The Cossacks are a nationality formed at the beginning of a new era, as a result of genetic ties between many Turanian (Siberian) tribes of the Scythian people Kos-Saka (or Ka-Saka), Priazovsky Slavs Meoto-Kaisars with a mixture of Ases-Alans or Tanaits (Dontsov). The ancient Greeks called them kosakha, which meant "white sakhi", and the Scytho-Iranian meaning "kos-sakha" - "white deer". The sacred deer, the solar symbol of the Scythians, can be found in all their burials, from Primorye to China, from Siberia to Europe. It was the Don people who brought this ancient military symbol of the Scythian tribes to our days. Here you will find out where the Cossacks' sedentary came from, a shaved head with a forelock and a drooping mustache, and why the bearded prince Svyatoslav changed his appearance. You will also find out the origin of many names of the Cossacks, Don, Greben, Brodniks, Black Hoods, etc.,where did the Cossack military paraphernalia come from, a hat, a knife, a Circassian coat, gazyrs. And you will also understand why the Cossacks were called Tatars, where Genghis Khan came from, why the Battle of Kulikovo took place, the invasion of Batu, and who was really behind all this.
"Cossacks, an ethnic, social and historical community (group), uniting by virtue of their specific features all the Cossacks … Cossacks were defined as a separate ethnos, an independent nationality or as a special nation of mixed Turkic-Slavic origin." Cyril and Methodius Dictionary 1902.
As a result of the processes, which in archeology are usually called "the introduction of the Sarmatians into the Meots environment", in the North. In the Caucasus and on the Don, a mixed Slavic-Turanian type of a special nationality appeared, divided into many tribes. It is from this confusion that the original name "Cossack" originated, which was noted by the ancient Greeks in the ancient era and was written as "kosakh". The Greek style of Kasakos was preserved until the 10th century, after which the Russian chroniclers began to mix it with the common Caucasian names Kasagov, Kasogov, Kazyag. But from the ancient Turkic "Kai-Sak" (Scythian) meant freedom-loving, in another sense - a warrior, guard, an ordinary unit of the Horde. It was the Horde that became the unification of different tribes under the military alliance - the name of which is today the Cossacks. The most famous: "Golden Horde", "Piebald Horde of Siberia". So the Cossacks, remembering their great past,when their ancestors lived beyond the Urals in the country of Ass (Great Asia), they inherited their name of the people "Cossacks", from As and Saki, from the Aryan "as" - warrior, military class, "Sak" - by the type of weaponry: from Sak, whip, cutters. "As-sak" after it was transformed into a Cossack. And the very name Caucasus - Kau-k-az from the ancient Iranian kau or kuu - mountain and az-as, i.e. Mount Azov (Asov), like the city of Azov in Turkish and Arabic, was called: Assak, Adzak, Kazak, Kazova, Kazava and Azak. Assak, Adzak, Kazak, Kazova, Kazava and Azak. Assak, Adzak, Kazak, Kazova, Kazava and Azak.
All ancient historians claim that the Scythians were the best warriors, and Svydas testifies that from ancient times they had banners in the troops, which proves the regularity in their militias. The Getae of Siberia, Western Asia, the Hittites of Egypt, the Aztecs, India, Byzantium had a coat of arms depicting a two-headed eagle, adopted by Russia in the 15th century, on banners and shields. as the legacy of their glorious ancestors.
It is interesting that the tribes of the Scythian peoples depicted on the artifacts found in Siberia, on the Russian Plain, are shown with beards and long hair on their heads. Russian princes, rulers, warriors are also bearded and hairy. So where did the settler come from, with a shaved head with a forelock and a drooping mustache?
The custom of shaving the head was completely alien to the European peoples, including the Slavs, while in the east it was widespread for a long time and very widely, including among the Turkic-Mongol tribes. So the hairstyle with a donkey was borrowed from the eastern peoples. In 1253 Rubruk described it in the Golden Horde of Batu on the Volga.
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So, we can say with confidence that the custom of shaving the head of the Slavs in Russia and in Europe was completely alien and unacceptable. It was first brought to Ukraine by the Huns, for centuries it existed among the mixed Turkic tribes inhabiting the Ukrainian lands - Avars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsians, Mongols, Turks, etc., until it was finally borrowed by the Zaporozhye Cossacks along with all the other Turkic-Mongolian traditions of the Sich … But where does the word "Sich" come from then? This is what Strabo writes. XI.8.4:
"Sakas were called all the southern Scythians attacking Western Asia." The weapon of the Sakas was called sakar - an ax, from whipping, cutting. From this word, in all likelihood, came the name of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, as well as the word Sichevik, as the Zaporozhians called themselves. Sich is the camp of the Sakas. Sak in Tatar means cautious. Sakal is a beard. These words are borrowed from the Slavs, Masaks, Massagets.
In ancient times, during the mixing of the blood of the Caucasians of Siberia with the Mongoloids, new mestizo peoples began to form, which later received the name of the Turks, and this was long after the emergence of Islam itself and their acceptance of the Mohammedan faith. Subsequently, from these peoples and their migration to the West and Asia, a new name appeared, defining them as Huns (Huns). From the discovered Hunnic burials, they made a reconstruction on the skull and it turned out that some Hunnic warriors wore an oseled. The same warriors with forelocks were then among the ancient Bulgars who fought in the army of Attila, and many other peoples mixed with the Turks.
By the way, the Hunnic "devastation of the world" played an important role in the history of the Slavic ethnos. Unlike the Scythian, Sarmatian and Gothic invasions, the invasion of the Huns was extremely large-scale and led to the destruction of the entire former ethnopolitical situation in the barbarian world. The departure to the west of the Goths and the Sarmatians, and then the collapse of Attila's empire, allowed the Slavic peoples in the 5th century. to begin mass settlement of the Northern Danube, the lower reaches of the Dniester and the middle reaches of the Dnieper.
Among the Huns there was also a group (self-name - gurs) - Bulgarians (white gurus). After the defeat in Phanagoria (Savernoe Pontic, Don-Volga and Kuban), part of the Bulgarians left for Bulgaria and, having strengthened the Slavic ethnic component, became modern Bulgarians, the other part remained on the Volga - the Volga Bulgarians, now the Kazan Tatars and other Volga peoples. One part of the Hungurs (Hunno-Gurs) - Ungars or Ugrians, founded Hungary, another part of them settled on the Volga and mixed with the Finno-speaking peoples, became Ugro-Finns. When the Mongols came from the east, they, with the agreements of the Kiev prince, went west and merged with the Ungars-Hungarians. That is why we are talking about the Finnish-Ugric language group, but this does not apply to the Huns in general.
During the formation of the Turkic peoples, whole states appeared, for example, from the mixing of the Europoids of Siberia, the Dinlins with the Gangun Turks, the Yenisei Kyrgyz appeared, from them - the Kyrgyz Kaganate, after - the Türkic Kaganate. We all know the Khazar Kaganate, which became the union of the Khazar Slavs with the Turks and Jews. From all these endless unions and separations of the Slavic peoples with the Turks, many new tribes were created, for example, the state unification of the Slavs suffered for a long time from the raids of the Pechenegs and Polovtsians.
For example, according to the law of Genghis Khan "Yasu", developed by the cultured Central Asian Christians of the Nestorian sect, and not by the wild Mongols, the hair must be shaved off, and only a pigtail is left on the crown of the head. High-ranking personalities were allowed to wear a beard, while the rest were to shave it off, leaving only a mustache. But this is not a Tatar custom, but of the ancient Getae (see Chapter VI) and Massagets, i.e. people known back in the XIV century. BC and that brought fear to Egypt, Syria and Persia, and then mentioned in the VI century. by R. X. Greek historian Procopius. The Massagets - The Great Saki-Getae, who made up the leading cavalry in the hordes of Attila, also shaved their heads and beards, leaving a mustache, and left one pigtail on top of their heads. It is interesting that the military class of the Russ always bore the name Get, and the word “hetman” itself is again of Gothic origin:"a great warrior".
