparayuga" - the period of prevalence among people of vices and evil, diseases and envy; finally, the fourth period, which included the life of modern society, - "Kaliyuga" - the time of decline of virtues,filled history with rivalry and war. For each period, the history of India dates back 432 thousand years.
CALENDAR
China occupies an important place among the ancient civilizations. However, there are no legends about the birth of the planet Earth, about the creation of light and darkness, about the appearance of the first people from a rib, from clay, in Chinese mythology. And yet, there are not so few mysterious, mystical and informative in the history of Ancient China. It is with these amazing details that the myth of Huang Di - the "Golden Man", the "Yellow Man", who stood at the origins of Chinese civilization, overgrows over the years.
Chinese legends tell about some "sons of heaven" - wise and humane beings who appeared on the land of the Celestial Empire long before the formation of the Yellow River Valley states. Huang-di, whose time of reign the researchers call 2500 - 2400 BC, like the gods of many peoples, passed on to people knowledge about the earth and the sky, stars and suns.
Huang Di's activities were associated with practical, man-made actions. He gave people knowledge: how to dig wells, make boats and carts, make musical instruments, build fortifications, heal each other with acupuncture. But Huang-di's main business was observing the stars, and one of Huang-di's assistants, Xi He, studied the shadows cast by the sun on the earth, doing predictions. There was a certain Yu Ou in the retinue of the extraordinary envoy, who "determined omens by the change in the brightness of the stars, by their movement and meteorites."
The Chinese are rightfully proud of their oldest calendar. Legends about Huang Di tell that the creator of the calendar was one of the assistants - Da Nao, who, together with Rong Cheng, brought together all the observations of the researchers from an amazing team. And there was this calendar of 360 days. And it was divided into 12 symbolic zones, which corresponded to the zones of the starry sky.
EVOLUTION OF NUMBERS
However, time did not stand still, and the principles of chronology also changed. Individual peoples begin to start their own calendars, connecting all the previous time with the events that took place. This was the calendar "from the creation of the world", it was displaced by another - "from the flood", and then the omnipotent priests of the Egyptians created the calendar "from the time of the ancient dynasty of the pharaohs and the ancient kingdom." Christians, in turn, legalized the calendar associated with the "Nativity of Christ".
Julius Caesar - the Roman ruler and philosopher was fascinated in Alexandria by the counting of time "in Egyptian". The dictator reformed the lunisolar calendar on January 1, 45 BC. e. The secret of the Julian calendar lies, first of all, in the names of its months. So, in translation, December means the tenth, and the rest either have a divine name or an imperial one. Then the year began in March, dedicated to the god of war Mars, and April was dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite. May was named after the patron goddess of Rome Maya. June was defined as "young, young", and July and August were named after two rulers: Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus. All further months were named in the order of counting: September - the seventh, October - the eighth, November - the ninth. The Romans named January in honor of the god of doors and gates, two-faced Janus, a symbol of the fast passing time. The second month - February - got its name from the fun games "februalia", which marked the onset of the hot sun, heralding the onset of warmth. In 159, the beginning of the year was postponed from March to January. It was on the first of January that the rulers of Rome - the consuls - began to take office.
DEADLY WARNINGS
It may seem like a stretch, but all the changes in the principles of chronology were accompanied by loud deaths. Judge for yourself: Julius Caesar was killed, as the astrologer Jamasia predicted, for the edification of the calendar converters back in the 6th century BC. e. The calendar continued to live, but its weak point was the length of the calendar year, which in no way corresponded to the round period of time - 365 days. He lagged behind the tropical year by 11 minutes 14 seconds, which added up over time in an extra year.
In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII created an improved calendar that accumulated an extra 26 seconds. His proposal was accepted by Holland, France, Spain, England, and after these changes William of Orange was killed in Holland, Henry III in France, and Spain, with the defeat of the "Great Armada", turned into a border country.
It should be remembered that the French Revolution of 1793 introduced a new calendar in Paris, and among its deadly victims were the author of the calendar, Gilbert Rom and his patrons Robespierre, Marat, Danton, who were publicly executed.
RIDDLE IN THE STONE
Many calendar mysteries have no answers to this day. One of such mysteries is the ruins of an unknown civilization at an altitude of four thousand meters above sea level, near Lake Titicaca. Many researchers of the history of the Inca tribe attribute the ruins to this people, but the historian Clements Markham in 1910 declared that they belong to the remains of a very ancient disappeared people, whose history goes far beyond the scope of official science. The famous "Gates of the Sun" allowed him to make such a statement. This stone monument from a huge block spoke not only about the gravitation of the disappeared people to calendar history, but also about the lost knowledge. At the ancient gates, scientists have deciphered the astronomical calendar, which does not correspond to the earthly one: it has not 365 or even 360 days, but 290. The year is represented by 12 small months,of which ten had 24 days, and two - 25. The Earth has never rotated slower than it is now, and this division of the cycle indicates that the calendar belongs to aliens from other planets. The gate weighing 19 tons is attributed by scientists to the period of 15,000 BC. BC, which contradicts the geological data of the lake, the age of which is determined at 10,000 years. Another inconsistency can be called the images on the sides of the god Viracocha of animals - a hippopotamus and an elephant, which became extinct on the American continent 12,000 years ago, and therefore the Incas could not depict them in relief.whose age is determined at 10,000 years. Another inconsistency can be called the images on the sides of the god Viracocha of animals - a hippopotamus and an elephant, which became extinct on the American continent 12,000 years ago, and therefore the Incas could not depict them in relief.whose age is determined at 10,000 years. Another incongruity can be called the images on the sides of the god Viracocha of animals - a hippopotamus and an elephant, which became extinct on the American continent 12,000 years ago, and therefore the Incas could not depict them in relief.
OLD NEW YEAR
In Russia, the pagan New Year was replaced by the Christian - calendar - Moscow prince Simeon the Proud in 1351. Then its beginning from March 1 was postponed to September 1. However, this innovation did not take root for a long time. Particularly tough for the introduction of the European calendar year was taken by Peter I, who decided by a special decree to start the year on January 1. The decree was issued on December 19, 7208 from the creation of the world (1699 AD), but Orthodox Russia actively resisted innovations.
After the October Revolution, on January 31, 1918, the Bolsheviks introduced the European Gregorian calendar, and then the missing 12 days appeared, which in the minds of the people determined the date of the old new year.
Yuri GOGOLITSIN