The Mughal Empire existed in what is now India, Pakistan and southeastern Afghanistan from 1526 to 1858. It was founded in 1526 by Zahir ad-din Muhammad Babur (1483-1530). He was born in Andijan in the family of the Emir of Fergana, that is, he was from the Central Asian part of Great Tartary with the capital in Samarkand, which Europeans by the 18th century will call Independent Tartary. Its location can be seen, for example, on the map of Tartary by Guillaume de Lille in 1706.
Independent Tartary. Map of Tartary by Guillaume de Lille, 1706.
He was also lucky with heredity. On the paternal side, he came from the clan of Tamerlane (Timur) (1336-1405), and on the maternal side, from the clan of Genghis Khan (Temujin) (1155 or 1162-1227). Above in this section, as well as in the section Great Tartary, we cited images of Tamerlane in medieval engravings, which perfectly show that he was not at all a Mongoloid, but looked quite to himself a Caucasian, and as a title of which, oddly enough it sounds, called Emperor Mughal and Tartarus. There is also a wax figure of Tamerlane at the Islamabad Wax Museum (Pakistan), where he is also depicted as a blue-eyed, white man. Below we show a few more images of Tamerlane, which we have not yet shown.
Wax figure of Tamerlane (Amir Taimur) at the Wax Museum Islamabad (Pakistan).
Tamerlane. 15th century engraving.
Tamerlane. Medieval engraving.
Tamerlane. Engraving by Pierre Duflot.
Genghis Khan. Engraving by Pierre Duflot.
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The images of Genghis Khan by Europeans are far from few, which is understandable - he lived for a long time. His coronation is depicted in the Book of the Diversity of the World by the Italian merchant Marco Polo (1254-1324), and by the French engraver Pierre Duflos (1742-1816) in the Collection of Engravings, presenting titles and titles based on the attire of all existing nations (Receuil des Estampes, representant les Rangs et les Dignites, suivant le Costume de toutes les Nations existantes), published in 1780. Despite the impressive time difference, in both cases there are no Mongoloid features in Genghis Khan's appearance. He is clearly a white man. And this is not surprising. Indeed, at the time when both Marco Polo and Pierre Duflot lived, there was no such concept and, accordingly, the term as "Mongolo-Tatars" and, accordingly, they and many others did not "know"that they should be portrayed as Mongoloids.
In many European sources, before the 18-19 centuries, there were Mughals or Moguls (without the letter "n") and tartars, and one of the Tartaries was called that way - Mogul Tartary. However, at the beginning of the 19th century, Europeans decided to creatively approach the business of distorting history and invented the "Mongol-Tatars". It is believed that this term was first introduced by the Germans, father and son Kruse in 1817, and in 1843 their works were translated into Russian and published under the long title “Atlas and Tables for Reviewing the History of All European Lands and States, from their first population to the most recent times. To facilitate the comprehension of ancient and new writings relating to the history of our part of the world; and for use in the education of learning youth / comp. according to the best sources by Christian Kruse, professor of historical auxiliary sciences in Leipzig,revised again and continued by his son Dr. Friedrich Kruse, professor of historical sciences at Dorpat."
The following fact is of interest. Duflo painted not only Genghis Khan himself, but also his wife named Hyu-Chen. And her appearance is also European, despite the "Chinese" name.
Genghis Khan's wife. Engraving by Pierre Duflot.
