The Yugurs are strongly mixed with the Mohammedans and Nestorians, and although they are pagans themselves, they believe in one god. They lived in cities belonging to Genghis Khan. And Kara-Kurum itself is on their lands. The lands of Prester John and his brother Unk are around the lands of the Yugurs, but they live in the northern pastures, and the Yugurs to the south, in the mountains. The Yugurs are excellent scribes, and have always been engaged in writing with the Moghull nobles. So the Moguls completely abandoned their writing and moved on to writing books and documents in the Mogul language, but in the letters of the Yugurs. And all Nestorians can read and write in the Mogul language using the Yugur script.
Linguistic map of Asia XVIII century.
To the east of the Yugurs are the lands of the Tanguts (now Yakutia), who are famous for their achievements in the art of war. Genghis Khan himself studied with them, whom they once took prisoner, but then released in peace. They have very strong bulls with tails like a horse and long belly hair. Their legs are shorter than those of ordinary oxen, but they are extremely strong and resilient. These bulls are used as draft animals when transporting Tangut houses. The horns of bulls grow long and sharp, so they need to be trimmed periodically. Instead of coins, they have paper money in circulation, the size of a palm in length and width. Outwardly, the Yugurs are no different from the Europeans, but the Tanguts are all very tall.
There are few cities to the north of Tangut, and poor people live there who hunt the beast, easily catching up with it, sliding through the snow on boards with nailed bone plates. There dwellings are heated not with wood, but with black stones, which burn longer and hotter than wood and are found in those places in abundance. There are creatures in the mountains that look like humans, only two cubits in height. Their bodies are covered with coarse hair, and their legs do not bend in the shins, so the creatures jump up and forward to move.
They are very fond of beer, and hunters leave it at the holes in which these creatures live, in recesses carved in stones. The creatures crawl out, get drunk, and shout: “Hin! Hin! " Therefore, they are called hin-hinami. When the hin-hins fall asleep after a binge right there, on the stones, the hunters take a few drops of blood from each, from which they then make a very persistent red paint. Here is the answer to the mysterious toast "Chin-chin!"
And to the south live Tibetans, who had a terrible custom of devouring the corpses of their dead parents. But after that they stopped doing it, seeing that the neighboring tribes condemn them for this and treat them with contempt. However, the custom of making drinking bowls from the skulls of parents has been preserved. There is a lot of gold in the lands of the Tibetans, so they do not store it in chests, but simply go into the forest and dig as much as is required at the moment.
The Longa and Solanga peoples live behind the Tibetans. These are short and as black as the Spaniards. They wear shirts the same as the vestments of deacons, with tighter sleeves, and on their heads they have a miter, like bishops, but the front of it is slightly lower than the back, and it ends not in one corner, but at the top of the quadrangular. These mitras are made of strong black canvas and are ironed to such an extent that they shine in the sunlight like a mirror or a well-polished helmet. At their temples, they wear long ribbons made of the same material and sewn to the miter itself, which flutter in the wind like two horns.
Further to the east lies the land of the Muk tribe. It is so abundantly populated with herds of various animals that no domestic animals are kept in the cities. The townspeople, when they need meat, go outside the city walls and shout. Animals themselves approach a person and, as if under hypnosis, allow them to do whatever they want with themselves.
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And at the very edge of the ocean there are the lands of Great Katay, which the Moghulls call Khina, and the inhabitants are Khints. Hina does not obey the Mogulls, but has its own ambassadors in Kara-Kurum, and many merchants come from there for furs. Themselves bring excellent fabrics, including silk, called "seres" mogulls. This name came from what the Khintsy used to be called sera. The inhabitants of Velikiy Katay are short, black, have small slits in the eyes and tiny noses. When they talk, they constantly move their nostrils and noisily release air from them.
