Low-temperature fusion in the USSR fell victim to the clan struggle of officials, and now these ideas have found development in the West in the form of the Rossi reactor. I dare to suggest that in the bowels of our planet there are all the conditions for the low-temperature reaction of copper synthesis from nickel in a hydrogen atmosphere, experimentally carried out in a reactor.
The invaluable ideas of our compatriots now have to be bought at a high price from abroad in the form of products or technologies.
So it turns out, alas, in the history of science many times, that wonderful ideas and theoretical works made by compatriots find application abroad. There they are financed, developed, patented and returned to Russia in the form of foreign developments and technologies.
Let me remind you that Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences B. Deryagin was the first to obtain diamonds from a hydrogen-methane mixture at a pressure below atmospheric back in 1969. And this technology was developed in the West in the production of gem-quality diamonds weighing up to 4 carats and film coatings from the C-H-O fluid system (semiconductors of which represent the future of microelectronics)
See the article Diamond Carbonado, the most valuable semiconductor of the future.
A similar situation has been going on for half a century in the field of low-temperature reactions of synthesis of elements.
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Work in the field of low-temperature thermonuclear I. S. Filimonenko
The essence of the work was to obtain heat by electrolysis of heavy water on palladium electrodes.
However, after the death of Korolev and Kurchatov, the resignation of Zhukov, all work was suspended. In 1967. Filimonenko was fired altogether. Despite Kosygin's objections. The dismissal was supported by the then Secretary of the Central Committee, who was in charge of the defense industry, D. Ustinov, the main party ideologist M. Suslov, and General Secretary L. Brezhnev himself, who supported the dismissal simply because of his dislike of Kosygin.
The main problem of fusion
For the synthesis reaction to proceed, it is necessary to "bring together" the nuclei of atoms, to overcome the Coulomb barrier - the mutual repulsion of identically charged bodies.
Scientists have been trying for 60 years to solve the problem "head-on" - to create a temperature at which the kinetic energy of the nuclei is sufficient to bring them closer to a distance, where the nuclear forces of attraction become greater than the forces of Coulomb repulsion. But this is possible at millions of degrees Kelvin. Then the probability of overcoming the Coulomb barrier due to tunneling becomes noticeable, and a self-sustaining thermonuclear reaction begins.
The second global problem lies in the colossal funds allocated for research and construction of Tokamak-type reactors. This prevents the development of alternative directions. And any invention or discovery in the field of thermonuclear fusion that contradicts the established concept is taken with hostility. And for 40 years now it has been possible to "stifle" the idea of cold nuclear fusion.
Nuclear Age Alchemist
Boris Vasilievich Bolotov, a talented inventor. At his country dacha, an operating model of a water-oil distillation station was made: water was supplied to it, and a branch pipe discharging hydrocarbons was removed. Between them, inside a curbstone that looked like a washing machine, electromagnetic pulses were generated that divided the nucleus of an oxygen atom in a water molecule into two parts: a carbon atom and two heavy hydrogen (deuterium) atoms. The resulting carbon together with hydrogen detached from the water molecule formed a hydrocarbon fuel molecule. An installation with a capacity of 2 kilowatts turned water into flammable gases, which were enough to power a machine with a capacity of 100 kilowatts. The newspaper "Arumenty i Fakty" No. 26, 2006 wrote about this.
The author of over 600 inventions is Boris Vasilyevich Bolotov.
Alfizika A. A. Kornilova
June 6, 2016 at a meeting of the permanent scientific seminar at the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after A. M. Prokhorov made a report on the work of the Innovation Center of the Physics Department of Moscow State University, and its head, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences A. A. Kornilova on a new unique technology for decontamination of liquid nuclear waste. The essence of the technology: specially prepared microbial cultures are added to a container with an aqueous solution of the radioactive isotope of cesium-137, as a result, after 14 days (and not after 30.17 years - the half-life of 137Cs) its concentration decreases by more than 50%, while in the solution the content of non-radioactive barium increases. That is, microbes are capable of absorbing radioactive cesium and converting it into non-radioactive barium. Alphysics in its purest form.