The painting of the Bulgarian princes and Liutprand speaks of the existence of this custom among the Danube Bulgarians. According to the description of the Greek historian Leo the Deacon, the Russian Grand Duke Svyatoslav also shaved his beard and head, leaving one forelock, i.e. imitated the Geta Cossacks, who constituted the leading cavalry in his army. Consequently, the custom of shaving beards and heads, leaving a mustache and forelock, is not Tatar, since it existed earlier among the Getae more than 2 thousand years before the appearance of the Tatars in the historical field.
The now canonical image of Prince Svyatoslav with a shaved head, a long forelock and a drooping mustache, like a Zaporozhye Cossack, is not entirely true and was imposed mainly by the Ukrainian side. His ancestors had luxurious hair and beards, and he himself was depicted in various chronicles as bearded. The description of the forelock Svyatoslav is taken from the above-mentioned Leo the Deacon, but he became so after he became the prince of not only Kievan Rus, but also the prince of Pechenezh Rus, that is, southern Rus. But why then did the Pechenegs kill him? It all comes down to the fact that after the victory of Svyatoslav over the Khazar Kaganate and the war with Byzantium, the Jewish aristocracy decided to take revenge on him and persuaded the Pechenegs to kill him.
Well, also Leo the Deacon in the X century, in his "Chronicles" gives a very interesting description of Svyatoslav: "Konung is ready Sventoslav, or Svyatoslav, the ruler of Russia, and the hetman of their troops, was the root of the Balts, Rurikovichs (Balts are the royal dynasty of Western Goths. Of this dynasty was Alaric, who took Rome.) … His mother, Regentess Helga, after the death of her husband Ingvar, who was killed by the Greitungs, whose capital was Iskorost, wanted to unite two dynasties of ancient Ricks under the Balts scepter, and turned to Malfred, the Ricks, to give up the Greatungs for her son, his sister Malfrid, having given his word that he would forgive Malfred for the death of his husband. Having received a refusal, the city of the Greatungs was burned by her, and the Greatungs themselves obeyed … Malfrida was escorted to Helga's court, where she was brought up until she grew up and became the wife of King Sventoslav …"
In this story, the names of Prince Mal and Malusha, the mother of Prince Vladimir the Baptist, are clearly guessed. It is curious that the Greek stubbornly called the Drevlyans Greitungs - one of the Gothic tribes, and not at all the Drevlyans.
Well, let's leave this on the conscience of the later ideologists, who did not notice these very Goths at close range. We only note that Malfrida-Malusha was from Iskorosten-Korosten (Zhytomyr region). Then - again Leo the Deacon: “The horse warriors of Sventoslav fought without helmets and on light horses of Scythian breeds. Each of his warriors from Rus did not have hair on their heads, only a long strand that went down to the ear was a symbol of their military god. They fought on horseback fiercely, the descendants of those Gothic regiments that brought great Rome to its knees. These horsemen of Sventoslav gathered from the tribes of the Greatungs, Slavs and Rosomons allied to him, they were called in the same Gothic way: "kosaks" - "rider" that is, and the Rus had an elite, the Rus themselves inherited the ability to fight on foot from their fathers. formation, hiding behind shields - the famous "turtle" of the Vikings. Russes buried their fallen in the same way,like their Gothic grandfathers, burning bodies on their boats or on the banks of the river, in order to then let the ashes drift. And those who died their death, those in the mounds, and poured over the hills. At the Goths in their land, such repose stretches for hundreds of stages at times …"
We will not understand why the chronicler calls the Rus Goths. And there are many burial mounds in the Zhytomyr region. Among them there are also very ancient - Scythian, even before our era. They are mainly located in the northern regions of the Zhytomyr region. And there are also later, beginning of our era, IV-V centuries. In the area of the Zhytomyr hydropark, for example. As you can see, the Cossacks existed long before the Zaporozhye Sich.
And here is what Georgy Sidorov says about the changed appearance of Svyatoslav: “The Pechenegs chose him over themselves, after the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate, he becomes a prince already here, that is, the Pechenezh khans themselves recognize his power over themselves. They enable him to control the Pechenezh cavalry, and the Pechenezh cavalry itself leaves with him to Byzantium.
In order for the Pechenegs to obey him, he was forced to take their appearance, which is why instead of a beard and long hair, he has a donkey and a drooping mustache. Svyatoslav was a Venetian by blood, his father did not wear a forelock, he had a beard and long hair, like any Venetian. Rurik, his grandfather, was the same, exactly the same was Oleg, but they did not adjust their appearance to the Pechenegs. Svyatoslav, in order to rule the Pechenegs, so that they would believe him, he had to put himself in order, be outwardly similar to them, that is, he became the Khan of the Pechenegs. We are constantly being divided, Russia is the north, the south is the Polovtsy, this is the wild steppe and the Pechenegs. In fact, it was all one Russia, steppe, taiga and forest-steppe - it was one people, one language. The only difference was that in the south they still knew the Turkic language, it was the Esperanto of the ancient tribes, they brought it from the East,and the Cossacks up to the 20th century knew this language too, preserving it."
In Horde Rus, not only Slavic writing was used, but also Arabic. Until the end of the 16th century, Russians were fluent in the Turkic language at the everyday level, i.e. Until then, the Turkic language was the second spoken language in Russia. And this was facilitated by the unification of the Slavic-Turkic tribes into a union, the name of which is the Cossacks. After the Romanovs came to power in 1613, because of the liberty and disobedience of the Cossack tribes, they began to plant a myth about them as the Tatar-Mongol "yoke" in Russia and contempt for everything "Tatar". There was a time when Christians, Slavs and Muslims prayed in the same church, it was common belief. God is one, but the religion is different, then it was then all divided and divorced in different directions.
The origins of the Old Slavic military vocabulary date back to the era of Slavic-Turkic unity. This so far unusual term is provable: the sources provide grounds for this. And above all, a dictionary. A number of designations for the most general concepts of military affairs were obtained from the ancient Turkic languages. Such as - warrior, boyar, regiment, labor, (in the meaning of war), hunting, round-up, cast iron, iron, damask, halberd, ax, hammer, sulitsa, army, banner, saber, mind, quiver, darkness (10 thousand army), hurray, let's go, etc. They no longer stand out from the vocabulary, these invisible Türkisms that have been rolled out over the centuries. Linguists notice only the later, clearly "non-native" inclusions: saadak, horde, bunchuk, guard, esaul, ertaul, ataman, kosh, kuren, hero, privet, zhalav (banner), sluice, rattletrap, alpaut, surnach, etc. And the common symbols of the Cossacks, Horde Rus and Byzantium, tell us thatthat there was something in the historical past that united them all in the fight against the enemy, which is now hidden from us by deceitful layers. His name is "Western World" or the Roman Catholic world with papal rule, with its missionary agents, crusaders, Jesuits, but we'll talk about that later.
As mentioned above, the "sedentary" was first introduced to Ukraine by the Huns, and in confirmation of their appearance we find in the Imennik of the Bulgarian Khans, which lists the ancient rulers of the Bulgar state, including those who ruled on the lands of present-day Ukraine:
“Avitohol zhyt 300 years old, rode emou Dulo, and let me (y) dilom twirem …
These 5 prince drjashe reigns over the Danube country for 500 years and 15 shaved heads.
And then you will come to the country of the Danube. Perish the prince, I am the same until now”.
So, they treated facial hair in different ways: “Some Russians shave their beards, others twist and braid them like horse manes” (Ibn Haukal). On the Taman Peninsula, among the "Russian" nobility, a fashion for a sedentary became widespread, later inherited by the Cossacks. The Veger Dominican monk Julian, who visited here in 1237, wrote that local "men shave their heads baldly and carefully raise their beards, except for noble people who, as a sign of nobility, leave a little hair over their left ear, shaving the rest of their heads."