However, there was a problem here. According to orthodox history, Genghis Khan did not have a wife with that name. We are told that his wives were called Borte, Khulan-khatun and Yesugen (Yesukat). But in the 4th volume of the encyclopedia "The Modern Part of an Universal History: From the Earliest Account of Time", published in London in 1759, which is a collection of historical information from ancient authors, this name is … Here's what it says: “Western Asian historians attribute the four sons of Genghis Khan to Purta Kuzhdin (or Khi-Chen), while Chinese historians call her the mother of only two of them. (The western Astatic historians ascribe the first four sons of Jenghiz Khan to Purta Kujin (or Hyu-chen); whereas the Chinese history makes her the mother of two of them). As Pushkin said: “Oh,how many wonderful discoveries we have …"
Well, what about Babur, the heir to such a famous family? What did he look like? There are many portraits of him on the network, where he is depicted as a man of a rather oriental type. However, we found a photograph of his statue in the Turkish city of Söğüt. The town is tiny, but very important for the Turks. It is here that the Ottoman Empire is believed to have originated, which existed for over 600 years - from 1299 to 1922. The son of the ruler of Ertogrul, Osman I (1258), was born here, who founded both the empire and the dynasty of his name. The Turks built the Museum of Ertuğrul Gazi, and next to it - a small gallery of busts of almost all the founders of empires that are currently known in the world, on which the years of the existence of these empires are stamped. There is also Batu, the founder of the Golden Horde, and Attila, the founder of the Hunnic empire, and Timur-Tamerlane, and,of course, Babur, and many others. And what is most interesting, they all have a European appearance.
Bust of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire, Shogut, Turkey.
Bust of Attila, founder of the Hunnic Empire, Shogut, Turkey.
Bust of Bumyn Kagan, founder of the Turkic Kaganate.
Bust of Alp Tegin, the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty in Afghanistan.
Bust of Pan, founder of the Hunnic Empire.
In the photo we see busts of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, Attila, the founder of the Hunnic Empire, Bumyn Kagan, the founder of the Turkic Kaganate, Alp-Tegin, the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty in Afghanistan in the 10th century AD, and Panu, also the founder of the Hunnic empire. but 300 years earlier than Attila. However, these can be considered modern images, although, as they say, no one pulled the Turks for "the language", and they could easily swallow "emperors" of any eastern or Mongoloid type, but for some reason they did not.
I wonder if the Turks suspect that by portraying the founders of all Eurasian empires as white people, they thereby violated all the "liberal" laws of democracy and tolerance, imposed by parasites on all peoples, and committed a monstrous crime of "discrimination" against all other races. We hope that they did all this quite deliberately, so as not to sin against the Truth.
Let's see now how the Mughals were depicted 300 years ago. In the 18th century in Holland, in the city of Leiden lived the publisher and bookseller Peter van der Aa (1659-1733), who specialized in reprinting old maps and atlases. The greatest work of van der Aa was the encyclopedia published in 1729 in Leiden in 20 volumes (according to other sources there were 27 or 29 volumes) La Galerie Agréable du Monde ("Pleasant (fascinating) gallery of the world"). It contained almost four thousand (3935) prints and maps of the outstanding Dutch engravers and artists Jan Luyken (1649-1712), Jan Goeree (1670-1731), Joseph Mulder (1658-1728)), Daniel Stoopendaal (1672-1726), Aldert Meijer (1663-1690), Romeyn de Hooghe (1645-1708) and others. He also used prints from other publishers,such as Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638), Claes Janszoon Visscher (1587-1652), Frederick de Wit (1629 / 1630-1706), Franciscus Halma, Pieter Mortier (1661-1711), Abraham Allard (1676-1725) and others.
La Galerie Agréable du Monde ("Pleasant (fascinating) gallery of the world").
This encyclopedia, rare in our time, was published in 66 books. Illustrations, including on 2571 double sheets, contained not only maps and drawings, but also city views, squares, streets, landscapes, national costumes, historical and religious scenes, religious and judicial customs, ancient relics, alphabets, scenes and objects of everyday life. life, animals, plants, buildings, palaces, gardens, churches, mosques, gods, various activities, etc. In addition, the encyclopedia contained geographic, economic, and political information about major empires, kingdoms, republics, provinces, major cities, settlements, and fortresses. Van der Aa also included 130 translations of the most important travel stories of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries across America, Africa and Asia. At that time, it was the largest and most detailed (and most expensive) encyclopedia in the world that has ever been published, at least in Europe. A total of 100 copies were issued in French, which was the international language at the time.
