Having carefully studied the ancient Russian chronicles, you will be convinced that the Horde people are the real Russian troops under the leadership of Russian princes!
If we turn to the Laurentian Chronicle of 1223-1238, then there we learn about the events that are associated with the active participation of the Russian troops. The Horde themselves are indicated quite often, but what is strange is that there is not a single name of their leader. And it is also strange that the results of these victories are actively used by the Russian Grand Dukes of Rostov, brothers: Georgy and Yaroslav Vsevolodovich.
Another fact is remarkable. For some reason, it is the Russians who use all the acquired benefits. With all this, it tells about the systematic unification of Russia, which was carried out by the wars of the horde. In the annals, the Horde people are described precisely as liberators, not conquerors!
In the book "Monuments of Literature of Ancient Russia 13th century" you can find a description of how the Horde gains a victory in the border area of the city of Kiev. At the same time, Prince Vasilko, who was sent to the aid of the Great Georgy Vsevolodovich, did not have time to take part in the battle and was forced to return to Rostov, glorifying God and the Mother of God.
Why was Prince Vasilko so happy? After all, not a victory for the Tatars!
It just turns out that the wars were fought between the princes and the Grand Dukes and the Tatar-Mongols had absolutely nothing to do with it.
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Continuing to study the above book, you and I can learn about the deeds and deeds performed by the Grand Dukes in the Rostov court. Then we learn about the rich burial of the fallen Grand Duke George. And also joy after Yaroslav took the throne. And you will not see a single line about the country being seized by the Tatar Khan and about the atrocities of the invaders.
From the chronicles it becomes clear that the "Tatars" and the Russian squads are allies. And if we turn to the Laurentian Chronicle, we will see the following unique record that the leaders of the Tatars are called princes, while the word "khan" is absent in principle.
In the book "Domination of the House of St. Vladimir" it will be written that the lands belonging to the Grand Dukes were exempted from mandatory payments for the maintenance of the HORDE - a definition very often found in Russian chronicles and it was the permanent formations of the Russian troops that were designated by them.
It turns out that the people of the liberated lands were the main backbone of these permanent connections.
Now let's look at the great Battle of Kulikovo. A full-fledged civil war was brewing before the battle. The princes of the Ryazan and Lithuanian inheritance wanted to get more power, despite the fact that they took an oath of allegiance to the Grand Dukes. To carry out their insidious plan, they decided to raise the neighboring lands, but they remained loyal.
Therefore, they decided to hire the troops of Mamai, which consisted of Crimeans, Poles, Yases, Kasogs and Genoese. At the same time, they received money for maintenance directly from Kafa.
Now let us turn to the source of L. N. Gumilev "From Russia to Russia". There we will not find a single line about the Tatars proper. It only describes the "Tatar system", which consisted of horsemen, which were the Cossacks and Russians. Let us remind once again that the regular troops of the Russians had the name ORDA.
In this book, you can read the following line: “Why are you, filthy Mamai, encroaching on the Russian Land? Orda Zaleskaya beat you."
"Zaleskaya Zemlya" - territories belonging to Vladimir-Suzdal Rus.
And the drawings depicting the troops during the Battle of Kulikovo do not separate the Tatar and Russian horsemen.
From all this, we can conclude that there was no Tatar-Mongol Yoke. And this is just the collection of taxes for the maintenance of the regular army.