And here is how the contemporary Procopius of Kessariysky described the lightest Gothic cavalry in fragments: “They have little heavy cavalry, on long campaigns the Goths go light, with a small load on their horse, and when the enemy appears, they mount their light horses and attack … Gothic horsemen call themselves“kosak "," wielding a horse ". As usual, their riders shave their heads, leaving only a long tuft of hair, so they become like their warrior deity - Danapr. They have all the deities with their heads shaved in this way and the Goths are in a hurry to imitate them in their appearance … In case of need, this cavalry fights on foot, and here they have no equal … When stopping, the army places carts around the camp for protection, which hold the enemy in case of a sudden attack …"
To all these warrior tribes, whether with a forelock, or with a beard or mustache, over time the name "Kosak" was fixed and therefore the original written form of the Cossack name is still fully preserved in English and Spanish pronunciation.
N. Karamzin (1775-1826) calls the Cossacks a people-knight and says that its origin is more ancient than the Batu (Tatar) invasion.
In connection with the Napoleonic Wars, the whole of Europe begins to be especially interested in the Cossacks. English General Nolan states: “The Cossacks in 1812-1815. have done more for Russia than her entire army. " The French general Caulaincourt says: "All of Napoleon's numerous cavalry perished, mainly under the blows of the Cossacks ataman Platov." The same is repeated by the generals: de Braque, Moran, de Barth and others. Napoleon himself said: "Give me the Cossacks, and with them I will conquer the whole world." And the simple Cossack Zemlyanukhin, during his stay in London, made a huge impression on the whole of England.
The Cossacks have retained all the distinctive features they received from their ancient ancestors, these are love for freedom, ability to organize, self-esteem, honesty, courage, love for a horse …
Some concepts of the origin of the names of the Cossacks
Asia's Horsemen -
the most ancient Siberian army, originating from the Slavic-Aryan tribes, i.e. from the Scythians, Sakas, Sarmatians, etc. All of them also belong to the Great Turan, and the Turs are the same Scythians. The Persians called the nomadic tribes of the Scythians "Tura", because for their strong constitution and courage, the Scythians themselves began to associate with the Tura bulls. Such a comparison emphasized the masculinity and bravery of the soldiers. So, for example, in Russian chronicles one can find such phrases: "Brave bo be, yako and tour" or "Bui tour Vsevolod" (this is how it is said about Prince Igor's brother in "The Lay of Igor's Regiment"). And here the most curious thing arises. It turns out that at the time of Julius Caesar (FA Brockhaus and IA Efron refer to this in their Encyclopedic Dictionary), the wild bulls of Turov were called “Urus”! … And today for the entire Turkic-speaking world, Russians are “Uruses”. We were cheers for the Persians,for the Greeks - "Scythians", for the British - "cattle", for the rest - "tartarien" (Tatars, wild) and "Uruses". Many originated from them, the main ones from the Urals, Siberia and ancient India, from where the military doctrine spread in a distorted form, known to us from China as martial arts.
Later, after regular migrations, some of them settled in the Azov and Don steppes and began to be called horse basics or princes (in Old Slavic, prince - konaz) among the ancient Slavic-Russ, Lithuanians, Arsk peoples of the Volga and Kama, Mordovians and many others from ancient times became the head of the board, forming a special noble caste of warriors. Perkun-az among the Lithuanians and the basics among the ancient Scandinavians were revered as deities. And what is the konung among the ancient Germans and the könig among the Germans, the king among the Normans, and the kunig-az among the Lithuanians, if not altered from the word horseman, who came out of the land of the Azov-Ases and became the head of the government.
The eastern shores of the Azov and Black Seas, from the lower reaches of the Don, up to the foot of the Caucasus Mountains, became the cradle of the Cossacks, where they finally formed into a military caste that we recognize today. This country was called by all ancient peoples the land of the Az, Asia terra. The word az or as (aza, azi, azen) is sacred to all Aryans; it means god, lord, king or folk hero. In ancient times, the territory beyond the Urals was called Asia. From here from Siberia in time immemorial came to the north and west of Europe, to the Iranian plateau, the plains of Central Asia and India, the people's leaders of the Aryans with their families or squads. For example, one of these historians note the Andronovo tribes or Siberian Scythians, and the ancient Greeks - Issedons, Sindons, Serov, etc.
Ains -
in ancient times they moved from the Urals through Siberia to Primorye, Amur, America, Japan, we know today as the Japanese and Sakhalin Ains. In Japan, they created a military caste, recognized today by everyone as samurai. The Bering Strait was previously called the Ainsky (Aninsky, Ansky, Anian Strait), where they inhabited part of North America.
- Kai-Saki (not to be confused with the Kyrgyz-Kaisaks)
roaming the steppes, these are the Polovtsians, Pechenegs, Yases, Huns, Huns, etc., lived in Siberia, in the Pied Horde, in the Urals, the Russian Plain, Europe, Asia. From the ancient Turkic "Kai-Sak" (Scythian), it meant freedom-loving, in another sense - a warrior, a guard, an ordinary unit of the Horde. Among the Siberian Scythians-Saks, "kos-saka or kos-sakha" is a warrior whose symbol is a deer totem animal, sometimes an elk, with branched horns, which symbolized speed, fiery tongues of flame and a shining sun.
Among the Siberian Turks, the Sun God was designated through his intermediaries - the swan and the goose, later the Khazar Slavs would take the goose symbol from them, and then the hussars would appear on the historical stage.
And here is Kirgis-Kaisaki, or Kyrgyz Cossacks, these are today's Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. They are descendants of the Ganguns and Dinlins. So, in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. on the Yenisei (Minusinsk Basin), as a result of the mixing of these tribes, a new ethnic community is formed - the Yenisei Kyrgyz.
In their historical homeland, Siberia, they created a powerful state - the Kyrgyz Kaganate. In ancient times, this people was noted by the Arabs, Chinese and Greeks as blond and blue-eyed, but at a certain stage they began to take Mongolians as their wives and in just a thousand years changed their appearance. It is interesting that, in percentage terms, the R1A haplogroup in the Kyrgyz is larger than in the Russians, but one should know that the genetic code is transmitted through the male line, and external signs are determined by the female.
Russian chroniclers begin to mention them only from the first half of the 16th century, calling them the Horde Cossacks. The character of the Kyrgyz is straightforward and proud. Kirghiz-Kaisak only calls himself a natural Cossack, not recognizing this for others. Among the Kirghiz there are all the transitional degrees of types, from the purely Caucasian to the Mongolian. They adhered to the Tengrian concept of the unity of three worlds and essences "Tengri - Man - Earth" ("birds of prey - wolf - swan"). So, for example, ethnonyms found in ancient Turkic written monuments and associated with totem and other birds include: kyr-gyz (birds of prey), uy-gur (northern-birds), bul-gar (water-birds), bash- kur-t (Bashkurt-Bashkirs - head birds of prey).
Until 581, the Kyrgyz paid tribute to the Altai Turks, after they overthrew the power of the Turkic Khaganate, but gained independence for a short time. In 629 the Kyrgyz were conquered by the Teles tribe (most likely of Turkic origin), and then by the Kok-Türks. The incessant wars with kindred Turkic peoples forced the Yenisei Kyrgyz to join the anti-Turkic coalition created by the Tang state (China). In 710-711 the Türküts defeated the Kyrgyz, and after that they were ruled by the Türküts until 745. In the so-called Mongol era (XIII-XIV centuries), after the defeat of the Naimans by the troops of Genghis Khan, the Kyrgyz principalities voluntarily replenished his empire, finally losing their state independence. Combat detachments of the Kyrgyz joined the Mongol hordes.
But the Kyrgyz-Kyrgyz did not disappear from the pages of history, already in our times, their fate was decided after the revolution. Until 1925, the government of the Kyrgyz autonomy was located in Orenburg - the administrative center of the Cossack army. To lose the meaning of the word Cossack, Judeo-commissars, the Kyrgyz ASSR was renamed into Kazakstan, which would later become Kazakhstan. By a decree of April 19, 1925, the Kyrgyz ASSR was renamed the Kazakh ASSR. Somewhat earlier - on February 9, 1925, by decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Kyrgyz ASSR, it was decided to transfer the capital of the republic from Orenburg to Ak-Mechet (formerly Perovsk), renaming it Kyzyl-Orda, since one of the decrees of 1925, part of the Orenburg region was returned to Russia. So the ancestral Cossack lands, together with the population, were transferred to the nomadic peoples. Now, for today's Kazakhstan, world Zionism demands payment in the form of anti-Russian policy and loyalty to the West for the "service" rendered.