Many Khins live in the cities of the Moghulls, despite the fact that they have to pay a huge tribute of 15 thousand silver marks per person for each day of their stay in the city. And in Khin itself, in 15 cities, Nestorians live, and they have bishops there, who are called "Segan". But the Nestorians in those places do not observe the Laws, like the Mohammedans, they wash their feet before entering the temple, and they also drink and eat meat without observing fasts. Therefore, local pagans who worship idiots and wear yellow hoods do not accept faith in Christ.
Nestorian stele in Xi'an. China
After stopping at Kailak, a city that most likely does not exist today, but it may well be Kemerovo, Guillaume de Rubruk's mission traveled north from the Southern Mountains to the court of Mangu-Khan. There it turned out that in a letter that the missionaries brought from Batu Khan, it says that the ambassadors had come for help to jointly start a war with the Saracens. De Rubruk realized that these were the evil intrigues of the clerks of the Armenians, who, at the court of Khan Batu, translated the message of the King of the Franks to Sartakh into the Mogul language. After all, there was not a word in the message about unification and about a joint war against anyone.
An interesting description of the reception of ambassadors in the palace of the Great Khan. The room was richly decorated with gold fabrics, and in the center there was an altar, in which a mixture of blackthorn and wormwood roots, which grows very large there, was smoked. Everything is clear with wormwood, but the mention of a plum that grew in the north of Siberia is a very remarkable fact.
Mangu-Khan sat on a gilded throne as wide as a bed, dressed in the skin of a spotted seal (seal). Medium height, snub-nosed, forty-five years old. To his left sat his young mistress, and in the corner the eldest daughter of the khan, named Tsirin, was busy with the children.
The guests were offered drinks, but they were all alcoholic: kara-cosmos, rice beer, honey, etc., so the ambassadors refused, referring to the fast, during which faith forbids drinking intoxicating drinks. However, during the ceremony, their interpreter firmly "kissed" and almost ruined the already difficult situation in which the missionaries found themselves at the behest of the intriguing Armenians.
Khan asked why the missionaries' feet were bare, since it is winter outside. Then a Hungarian who was at his court, who knew the customs of the order, to which Guillaume de Rubruck belonged, told the sovereign that such was the custom. Khan then carefully questioned the ambassadors about the lands from which they came. Are there many bulls and horses, are there many game in the forests, and are there gold, silver and precious stones. It is very likely that Mangu-Khan was thinking about whether to go to war on the Franks.
But in the end, everything was resolved safely, and the travelers were graciously allowed to stay in Kara-Kurum until the end of winter.
A fountain near the Mangu-Khan palace in Kara-Kurum.
Guillaume's description of the khan's palace is so colorful that it is worth quoting it verbatim:
At the court of Batu Khan there was one pit, in which all the ambassadors from the west lived. Each of the embassies had a separate entrance to the chambers, so they practically could not see each other and communicate. Very similar to the structure of modern motels. And in kara-Kurum yam there was one ambassador for all from all countries, and everyone communicated with each other freely and walked around the city without a warden at any time. There de Rubruck made friends with a Christian from Damascus (a city in the kingdom of the Franks), who was the ambassador of the Sultan of Montreal and Krak. The Sultan wanted to become a friend and tributary of Tartarus.
Apparently, Europeans do not know much of their not-so-long history. The cities of Montreal and Krak, in fact, existed in Occitania (a historical region in the south of France), also called Languedoc. It was the Occitan settlers from Montreal who named the city that they founded in Canada as Montreal. And you can ignore the tales of historians about the Mont Royal mountain. It is also known that the Crusaders from Krak founded the fortress of Krak des Chevaliers in Syria. But what is now the name of Damascus, which, obviously, was also once in Languedoc, and whether at least something has survived from it, it is now very difficult for us to establish.
There is also another mention of the ties of Tartaria with Languedoc in the manuscript. A year before de Rubruk's embassy, Mangu-Khan sent ambassadors to Damascus with a gift for Louis IX. These were bows and arrows with gold and silver tips, in which holes were made so that the fired arrow would emit a piercing whistle, causing panic to the enemy. Therefore, the hero of the novels of Alphonse Daudet Tartarin (Tartarin) from Tarascon (a commune on the French Riviera), in fact, could be a descendant of tartare.
