The idea of creating artificial intelligence to solve complex problems has been in the air since ancient times. For example, in Egypt, people created a "reviving" mechanical statue of the god Amun; in Homer's Iliad, Hephaestus forged humanoid automaton creatures. However, the progenitor of artificial intelligence is the medieval Spanish scientist Raymond Llull, who long ago, back in the XIII century, tried to create a mechanism for computing, based on a general classification of concepts.
The origin of the concept
The consolidation of the emergence of AI, as a direction in science, occurred after the creation of a computer in the 40s of the 19th century. The term "artificial intelligence" was coined in 1956 at a seminar at Dartsmouth College in the United States. In English, the phrase does not have a slightly fantastic anthropomorphic coloring, which it acquired in an unsuccessful Russian translation as "intellect". The word intelligence means "the ability to reason intelligently."
After the term "artificial intelligence" was recognized, it was divided into a separate field of science into neurocybernetics and "black box cybernetics". Neurocybernetics is focused on creating software for modeling structures similar to the work of the human brain. The term “black box cybernetics” is based on a “thinking” device that reacts to given input influences in the same way as the human brain.
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Further development
Since 1954, Russia began to study in detail the issue of artificial intelligence. The seminar "Automata and Thinking" appeared under the strict guidance of Academician Lyapunov. However, they returned in more detail to the popular scientific term in 1974, when the Scientific Council on the problem of "Artificial Intelligence" was created, which was headed by G. S. Pospelov. At the same time, since the 80s, the level of research of a popular science term in Russia is significantly lower than the world one. The backlog in the development of intelligent systems is 3-5 years.
Regarding the world history of AI: in the early 18th century, Rene Descartes suggested that an animal is a complex machine. In 1623, Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanism, followed by machines designed by Blaise Pascal and Leibniz. A special moment in the history of the popular science term is the work of Bertrand Russell and A. N. Whitehead's Principles of Mathematics. This work created a furor in the world of formal logic. In 1941, the first computer was assembled by Konrad Zuse.
Present day
Today, many scientific discoveries in the field of artificial intelligence have been made in the world - these are Deep Blue, and Mycin, 20q, ViaVoice. Banks are adopting AI-assisted computing systems in insurance activities in exchange trading and wealth management. Pattern recognition methods controlled by AI algorithms are widely used in optical and acoustic recognition, diagnostics in medicine, Internet filters, air defense systems, and others. The creators of computer games are forced to use AI of different levels of sophistication.
In the future, two directions of the development of artificial intelligence are considered: 1 - this is the solution of problems that do not allow AI to come close to the capabilities of the human brain, 2 - the creation of Artificial Intelligence, representing the integration of the created AI systems into a common one that can deal with the problems of humanity.
Nick Lane, a professor at University College London and Principal Scientist Nokia Bell Labs, predicts that even more “smart things” will surround a person. For example, a sensor that previously could only be aware that someone had passed by it, now it is the size of a button and will be able to warn a person of danger. The path of development of the civilization of the synthesis of man and machine is a stick, clothes, auto, telephone, pacemaker. Increasingly, these tools resemble an extension of our bodies. At the next stage of development, machines, quite possibly, will become full-fledged members of society and will live in alliance with people.
However, this is still a utopia, since it is not yet possible to make the AI realize itself, gain full consciousness and create a full-fledged member of society. Computers remain allies of people, obedient mechanisms with a task and an algorithm for its implementation.
When AI realizes its capabilities, then, quite possibly, the union of machine and man will be destroyed.
Ksenia Vasilevskaya