- Siberian Tartars - Jagatai
this is the Cossack host of the Rusyns of Siberia. Ever since the time of Genghis Khan, the otatarized Cossacks began to represent a dashing invincible cavalry, which was always in the advanced campaigns of conquest, where it was based on the Chigets - Dzhigits (from the ancient Chig and Geth). They were also in the service of Tamerlane, today the name remains from them among the people, like a horseman, a horseman. Russian historians of the 18th century Tatishchev and Boltin say that the Tatar Baskaks, sent to Russia by the khans to collect tribute, always had troops of these Cossacks with them. Found in the vicinity of sea waters, some of the chigs and getae became excellent sailors.
According to the Greek historian Nikifor Gregora, the son of Genghis Khan, under the name of Telepuga, in 1221 conquered many peoples who lived between the Don and the Caucasus, including the Chigets - Chig and Getae, as well as Avazgs (Abkhazov). According to the legend of another historian Georgy Pakhimer, who lived in the second half of the 13th century, a Tatar commander named Noga subdued all the peoples living on the northern shores of the Black Sea under his rule and formed a special state in these countries. The Alane, Gotha, Chigi, Rossy and other neighboring peoples, conquered by them, mixed with the Turks, little by little adopted their customs, way of life, language and clothing, began to serve in their army and elevated the power of this people to the highest degree of glory.
Not all of the Cossacks, but only a part of them, adopted their language, manners and customs, and then, along with them, the Mohammedan faith, while the other part remained true to the idea of Christianity and for many centuries defended their independence, divided into many communities or partnerships representing from itself one common union.
Sindh, Miota and Tanaite
these are Kuban, Azov, Zaporozhye, partly Astrakhan, Volga and Don.
Once from Siberia, part of the tribes of the Andronov culture moved to India. And here is an example of the migration of peoples and the exchange of cultures, when some part of the Proto-Slavic peoples had already moved back from India, bypassing the territory of Central Asia, passing the Caspian Sea, crossing the Volga, they settled in the territory of the Kuban, they were Sindi.
After they formed the basis of the Azov Cossack army. Around the XIII century, some of them went to the mouth of the Dnieper, where they later became known as the Zaporozhye Cossacks. At the same time, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania subjugated almost all the lands of present-day Ukraine. The Lithuanians began to recruit these military men for military service. They called them Cossacks and during the times of the Commonwealth, the Cossacks founded the border Zaporozhye Sich.
Some of the future Azov, Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks, while still in India, took the blood of local tribes with a dark skin color - the Dravids and among all the Cossacks, they are the only ones with dark hair and eyes, and this is what they differ. Ermak Timofeevich was just one of this group of Cossacks.
In the middle of the first millennium BC. in the steppes lived on the right bank of the Don, the nomads-Scythians who displaced the nomads-Cimmerians, and on the left - the nomads-Sarmatians. The population of the Don forests was original Don - all of them in the future will be called Don Cossacks. The Greeks called them Tanaites (Don). At that time, in addition to the Tanaites, many other tribes lived near the Sea of Azov, who spoke dialects of the Indo-European group of languages (including Slavic), which the Greeks gave the collective name "Meots", which in translation from ancient Greek means "swamps" (inhabitants swampy places). According to the name of this people, the sea was named where these tribes lived - "Meotida" (Meotian Sea).
It should be noted here how the Tanaites became the Don Cossacks. In 1399, after the battle on the river. Vorskla, Siberian Tartars-Rusyns, who came with Edigey, settled along the upper Don, where Brodniki also lived, and they gave rise to the name of the Don Cossacks. Sary Azman is among the first Don chieftain recognized by Muscovy.
The word sary or sar, is ancient Persian, meaning king, lord, lord; hence Sary-az-man - the royal Azov people, the same as the Royal Scythians. The word sar in this sense occurs in the following proper and common names: Sar-kel is a royal city, but Sarmatians (from sar and mada, mata, mother, i.e. woman) from the domination of women by this people, from them - amazons. Balta-Sar, Sar-Danapal, Serdar, Caesar, or Caesar, Caesar, Caesar and our Slavic-Russian Tsar. Although many are inclined to think that sary is a Tatar word meaning yellow, and from this they deduce - red, but in the Tatar language there is a separate word for expressing the concept of red, namely zhryan. It is noted that maternal Jews often refer to their daughters as Sarah. It is also noted about female domination that from the 1st century. along the northern shores of the Azov and Black Seas,between the Don and the Caucasus, the rather powerful people of Roksolane (Ros-Alan) become famous, according to Iornand (VI century) - Rokasy (Ros-Asy), whom Tacitus reckons with the Sarmatians, and Strabo - with the Scythians. Diodorus of Sicily, describing the Saks (Scythians) of the northern Caucasus, says a lot about their beautiful and cunning queen Zarina, who conquered many neighboring peoples. Nikolai Damascus (1st century) calls the capital of Zarina Roskanakoy (from Ros-Kanak, castle, fortress, palace). It is not for nothing that Iornand calls them Asami or Rokas, where a giant pyramid with a statue on top was erected to their queen.speaks a lot about their beautiful and cunning queen Zarina, who conquered many neighboring peoples. Nikolai Damascus (1st century) calls the capital of Zarina Roskanakoy (from Ros-Kanak, castle, fortress, palace). It is not for nothing that Iornand calls them Asami or Rokas, where a giant pyramid with a statue on top was erected to their queen.speaks a lot about their beautiful and cunning queen Zarina, who conquered many neighboring peoples. Nikolai Damascus (1st century) calls the capital of Zarina Roskanakoy (from Ros-Kanak, castle, fortress, palace). It is not for nothing that Iornand calls them Asami or Rokas, where a giant pyramid with a statue on top was erected to their queen.
Let's continue.
Since 1671, the Don Cossacks have recognized the protectorate of the Moscow Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, that is, they abandoned an independent foreign policy, subordinating the interests of the Army to the interests of Moscow. The internal order remained the same. And only when the Romanov colonization of the south advanced to the borders of the Land of the Don Army, then Peter I carried out the incorporation of the Land of the Don Army into the Russian state.
This is how some of the former Horde people became Don Cossacks, swore an oath to serve the Tsar's father for a free life and guarding the borders, but refused to serve the Bolshevik authorities after 1917, for which they suffered.
So, Sindy, Miots and Tanaites are Kuban, Azov, Zaporozhye, partly Astrakhan, Volga and Don, of which the first two mostly died out due to the plague, replaced by others, mainly Zaporozhians. When, by decree of Catherine II, the entire Zaporizhzhya Sich was destroyed, then after the surviving Cossacks were collected and moved to the Kuban.
The photo above shows the historical types of the Cossacks who made up the Kuban Cossack army in the reconstruction of Esaul Strinsky.
Shown here is a Khopyor Cossack, three Black Sea Cossacks, a ruler and two Plastuns - participants in the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. All the Cossacks distinguished themselves, they have orders and medals on their chests.
- The first on the right is a Cossack of the Khopersk regiment, armed with a flint cavalry gun and a Don saber.
-Next we see a Black Sea Cossack in the form of a sample of 1840 - 1842. He holds an infantry percussion rifle with his hand, an officer's dagger and a Caucasian saber in a sheath hang from his belt. He has a cartridge bag or bag hanging on his chest. On the side there is a revolver in a holster with a drawstring.
- Behind him is a Cossack in the uniform of the Black Sea Cossack army, model 1816. Its armament is a silicon Cossack gun of the 1832 model and a soldier's cavalry saber of the 1827 model.