The discovery of the transmutation of chemical elements in natural biological cultures was made back in 1993; many independent tests of the technology were carried out in various scientific centers. It was tested in Chernobyl on different isotopes, i.e. the technology can be tuned to any isotope composition of specific liquid nuclear waste, the results have been repeatedly published in reputable international and domestic scientific journals.
The carried out state examination dealt not with a sophisticated laboratory technique, but with a ready-made industrial technology that has no analogues in the world market.
Rossi reactor
Italian inventor Andrea Rossi, with the support of scientific consultant physicist Sergio Fokardi, conducted an experiment:
In a sealed tube was placed how many grams of nickel (Ni) added 10% lithium aluminum hydride, catalyst and filled the capsule with hydrogen (H 2). After heating to a temperature of about 1100-1300 ° C, paradoxically, the tube remained hot for a whole month, and the released heat energy was several times higher than that spent on heating.
There are plenty of skeptics of this invention even now.
Despite the seeming simplicity of the reactor design, the discovery was not easy. For the experiment, the inventor did not take money from wealthy businessmen, but persuaded his wife to sell the house for 2 million euros, which speaks of his conviction of commercial success.
Apparently, the fusion process in the Rossi reactor was initially unstable. When a certain temperature was reached, the nickel powder was sintered and the reaction quenched. The sintering temperature depended on the pressure, on the saturation of the metal with hydrogen, and on the grain size. Therefore, as the reactor improved, the time of its uninterrupted operation increased from several hours to a month.
In my opinion, in the absence of gravity in space, the process of sintering nickel powder in a hydrogen atmosphere will not occur, therefore, the reactor must operate stably. Thus, it is possible to solve the energy problem of spacecraft and reduce the number of solar panels.
In 2014, Rossi demonstrated an already long-running unit. About 1 gram of hydrated nickel powder, lithium, and a secret catalyst were placed in a ceramic tube of alumina. The reactor was heated using built-in resistors. For half of the full operating time (32 days), the device operated at a maximum reactor temperature of about 1250 ° C, and in the second half of the time, at ~ 1400 ° C. At the same time, in the first period of work, the authors estimate the ratio of the released heat to that expended from the electric network by the value of the energy self-reproduction coefficient (CC) about 3.1, and about 3.7 in the second period. The accuracy of thermal measurements is assumed to be about 10%. The average allocated power in these two periods is estimated at about 1.6 and 2.3 kW.
For one of the shows, Rossi convinced the president of the Swedish Society of Skeptical Scientists Hanno Essen and the chairman of the energy committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Sven Kullander to fly in. They were given the opportunity to examine the E-Cat generator in detail before turning it on, during operation, and after. Both professors acknowledged the fact of obtaining a large amount of excess heat energy - in 6 hours the generator produced 25 kW, or about 4.4 kW / h. In addition, the Swedes received two samples of nickel powder - unused and one that, according to Rossi, worked for 2.5 months. Their analysis on a spectrometer in a university laboratory in Uppsala (Sweden) showed that almost all nickel-60 turned into nickel-62, and almost all lithium-7 - into lithium-6, in addition, the second sample contains a number of other substances - 10 % copper and 11% iron.
And the Russians do not sleep
Experiments on cold fusion are being carried out in our country as well.
In the report of A. S. Parkhomov. "Research of the analogue of the high-temperature heat generator Rossi" at the All-Russian physics seminar "Cold nuclear fusion and ball lightning", which was held on September 25, 2014 at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, it is said about the reproduction of the experience of Russia:
Parkhomov managed to make a long-term reactor.
LENR laboratory
LENR. SU is an association of specialists engaged in the development of devices for the energy of the future based on low-threshold nuclear reactions (LENR).
They also created prototypes of devices with a COP> 1, in addition, they obtained successful results on the "cold fusion" of elements.
Practical application of the Rossi reactor
After successful experiments in 2014, Rossi received funding and an order for the production of a serial installation.