In the pit, Guillaume was found by a woman named Pucketta, who was from Metz in Lorraine, and whom the Moghull warriors had brought from a campaign in Budapest. The woman said that at first she suffered misfortune, but now she is very happy with her life. She married a Russ and they now have five children. Pucketta's husband is a master of building houses, and this is a very profitable craft in Tartary, and they live in peace and prosperity. The woman reported that Franks of the Bouchet surname live near the Great Bridge. Father Laurent and son Wilhelm. These francs are goldsmiths.
Laurent's other son, Roger Boucher, is also a skilled craftsman and has an assistant who is an excellent translator. The interpreter de Rubruk, who was not good for anything, departed to Batu Khan with a guide, and the mission needed an interpreter. And Rubruk sent a letter with the woman to Roger, so that he would send them an interpreter. But he replied in a return letter that he now has a lot of urgent work. Mangu-Khan gave him a deposit of three thousand marks in silver and fifty assistants for the manufacture of some work. Therefore, his assistant will not be able to go anywhere for two months.
And soon after an assistant named Wilhelm arrived at the pits where the ambassadors were visiting, Khan's messenger summoned de Rubruk to the palace. So with the help of a new translator, the monk managed to have a thorough talk with the sovereign of the Moghulls. He was keenly interested in the views of the Franciscans, inquired in detail about their faith, rituals, and customs. Then he himself began to talk about the one God in whom the Mogulls believe. And about the differences with Christian customs, he wisely said that just as God created man's hands with five fingers, so in the light there is one hand - God, on which the fingers are religion. But if the fingers on a person's hand are never at odds with each other, then Christians and Mohammedans always kill each other because of differences in faith, which is completely unacceptable and stupid.
He also said that the Moghulls have no priests, but there are wise men who can do something that no Christian or Mohammedan can do. Magi see the future, so everyone goes to them for advice, and therefore they never do wrong. No campaign begins without the permission of the sorcerer. The Magi approved the campaign against the Russians in order to punish them for civil strife - they went, and there was good luck. They did not approve of the second campaign against Hungary - they did not go, and they did the right thing.
Nestorian tombstone with Uyghur inscriptions.
Magi see the future of babies, give them names and tell them what this person will need to do in order to achieve success most of all. In addition, they know all the stars and calculate lunar and solar eclipses in advance. May cause deadly cold, rain or hurricanes. And they can put a long drought on the lands of enemies. The Magi know the northern lands, from which a person returns at the same age at which he came to them. They also know all herbs and cure any ailments, and even revive the dead.
Even the Magi did the extremely necessary, according to their fellow tribesmen, the rite of cleansing the things of the deceased with fire. After all, none of the objects that were touched by the hand that had gone into another world could be touched by any of those who remained in this world until the object was cleared of egregor. Otherwise, the one who violated the taboo could get sick, become mentally damaged, or even die. And vice versa. If a successful person voluntarily gave his thing to someone, then luck settled in the house of the new owner. That is why it was considered a special favor to receive a fur coat from the royal shoulder. Guillaume got two baboon fur coats at once, which Mangu-Khan himself had previously worn.
The Franciscan, of course, did not believe Mangu-Khan, because even earlier he had heard enough tales about the treachery of the Magi and their connections with demons, and he could not even accept that the miracles that Jesus performed seemed childish compared to the talents of the elders. However, he did not argue and obediently obeyed the will of the khan, who said that it was time for the guests to return. He asked if they needed anything for the journey, to which the monk replied that they didn’t need anything except escorts, without whom they couldn’t get out of the country of the Mogulls.