- In the center, we see an old Black Sea Cossack from the time the Black Sea people settled in the Kuban region. He is wearing the uniform of the Zaporozhye Cossack army. With his hand he holds an old, apparently Turkish flint gun, he has two flint pistols in his belt and a powder flask made of horn hangs from his belt. The saber at the belt is either not visible or absent.
-Further there is a Cossack in the form of a linear Cossack army. His weapons are: a flint infantry rifle, a dagger - a beibut at the belt, a Circassian saber with a handle sunk in the scabbard, and a revolver on a cord at the belt.
The last in the photo were two Plastun Cossacks, both armed with statutory plastun weapons - Littykh double-rifled fittings of the 1843 model, bayonets-cleavers in a homemade scabbard hang at their belts. A Cossack peak stuck into the ground is on the side.
Brodniki and Donets
Brodniks descend from the Khazar Slavs. In the VIII century, the Arabs considered them Saklabs, i.e. white people, Slavic blood. It is noted that in 737 20 thousand of their families of horse breeders settled on the eastern borders of Kakheti. They are indicated in the Persian geography of the tenth century (Gudud al Alam) on Srenem Don under the name Bradas and are known there until the XI century. after which their nickname is replaced in the sources by a common Cossack name.
Here it is necessary to explain in more detail about the origin of the roamers.
The formation of the union of the Scythians and Sarmatians received the name Kas Aria, which later became distorted as Khazaria. It was to the Slavic Khazars (Kas Arians) that Cyril and Methodius came to missionary.
Their activities were also noted where: Arab historians in the VIII century. Sakalibs were noted in the Upper Don forest-steppe, and the Persians, a hundred years after them, were Bradasov-Brodnikov. The sedentary part of these tribes, remaining in the Caucasus, obeyed the Huns, Bulgarians, Kazars and Asam-Alans, in whose kingdom the Azov region and Taman were called the Kasak Land (Gudud al Alem). There Christianity finally triumphed among them, after the missionary work of St. Cyril, approx. 860 BC
The difference between CasAria is that it was a country of warriors, and later became Khazaria - a country of merchants, when the Jewish high priests came to power in it. And here, in order to understand the essence of what is happening, it is necessary to explain in more detail. In 50, Emperor Claudius expelled all Jews from Rome. In 66-73, a Jewish uprising broke out. They capture the Temple of Jerusalem, the fortress of Anthony, the entire upper city and the fortified palace of Herod, and arrange a real massacre for the Romans. Then they revolt throughout Palestine, killing both the Romans and their more moderate compatriots. This revolt was suppressed, and in 70 the center of Judaism in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the temple was burned to the ground.
But the war continued. The Jews did not want to admit that they were defeated. After the great Jewish uprising of 133-135, the Romans wiped out all the historical traditions of Judaism. On the site of the destroyed Jerusalem, a new pagan city, Aelia Capitolina, has been built since 137, the Jews were forbidden to enter Jerusalem. To further offend the Jews, Emperor Ariadne forbade them to circumcise. Many Jews were forced to flee to the Caucasus and Persia.
In the Caucasus, the Jews became neighbors to the Khazars, and in Persia they slowly entered all branches of government. It ended in revolution and civil war under the leadership of Mazdak. As a result, the Jews were expelled from Persia - to Khazaria, where the Khazar Slavs lived there at that time.
In the VI century, the Great Turkic Khaganate was created. Some tribes fled from him, such as the Hungarians to Pannonia, and the Khazar Slavs (Kozar, Kazara), in alliance with the ancient Bulgars, united with the Türkic Kaganate. Their influence reached from Siberia to the Don and the Black Sea. When the Türkic Kaganate began to fall apart, the Khazars accepted the fleeing prince of the Ashin dynasty and drove out the Bulgars. This is how the Khazar-Turks appeared.
For a hundred years Khazaria was ruled by the Turkic khans, but they did not change their way of life: they lived in the steppe as a nomadic way of life and only returned to the adobe houses of Itil in winter. The khan supported himself and his army himself, without burdening the Khazars with taxes. The Turks fought against the Arabs, taught the Khazars to repulse the onslaught of regular troops, as they possessed the skills of the steppe maneuver war. So, under the military leadership of the Türkuts (650-810), the Khazars successfully repelled the periodic invasions from the south of the Arabs, which united these two peoples, moreover, the Türkuts remained nomads, and the Khazars - farmers.
When Khazaria accepted Jews who fled from Persia, and the wars with the Arabs led to the liberation of part of the Khazarian lands, this allowed the refugees to settle there. So gradually Jews who fled from the Roman Empire began to join them, thanks to them at the beginning of the 9th century. the small khanate turned into a huge state. The main population of Khazaria at that time could be called "Slavs-Khazars", "Turkic-Khazars" and "Judeo-Khazars". The Jews who arrived in Khazaria were engaged in trade, for which the Khazar Slavs themselves did not show abilities. In the second half of the 8th century, Jews-rabbis expelled from Byzantium began to arrive to the Jews - refugees from Persia, to Khazaria, among whom were also the descendants of those expelled from Babylon and Egypt. Since the Jewish rabbis were city dwellers, they settled exclusively in cities: Itil, Semender, Belendzher, etc. All these settlers from the former Roman Empire, Persia and Byzantium are known to us today as Sephardic people.
At the beginning of the conversion of the Slavic Khazars to Judaism, there was no the Jewish community lived apart among the Slavic Khazars and Turkic-Khazars, but over time, some of them converted to Judaism and today they are known to us as Ashkenazi.
By the end of the 8th century. The Judeo-Khazars began to gradually penetrate the power structures of Khazaria, acting by their favorite method - by making relatives through their daughters with the Turkic aristocracy. The children of the Turkic-Khazars and Jewish women had all the rights of a father and the help of the Jewish community in all matters. And the children of Jews and Khazars became a kind of outcasts (Karaites) and lived on the outskirts of Khazaria - in Taman or Kerch. At the beginning of the 9th century. the influential Jew Obadiya took power into his own hands and laid the foundation for Jewish hegemony in Khazaria, acting through the puppet khan of the Ashin dynasty, whose mother was Jewish. But not all of the Turkic-Khazars accepted Judaism. Soon a coup took place in the Khazar Kaganate, which resulted in a civil war. The “old” Turkut aristocracy revolted against the Judeo-Khazar government. The rebels attracted the Magyars (ancestors of the Hungarians) to their side, the Jews hired the Pechenegs. Konstantin Bagryanorodny described those events as follows: “When they had a separation from power and an internecine war broke out, the first power (the Jews) prevailed and some of them (the rebels) were killed, others fled and settled with the Turks (Magyars) in the Pechenezh lands (lower reaches of the Dnieper), made peace and received the name of cabars."
In the 9th century, the Judeo-Khazar kagan invited the Varangian squad of Prince Oleg for a war with the Muslims of the Southern Caspian region, promising the partition of Eastern Europe and assistance in the seizure of the Kiev Kaganate. Tired of the constant raids of the Khazars on their lands, where the Slavs were constantly taken into slavery, Oleg took advantage of the situation, captured Kiev in 882 and refused to fulfill the agreements, the war began. Around 957, after the baptism of the Kiev princess Olga in Constantinople, i.e. after enlisting the support of Byzantium, the confrontation between Kiev and Khazaria began. Thanks to the alliance with Byzantium, the Russians were supported by the Pechenegs. In the spring of 965, Svyatoslav's troops descended along the Oka and Volga to the Khazar capital Itil, bypassing the Khazar troops who were waiting for them in the Don steppes. After a short battle, the city was taken.