American billionaire JT Vaughn created Industrial Heat, LLC. Under the terms of the agreement, after the confirmation of the COP of a megawatnik of more than 6 units, Industrial HIT had to pay Rossi 88 million euros, and all rights were to be transferred to this company (further a number of bonuses were planned for Russia).
The COP averaged over 10 units per year, but Industrial Hit refused to pay. Rossi sued, but the court placed a temporary arrest on all commercial uses of Rossi's invention.
Only in August 2017, the parties signed an amicable agreement. Rossi did not receive 88 million, but fully regained the copyright for his own invention. After three years of litigation, the presentation of the new generation reactor took place.
Energy Catalyzer (E-Cat) reactor block based on the Rossi-effect with a capacity of 1 MW (four E-Cat modules of 250 kW each), installed in a transport container. The factory warranty is two years with an energy recovery rate of 6 and an expected life of 30 years. This power unit is housed inside a 20ft standard container that is easy to transport. The block consists of modules connected in parallel. Each module contains sixteen cores and consumes a small amount of fuel from processed nickel and lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH₄) powders. The transfer of fuel powder is carried out by specially trained and certified personnel.
Orders are accepted from all over the world and go through a thorough processing procedure. Customers must meet several criteria set by the Leonardo Corporation in order to qualify for the purchase of an EKAT 1 MW reactor unit for US $ 1.5 million.
Theoretical substantiation of the phenomenon of cold nuclear transmutations
In an attempt to explain how the Rossi generator works, several studies have been conducted. In December 2011, NASA presented the results of long-term scientific work that indicate that a low-energy nuclear reaction with the release of a minimum of gamma radiation is possible. According to NASA scientists, the LENR (low-energy nuclear reactions, LENR) reaction, which seems to work in the Rossi device, is most likely a phenomenon associated with the resonance of hydrogen in / on a metal lattice. the prospect of the LENR reaction, which uses nickel and hydrogen as fuel. However, Rossi's device was not specifically discussed, since he did not give NASA the opportunity to thoroughly study his generator, possibly fearing theft of know-how or exposure of fraud.which still cannot be ruled out.
The theoretical possibility of overcoming the Coulomb barrier was calculated by V. B. Shcherbatsky "The theory of the Rossi reactor and the calculation of its main parameters."
The fusion reaction in the bowels of our planet
The inner core of the Earth, according to the theory of V. N. Larin, is an iron-nickel hydride at a temperature of 5000-6000K and a pressure of 1.36 Mbar.
In fact, this is the giant Rossi reactor.
Getting into the crystal lattice of a metal (nickel) at a temperature significantly higher than the Curie point, a resonance arises, and the ionized hydrogen atom combines spins with its neighbors, as a result of which the Coulomb barrier is overcome and the fusion reaction begins (28Ni + 1H (ion) = 29Cu + Q) … And it turns out that temperatures of millions of degrees are not needed for the reaction to proceed, thousands of degrees and the pressure that exists in the core of the planet are quite enough.
There is a number of indirect evidences for the hypothesis of the LENR reaction occurring in the Earth's core: if the synthesis reaction from nickel proceeds in the depths, then in places of intense hydrogen degassing, an increased copper content should be observed. This is what happens everywhere in rift zones, especially on the mid-oceanic ridges, around the "black smokers" there is an increased content of copper and its compounds.
The quantitative assessment of the released heat will be given in the article "New heat balance of the Earth" after checking the mathematical model of the process.
Official science says that the internal heat of the Earth is obtained as a result of nuclear reactions of decay of radioactive isotopes - U, Th, K in the Earth's interior. But then the level of radiation in rift zones and volcanoes should be several orders of magnitude higher than background values, but this is not.
Since no significant change in the radiation background is observed during the LENR reaction, therefore, hydrogen fluxes from the bowels (the reaction coolant) are not radioactive.
There is very little time left before the great energy revolution. After Rossi's heat generators go on sale in bulk, the world will never be the same again. The process of low-energy nuclear fusion of copper from nickel in a hydrogen atmosphere, obtained in the Rossi reactor, takes place in the bowels of the Earth and is the main internal source of the planet's heat.
Author: Igor Dabakhov