Mangu-Khan ordered to give the pilgrims everything they needed on the way, gave silver for urgent expenses and allocated guards to follow to the border of the Armenian kingdom with Turkey, where the possessions of Tartarus ended.
Four days later, on the day of St. John, the khan arranged an annual feast for all residents of Kara-Kurum, which must be attended by all ambassadors who, after the holiday, departed to their sovereigns with letters from the Great Khan. Rubruk counted one hundred and five carts at the feast, loaded with drinks alone, not counting carts of food.
The letter for Louis was already ready, and the monk asked the interpreter to read its text so that he could write it down: -
Further, Guillaume de Rubruck tells about the difficult path to the west, about the walking path down the Volga bank and the arrival in more than two months of the way to the court of Sartakh, and then to Batu Khan. Khan demanded to introduce the monk in front of him and interrogated about what Mangu-Khan had written to the king of the Franks. Having learned about the contents of the letter, he asked what the travelers needed for their further journey, and, having learned about their needs, he gave a guide who was supposed to take the missionaries to the Turkish sultan.
Through the lands of the Alans and Lesgians, the travelers passed the Iron Gate (Derbent), which, as de Rubruk sincerely believed, was built by Alexander the Great himself, and ended up in the land of Albania, where the Lesgi and Saracens lived. On the way, they met the city of Samara, in which the Jews lived. Then there were the lands of the mounds, or Dahlia (Georgians), where the Kura flows. Then the Armenian kingdom, the Araks river and Mount Ararat, behind which was the city of Arzerum, which was owned by the Turkish sultan. So Guillaume de Rubruck left the borders of Great Tartary, leaving for us invaluable information about the customs, morals and way of life of the peoples who inhabited it.
And this work was not a novelty for Soviet historians. The last time the book was reprinted in the USSR was in 1957. They knew, but were silent. How much did Lev Gumilyov know about Tartary, who gathered huge audiences at the Leningrad State University, where “free listeners” from among the working youth and the intelligentsia of lovers of forbidden history gathered many times more than students. At these lectures, the famous historian allowed himself much more than he could tell in his books. One of the grateful listeners, being impressed by the unexpectedly opened layer of truthful knowledge about the past of our country, Aleksey Khvostenko wrote a song - a dedication to Lev Gumilyov.
Farewell to the steppe. (1966)
Steppe, you, semi-desert, semi-desert
All times are mixed in you
Your glory is revealed to us now, And in the distance the Great Wall-Wall.
The wind raises clouds of dust
A copper circle goes around the sun
Where are you, who lived, what were you here, Where are you, where, where have you suddenly disappeared?
Where are your carts and girths, Halters, saddles, stirrups?
Bits and arcs, arcs, arcs, Where are the tribes, hordes, clans, tribes?
You were unreasonably great
Threatened everyone they could
Many - unprecedentedly crowded
On the dry land just torah.
What are you, really to the backyard
Crowds of chickens, chickens, chickens, Turu-turu-Turks, Turks, Torks, Kerait-Naiman-Merkit-Uyghur Khan?
Where are the tatab-oyrot uluses, Where are the Buryat-Tungus sisya, Oho-ho-oghuz, guzy, guzy, Where are those-those-now you many years later?
You are zhu-zhu-zhu in Juan-Juan,
You no-no-no-no-never, You are famous buzzers, What have you already, are you already forever?
How are you only Gogam, only Magogam
Bequeathed your beautiful land
What are you, if so - buzz with God, You, my string, play alone now.
Steppe, you, semi-desert, semi-desert, All times are mixed in you
Your glory is revealed to us now, And in the distance the Great Wall-Wall.
Therefore, to say that the history of Great Tartary is a modern information "stuffing" carried out by the enemies of Russia, accomplices of the Vatican and world freemasonry is not just stupidity, but also an indicator of the lack of an adequate level of education. This is the inability to think independently, critically evaluate information, compare and analyze disparate facts, and draw conclusions in accordance with the laws of logic.
Author: kadykchanskiy