As a result of the campaign 964-965. Svyatoslav excluded the Volga, the middle reaches of the Terek and the middle Don from the sphere of the Jewish community. Svyatoslav returned independence to Kievan Rus. Svyatoslav's blow to the Jewish community of Khazaria was cruel, but his victory was not final. Returning, he passed the Kuban and Crimea, where the Khazar fortresses remained. There were also communities in the Kuban, Crimea, Tmutarakan, where Jews, under the name of Khazars, still held dominant positions for two centuries, but the Khazar state ceased to exist forever. The remnants of the Judeo-Khazars settled in Dagestan (Mountain Jews) and Crimea (Karaite Jews). Part of the Slavic Khazars and Turkic-Khazars remained on the Terek and Don, mixed with local related tribes and according to the old name of the Khazar warriors, they were called "Podonskiye Brodniki", but it was they who fought against Russia on the Kalka River.
In 1180 the Brodniks helped the Bulgarians in their war of independence from the Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine historian and writer Nikita Choniates (Akominatus), described in his "Chronicle" dated 1190, the events of that Bulgarian war, as one phrase comprehensively characterizes the brodniks: "Those rovers who despise death are a branch of the Russians." The initial name was borne as "Kozars", in origin from the Kozar Slavs, from which it got the name Khazaria or Khazar Kaganate. This is a Slavic militant tribe, which partly did not want to submit to the already Jewish Khazaria, and after its defeat, having united with their related tribes, they subsequently settled along the banks of the Don, where the Tanaites, Sarmatians, Roxalans, Alans (Yases), Torki-Berendei, etc. lived. The name Don Cossacks received afterhow most of the Siberian army of the Rusyns of Tsar Edygei settled there, which also included black hoods that remained after the battle on the river. Vorskla, in 1399. Edigei - the founder of the dynasty, who led the Nogai Horde. His direct descendants in the male line were the princes Urusov and Yusupov.
So, Brodniki are the indisputable ancestors of the Don Cossacks. They are indicated in the Persian geography of the tenth century (Gudud al Alem) in the Middle Don under the name Bradas and are known there until the XI century. after which their nickname is replaced in the sources by a common Cossack name.
- Berendei
from the territory of Siberia, like many tribes, due to climatic shocks, they moved to the Russian Plain. The field crowded from the east by the Polovtsy (Polovtsy - from the word "sexual", which means "red"), the Berendeys at the end of the XI century entered into various allied agreements with the Eastern Slavs. Under treaties with Russian princes, they settled on the borders of Ancient Rus and often carried out guard duty in favor of the Russian state. But after they were scattered and partly mixed with the population of the Golden Horde, and another part with Christians. They existed as an independent nationality. The formidable warriors of Siberia - Black Klobuki, which means black hats (papakha), which will later be called Cherkas - originate from the same edges.
Black hoods (black hats), Cherkasy (not to be confused with the Circassians)
- who moved from Siberia to the Russian Plain, from the Berendey Kingdom, the last name of the country was Borondai. Their ancestors once inhabited the vast lands of the northern part of Siberia, up to the Arctic Ocean. Their harsh temper terrified their enemies, it was their ancestors who were the people of Gog and Magog, it was from them that Alexander the Great was defeated in the battle for Siberia. They did not want to see themselves in kindred alliances with other peoples, they always lived separately and did not rank themselves among any peoples.
For example, the important role of the black hoods in the political life of the Kiev principality is evidenced by the persistent expressions repeatedly repeated in the annals: “the whole land of Rus and the black hoods”. Persian historian Rashid-ad-din (died in 1318), describing Russia in 1240, writes: “The princes of Batu with their brothers, Kadan, Buri and Buchek set out on a campaign to the country of Russians and the people of black hats”.
Subsequently, in order not to separate one from the other, the black hoods were called Cherkasy or Cossacks. In the Moscow annalistic collection of the end of the 15th century, under the year 1152 it is explained: "All Black Klobuki, the hedgehog is called Cherkasy." The Resurrection and Kiev Chronicles also speak of this: "And having accumulated your squad, I will go, I will catch Vyacheslavl regiment with me, all and all black hoods, the hedgehogs are called Cherkasy."
Black hoods, due to their isolation, easily got up to serve, both to the Slavic peoples and to the Turkic. Their disposition and special differences in clothes, especially headdress, were adopted by the peoples of the Caucasus, whose clothes are now considered for some reason only Caucasian. But in old drawings, engravings and photographs, these clothes, and especially hats, can be seen among the Cossacks of Siberia, the Urals, Amur, Primorye, Kuban, Don, etc. In cohabitation with the peoples of the Caucasus, an exchange of cultures took place and each tribe got something from others, both in the cuisine and in clothes and customs. The Siberian, Yaitsk, Dnieper, Grebensk, Tersk Cossacks also went from the Black Klobuk, the first mention of the latter dates back to 1380, when the free Cossacks living near the Grebenny Mountains,blessed and presented as a gift a holy icon of the Mother of God (Grebnevskaya) to the Grand Duke Dmitry (Donskoy).
Grebensky, Tersky
The word comb is purely Cossack, meaning the highest line of the watershed of two rivers or beams. In every village of the Don there are many such watersheds and they are all called ridges. There was also the Cossack town of Grebni in ancient times, mentioned in the chronicles of the archimandrite of the Donskoy monastery Anthony. But not all the Grebets lived on the Terek, in an old Cossack song, they are mentioned in the Saratov steppes:
As it was on the glorious steppes in Saratov, What's lower than the city of Saratov, And up there was the city of Kamyshin, Cossacks-friends gathered, free people, They gathered, brothers, in a single circle:
like the Don, Greben and Yaik.
Their chieftain is Yermak's son Timofeevich …
Later in their origin, they began to add "those who live near the mountains, i.e. at the ridges. " Officially, the Tertsy trace their genealogy since 1577, when the city of Terka was founded, and the first mention of the Cossack army dates back to 1711. It was then that the Cossacks of the Free Community of Grebenskaya formed the Grebenskoye Cossack army.
Pay attention to the photo of 1864, where the combers inherited a dagger from the Caucasian peoples. But in fact, this is an improved sword of the Scythians akinak. Akinak is a short (40-60 cm) iron sword used by the Scythians in the second half of the 1st millennium BC. e. In addition to the Scythians, the Akinaki were also used by the tribes of the Persians, Sakas, Argypeans, Massagets and Melanchlens, i.e. proto-Cossacks.
The Caucasian dagger is part of the national symbols. This is a sign that a man is ready to defend his personal honor, the honor of his family and the honor of his people. He never parted with him. For centuries, the dagger has been used as a means of attack, defense and as a cutlery. The Caucasian dagger "Kama" is most widespread among the daggers of other peoples, Cossacks, Turks, Georgians, etc. The attribute of gazers on the chest appeared with the advent of the first powder-loaded firearm. This detail was first added to the clothing of a Turkic warrior, it was among the Mameluks of Egypt, the Cossacks, but already as a decoration was fixed among the peoples of the Caucasus.
The origin of the papakha is interesting. Chechens adopted Islam during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. A large Chechen delegation that visited the prophet in Mecca was personally initiated by the prophet into the essence of Islam, after which the envoys of the Chechen people accepted Islam in Mecca. Mukhamed gave them astrakhan fur on the road for making shoes. But on the way back, the Chechen delegation, considering that it was not proper to wear the prophet's gift on their feet, sewed hats, and now, until today, this is the main national headdress (Chechen hats). Upon the return of the delegation to Chechnya, without any coercion, the Chechens accepted Islam, realizing that Islam is not only "Mohammedanism", which originates from the Prophet Muhammad, but this original belief of monotheism,which made a spiritual revolution in the minds of people and laid a clear line between pagan savagery and true educated faith.
It was the Caucasians, who adopted the military attributes from different peoples, adding their own, such as a burka, a hat, etc., who improved this style of military attire and secured for themselves, which today no one doubts. But let's see what kind of military vestments they used to wear in the Caucasus.
In the middle photo above, we see Kurds dressed in the Circassian style, i.e. this attribute of military vestments is already tied to the Circassians and will continue to be assigned to them in the future. But in the background we see a Turk, the only thing he does not have is gazyrs, this is what is different. When the Ottoman Empire waged a war in the Caucasus, the peoples of the Caucasus adopted some of their military attributes from them, as well as from the Greben Cossacks. In this mixture of cultural exchange and war, the recognizable Circassian coat and hat appeared by all. Turks - Ottomans, seriously influenced the historical course of events in the Caucasus, therefore some photographs are full of the presence of Turks with Caucasians. But if not for Russia, many peoples of the Caucasus would have disappeared or assimilated, such as the Chechens who left with the Turks on their territory. Or take the Georgians, who asked for protection from the Turks from Russia.