Information about the Mughal Empire is contained in the 18th volume of the encyclopedia, which consists of two books - 52 and 53, the first of which was dedicated to the Persians, and the second to the Mughals. Let's see how the Mughals and their courtiers were depicted by the most famous engravers of the 17-18 centuries.
Great Mogul, Emperor of Hindustan, engraving by Francois Jollen.
Robe of the Great Mogul and his wives.
Weighing ceremony of the Great Mogul.
Ministers of state at the court of the Great Mogul.
The wedding ceremony of the children of the brahmanas.
The first illustration is a rare full-length depiction of the Great Mogul, Emperor of Hindustan, engraving by François Jollin, p. (Francois Jollain, the Elder (1641-1704)). The engraving reads "The Great Mogul, Emperor of Hindustan in the Eastern Indies, the most powerful prince of Asia with 20 kingdoms as vassals and thousands of concubines in addition to legal wives, who are guarded in the seraglio by 200 eunuchs." It will be appropriate to clarify here that the East Indies (Indes Orientalis) at that time meant India proper and the countries of South and Southeast Asia, located in the water area of the Indian Ocean. The next engraving is called "The Robe of the Great Mogul and His Wives." Next comes the "Weighing ceremony of the Great Mogul", which was held on the birthday of the ruler. He was really weighed on a golden balance, while the second bowl was filled with gold, silver, silk,butter, rice, fruit, and many other things that were equal to its weight. All these were subsequently distributed to the brahmanas and the poor. Speaking of the brahmanas. The last engraving in the row shows, as the inscription says, the wedding ceremony of the brahmana children.
Punishment of people by the judgment of the Court of Shame of the Great Mogul.
Another engraving from the Fascinating Gallery of the World shows the punishment of people by the judgment of the Court of Shame of the Great Mogul, which also follows from the caption under it. As you can see, in all the engravings, neither the supreme ruler of Hindustan - the Great Mogul, nor his ministers, nor brahmans, nor judges, nor even the executors of the sentence, have anything in their appearance either Mongolian or Indian, or Arabic (Semitic). These are people of the white race.
The Great Mogul of the German engraver Johan Hyde.
Aurangzeb or Alamgir I, Great Mogul.
Aurangzeb or Alamgir I, Great Mogul, engraving by François Jollen.
Akbar the Great, grandson of Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty in India.
Shuja ad-Daula Haydar (1732-1775), vizier of the Mughal Empire.
Here is another engraving by the German engraver Johann Jakob Haid (1704 -1767), which depicts the Great Mogul. The name of the ruler is not on this engraving, as, indeed, on the previous ones. However, even if these images are some either a generalization-symbol, or for some reason, artists of the 17-18 centuries depicted the rulers of an exotic country so far from Europe as people of the white race, although they also depicted representatives of the black and yellow races with all their racial outward signs. rulers of the Mughal Empire, or, as it was also called, the Muhammadan Tartar Empire, which is not surprising - in the northeast it bordered on Great Tartary, which is confirmed by old maps of the 17-18 centuries.
Map of the Mughal Empire from the Pleasant Gallery of the World encyclopedia.
Most likely, she was her province, which were Independent, Chinese, Moscow and other Tartaria. And on the maps of the 15-16 centuries, India bordered in the northeast, and at Ortelius also in the west, with Scythia (in the same place where European cartographers later placed Tartaria). This is how the past is distorted - the same country, the same people, but the names are different - Scythia-Tartaria-Russia, and, as it were, it turns out that both countries and peoples are different - it is not known where they came from and where they left, but in reality - the same people lived in this place for thousands of years.
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Common roots of Russian and Indian domestic rituals
S. V. Zharnikova - candidate of historical sciences, ethnologist, art critic, full member of the Russian Geographical Society - at the Second All-Russian Congress of Vedic culture of the Aryans-Indo-Slavs on November 26-28, 2010, St. Petersburg.
Continued: Part 2
Author: Elena Lyubimova