As you can see, in the past, the main part of the peoples of the Caucasus did not have their attributes, which are recognizable today, "black hats", they will appear later, but they are among the combiners, as heirs of the "black hats" (klobukov). An example is the origin of some Caucasian peoples.
Lezgins, ancient Alans-Lezgi, the most numerous and brave people in the entire Caucasus. They speak a light sonorous language of the Aryan root, but thanks to the influence, starting from the 8th century. Arab culture, which gave them its writing and religion, as well as the pressure of the neighboring Turkic-Tatar tribes, have lost much of their original nationality and now represent an amazing mixture, difficult to study, with Arabs, Avars, Kumyks, Tarks, Jews and others.
Neighbors of the Lezgins, to the west, along the northern slope of the Caucasian ridge, are Chechens, who got the name from the Russians, actually from their large aul "Chachan" or "Chechen". The Chechens themselves call their nationality Nakhchi or Nakhchoo, which means people from the country of Nakh or Noah, that is, Noah. According to folk tales, they came around the 4th century. to their present residence, through Abkhazia, from the area of Nakhchi-Van, from the foot of Ararat (Erivan province) and pressed by the Kabardians, they took refuge in the mountains, along the upper course of Aksai, the right tributary of the Terek, where there is still the old aul Aksai, in Greater Chechnya, built once, according to the legend of the inhabitants of the village of Gerzel, by Aksai Khan. The ancient Armenians were the first to connect the ethnonym "Nokhchi", the modern self-name of the Chechens, with the name of the prophet Noah, the literal meaning of which means Noah's people. Georgians,from time immemorial, Chechens have been called "dzurdzukas", which means "righteous" in Georgian.
According to the philological research of Baron Uslar, in the Chechen language there is some similarity with the Lezgi language, in anthropological terms the Chechens are a people of a mixed type. In the Chechen language, there are quite a few words with the root "gun", as, for example, in the names of rivers, mountains, auls and natural boundaries: Guni, Gunoy, Guen, Gunib, Argun, etc. They call the sun Dela-Molch (Moloch). The mother of the sun is Aza.
As we saw above, many Caucasian tribes of the past do not have the usual Caucasian attributes, but all the Cossacks of Russia, from the Don to the Urals, from Siberia to Primorye, have it.
And here below, there is already a discrepancy in military uniforms. Their historical roots began to be forgotten, and military attributes are already copied among the Caucasian peoples.
After repeated renaming, mergers and divisions, the Grebensky Cossacks, according to the order of the Minister of War N 256 (dated November 19, 1860) "… ordered: from the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th brigades of the Caucasian linear Cossack troops, in full strength, to form the "Terek Cossack army", turning into its composition the horse-artillery batteries of the Caucasian linear Cossack army N15 and the reserve … ".
In Kievan Rus, subsequently, the semi-sedentary and sedentary part of the black hoods remained in Porosie and over time was assimilated by the local Slavic population, taking part in the ethnogenesis of the Ukrainians. Their free Zaporozhye Sich ceased to exist in August 1775, when the Sich and the very name "Zaporozhye Cossacks" in Russia, according to Western plans, were destroyed. And only in 1783 Potemkin again gathers the surviving Cossacks for the sovereign service. The newly formed Cossack teams of the Zaporozhians receive the name "Kosh of the loyal Zaporozhye Cossacks", and settle in the territory of the Odessa district. Soon after that (after repeated requests from the Cossacks and for their faithful service), they were transferred to the Kuban - to Taman by the Empress's personal decree (dated January 14, 1788). Since then, the Cossacks are called Kuban.
In general terms, the Siberian army of the Black Hoods had a huge influence on the Cossacks of all of Russia, they were in many Cossack associations and were an example of the free and indestructible Cossack spirit.
The very name "Cossack" comes from the time of the Great Turan, when the Scythian peoples of Kos-saka or Ka-saka lived. For more than twenty centuries, this name has changed little; initially, the Greeks spelled it as Kossakh. Geographer Strabo called the military people, who were stationed in the mountains of Transcaucasia during the life of Christ the Savior, by the same name. After 3-4 centuries, even in the ancient era, our name is repeatedly found in the Tanaid inscriptions (inscriptions) discovered and studied by V. V. Latyshev. Its Greek style Kasakos was preserved until the 10th century, after which Russian chroniclers began to mix it with the common Caucasian names Kasagov, Kasogov, Kazyag. The original Greek design of Kossakhi gives two constituent elements of this name "kos" and "sahi", two words with a definite Scythian meaning "White Sakhi". But the name of the Scythian tribe Sakhi is equivalent to their own Saka, and therefore the following Greek style "Kasakos" can be interpreted as a variant of the previous one, closer to the modern one. The change of the prefix "kos" to "kas" is obvious, the reasons are purely sound (phonetic), the peculiarities of pronunciation and the peculiarities of auditory sensations in different peoples. This difference persists even now (Kazak, Kozak). Kossaka, in addition to the meaning White Saki (Sakhi), has, as mentioned above, one more Scythian-Iranian meaning - "White deer". Remember the animal style of Scythian jewelry, tattoos on the mummies of the Altai princess, most likely deer and deer buckles - these are attributes of the Scythian military class.the reasons are purely sound (phonetic), peculiarities of pronunciation and characteristics of auditory sensations in different peoples. This difference persists even now (Kazak, Kozak). Kossaka, in addition to the meaning White Saki (Sakhi), has, as mentioned above, one more Scythian-Iranian meaning - "White deer". Remember the animal style of Scythian jewelry, tattoos on the mummies of the Altai princess, most likely deer and deer buckles - these are attributes of the Scythian military class.the reasons are purely sound (phonetic), peculiarities of pronunciation and characteristics of auditory sensations in different peoples. This difference persists even now (Kazak, Kozak). Kossaka, in addition to the meaning White Saki (Sakhi), has, as mentioned above, one more Scythian-Iranian meaning - "White deer". Remember the animal style of Scythian jewelry, tattoos on the mummies of the Altai princess, most likely deer and deer buckles - these are attributes of the Scythian military class.most likely deer and deer buckles are attributes of the Scythian military class.most likely deer and deer buckles are attributes of the Scythian military class.
And the territorial name of this word was preserved in Sakha Yakutia (Yakuts were called Yakols in ancient times) and Sakhalin. In the Russian people, this word is associated with the image of branched horns, like the elk, colloquial - elk deer, elk. So, we again returned to the ancient symbol of the Scythian warriors - to the deer, which is reflected in the seal and coat of arms of the Cossacks of the Don army. We should be grateful to them for preserving this ancient symbol of the warriors of the Rus and Rusyns, who come from the Scythians.
Well, in Russia, Cossacks were also called Azov, Astrakhan, Danube and Transdanubian, Bug, Black Sea, Slobod, Transbaikal, Khopersk, Amur, Orenburg, Yaitsk - Ural, Budzhak, Yenisei, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yakutian, Daiurian, Ussurian, Nerchensky, Evenksky, Albazinsky, Buryat, Siberian, you cannot cover all.
So, no matter how they call all these soldiers, they are all the same Cossacks living in different parts of their country.
PS
There are the most important circumstances in our history that are hushed up by hook or by crook. Those who, throughout our historical past, constantly played dirty tricks on us, are afraid of publicity, they are afraid to be recognized. Therefore, they are hiding behind false historical layers. These dreamers came up with their own story for us, in order to hide their dark deeds. For example, why did the Battle of Kulikovo take place in 1380 and who fought there?
- Donskoy Dmitry, Prince of Moscow and Grand Duke of Vladimir, headed the Volga and Trans-Ural Cossacks (Sibiryakov), who are called Tatars in Russian chronicles. The Russian army consisted of princely horse and foot squads, as well as the militia. The cavalry was formed from baptized Tatars who defected Lithuanians and Russians trained in Tatar equestrian combat.
- In the Mamayev army there were Ryazan, West Russian, Polish, Crimean and Genoese troops that fell under the influence of the West. Mamai's ally was the Lithuanian prince Yagailo, Dmitry's ally is considered Khan Tokhtamysh with an army of Siberian Tatars (Cossacks).
The Cossack chieftain Mamai was financed by the Genoese, and the troops were promised manna from heaven, that is, "Western values", well, nothing changes in this world. The Cossack chieftain Dmitry Donskoy won. Mamai fled to Kafa and there, as unnecessary, was killed by the Genoese. So, the Battle of Kulikovo is a battle of Muscovites, Volga and Siberian Cossacks, led by Dmitry Donskoy, with an army of Genoese, Polish and Lithuanian Cossacks, led by Mamai.
Of course, later the whole story with the battle was presented as a battle of the Slavs with foreign (Asian) invaders. Apparently, later, with tendentious editing, the original word "Cossacks" was replaced everywhere in the annals by "Tatars" in order to hide those who so unsuccessfully proposed "Western values".
In fact, the Battle of Kulikovo was only an episode of the outbreak of a civil war, in which the Cossack hordes of one state fought among themselves. But they sowed the seeds of discord, as the satirist Zadornov says - "hucksters". It was they who imagined that they were the chosen and exceptional, they were dreaming of world domination, and hence all our troubles.
These "traders" persuaded Genghis Khan to fight against their own peoples. The Pope and the French King Louis the Holy sent to Genghis Khan a thousand envoys, diplomatic agents, instructors and engineers, as well as the best of European generals, especially of the Templars (knightly order).
They saw that no one was fit to defeat both the Palestinian Muslims and the Orthodox Eastern Christians, Greeks, Russians, Bulgarians, etc., who once destroyed ancient Rome, and then Latin Byzantium. At the same time, for loyalty and strengthening the blow, the popes began to arm the Swedish ruler of the throne Birger, the Teutons, the sword-bearers and Lithuania on the Russians.
Disguised as scientists and capital, they took up administrative posts in the Uyghur kingdom, Bactria, Sogdiana.
It was these rich scribes who were the authors of the laws of Genghis Khan - "Yasu", in which all the sects of Christians were shown a great favor and tolerance unusual for Asia, popes and Europe of that time. In these laws, under the influence of the popes, the Jesuits proper, permission was expressed, with different benefits, to convert from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, which was used at that time by many of the Armenians who later formed the Armenian Catholic Church.
To cover the papal participation in this enterprise and to please the Asians, the main official roles and places were given to the best native generals and relatives of Genghis Khan, and almost 3/4 of the minor leaders and officials consisted mainly of Asian sectarians, Christians and Catholics. This is where the invasion of Genghis Khan came from, but the "traders" did not take into account his appetite, and cleaned up the pages of history for us, preparing another meanness. All of this is very similar to the "invasion of Hitler", they themselves brought him to power and got in the teeth from him that the goal of the "USSR" had to be taken as an allies and postponed our colonization. By the way, not so long ago, during the period of the opium war in China, these "traders" tried to repeat the scenario of "Genghis Khan-2" against Russia, they huddled China for a long time with the help of Jesuits, missionaries, etc., but later, as they say:"Thanks to Comrade Stalin for our happy childhood."
Have you wondered why the Cossacks of different stripes fought both for Russia and against it? For example, some of our historians are perplexed why the voivode of the Brodniks Ploskinya, who, according to our chronicle, stood with 30 thousand troops on the river. Kalka (1223), did not help the Russian princes in the battle with the Tatars. He even clearly sided with the latter, persuading the Kiev prince Mstislav Romanovich to surrender, and then tied him together with his two sons-in-law and gave him over to the Tatars, where he was killed. As in 1917, there was also a protracted civil war. Peoples kindred to each other pitted against each other, nothing changes, the same principles of our enemies remain, “divide and rule”. And so that we do not learn from this, the pages of history are replaced.
But if the plans of the "traders" of 1917 were buried by Stalin, then the above-described events - Khan Batu. And of course they have smeared both of them with the indelible dirt of historical lies, their methods are like that.
13 years after the Battle of Kalka, the "Mongols" under the leadership of Khan Batu, or Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, from beyond the Urals, ie from Siberia moved to Russia. Batu had up to 600 thousand troops, which consisted of many, more than 20, peoples of Asia and Siberia. In 1238 the Tatars took the capital of the Volga Bulgarians, then Ryazan, Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl and many other cities; defeated the Russians at the river. City, took Moscow, Tver and went to Novgorod, where at the same time the Swedes and the Ostsee crusaders marched. An interesting battle would be, the crusaders from Batu are storming Novgorod. But muddy roads prevented. In 1240, Batu took Kiev, his goal was Hungary, where the old enemy of the Chingizids, the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan, fled. Poland fell first with Krakow. In 1241, the army of Prince Henry and the Templars was defeated at Legitsa. Then Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary fell,Batu reached the Adriatic and took Zagreb. Europe was helpless, saved by the fact that Khan Udegey died and Batu turned back. Europe got in the teeth with a full for its crusaders, Tamliers, bloody baptisms, and order reigned in Russia, the laurels for this remained with Alexander Nevsky, brother of Batu.
But then this mess began with the baptist of Russia, with Prince Vladimir. When he seized power in Kiev, Kievan Rus began to increasingly unite with the Christian system of the West. Here it should be noted curious episodes from the life of the baptist of Russia, Vladimir Svyatoslavich, including the brutal murder of his brother, the destruction of not only Christian churches, the rape of the prince's daughter Ragneda in front of her parents, a harem of hundreds of concubines, the war against his son, etc. Already under Vladimir Monomakh, Kievan Rus was the left flank of the Christian Crusader invasion of the East. After Monomakh, Russia split into three systems - Kiev, Darkness-Cockroach, Vladimir-Suzdal Russia. When the Christianization of the Western Slavs began, the Eastern ones considered it a betrayal and turned to the Siberian rulers for help. Seeing the threat of a crusader invasion and the future enslavement of the Slavs, many tribes were united in a union on the territory of Siberia, and this is how a state formation appeared - Great Tartary, which stretched from the Urals to Transbaikalia. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was the first who called for help from Tartary, for which he suffered. But thanks to Batu, who created the Golden Horde, the crusaders were already afraid of such a force. But all the same quietly, the "traders" destroyed Tartaria. But all the same quietly, the "traders" destroyed Tartaria. But all the same quietly, the "traders" destroyed Tartaria.
Why everything happened this way, the question is solved here very simply. The conquest of Russia was led by papal agents, Jesuits, missionaries and other evil spirits, who promised the local residents all kinds of benefits and privileges, and especially those who helped them. In addition, in the hordes of the so-called "Mongol-Tatars" there were many Christians from Central Asia, who enjoyed many privileges and freedom of religion, Western missionaries based on Christianity spawned there various kinds of religious movements, such as Nestorianism.
Here it becomes clear where in the West there are so many old maps of the territories of Russia and especially Siberia. It becomes clear why the state formation on the territory of Siberia, which was called the Great Tartary, is hushed up. On the early maps, Tartary is indivisible, on the later maps it is fragmented, and since 1775, under the guise of Pugachevshchina, has ceased to exist. So, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Vatican took its place and, continuing the traditions of Rome, organized new wars for its domination. So the Byzantine Empire fell, and its heiress Russia became the main target for papal Rome, i.e. now the Western world of "hucksters". For their insidious purposes, the Cossacks were like a bone in their throat. How many wars, shocks, how much grief fell to the lot of all our peoples, but the main historical time, known to us from ancient times, the Cossacks gave our enemies in the teeth. Closer to our times, they still managed to break the rule of the Cossacks, and after the well-known events of 1917, the Cossacks suffered a crushing blow, but it took them many centuries.