“Today, in the center and north of Europe, the soul of the race that lived in Zarathustra is awakening with mythical power, beginning to become more aware of itself. Nordic feeling, Nordic discipline of race - these are the slogans today in the face of the Syrian East, which, under the guise of Judaism, made its way to Europe, corrupting it,”wrote Rosenberg, referring to the creation of a new living space for Europeans with Aryan blood. The very idea of living space was suggested by Karl Haushofer.
In the 20s of the last century, when the young Hitler appeared on the political scene, Haushofer was already of a very respectable age: he was born in 1869, so consider yourself. Haushofer was a wonderful person, not only because he wrote more than 400 books and articles in his long life, but also because his life, too, definitely came out of an adventure novel. Various wonderful things were said about him: as if he was a member of the most closed secret societies and even owned magic! In the army, where during the First World War he commanded a division, there were legends about Karl Haushofer: he predicted not only the weather or the outcome of the battle, but also indicated the exact place of the fall of the shells. Among the occultists, he had many friends and acquaintances, he kept in touch with the famous "black magician" Aleister Crowley and often visited him. The interests of this middle-aged man were varied - history, culture, economics, politics. Since 1897, he carried out reconnaissance missions for the German General Staff. He visited Japan, China, Tibet, where he also found friends and acquaintances. It was said that he joined the Black Dragon Society, the Green Dragon Society, the Amur River Society, the Black Ocean Society, secret eastern mystical unions. In Japan, he became friends with Crown Prince Konoe Fumimaro, and the ideas expressed by the friendly German were so deeply sunk into the prince's soul that Japan was guided by them for many years later.that he joined the Black Dragon Society, the Green Dragon Society, the Amur River Society, the Black Ocean Society, secret oriental mystical unions. In Japan, he became friends with Crown Prince Konoe Fumimaro, and the ideas expressed by the friendly German were so deeply sunk into the prince's soul that Japan was guided by them many years later.that he joined the Black Dragon Society, the Green Dragon Society, the Amur River Society, the Black Ocean Society, secret oriental mystical unions. In Japan, he became friends with Crown Prince Konoe Fumimaro, and the ideas expressed by the friendly German were so deeply sunk into the prince's soul that Japan was guided by them many years later.
Returning to Europe, he found himself in the thick of the events that led to the global massacre. He never accepted the world, which was unjust for Germany, signed by the German delegation. This turned out to be a painful test for him, and until the end of his days he could not recognize the legality of this act. On the contrary, putting on paper his thoughts about the new discipline he created - geopolitics - he tried to show that the claims of the Allies towards Germany were openly aggressive, although it was Germany that was accused of unleashing the war. On the one hand, he looked like a respectable German scientist, on the other, an eccentric mystic. The latter was due to the fact that he fully shared Aleister Crowley's idea that the world is renewed only as a result of disasters.
Crowley presented history as a series of "eons", that is, stable periods during which society develops, as in nature, replacing the four seasons of its development - childhood, adolescence, maturity and old age. The last period is fraught with the destruction of the existing world, which happens as a kind of disaster and destroys this world. The destroyed society is replaced by a new one, and everything is repeated in a circle. Crowley was not alone in this regard.
In 1923 a similar idea was expressed by Oswald Spengler in his book "The Decline of Europe". Spengler predicted that Europe, in the form in which it exists, is living out its last decades. And it will fall just as Greece and Rome fell before. For Haushofer, it was also clear that the existence of European borders within the borders that were established after Versailles was impossible. And sooner or later the artificial restraints will collapse and can sink the entire European world under them. This he did not want for his Germany. After all, Germany played a very important role in Haushofer's concept. She was the core of real Europe.
Haushofer immediately after the unpleasant Versailles began to seek understanding from compatriots concerned about the future. Best of all, his ideas were perceived in the mystically-minded German secret societies. Haushofer established ties with Germanenorden, the British Order of the Golden Dawn, and also founded his own organizations - the Vril and Thule societies. Both are secret and both are completely mystical. In addition to him, these societies included many worthy people, respected and serious, suffering, however, with a certain fad - they all believed in magic and tried to master its technology.
Since Haushofer was a learned man, he viewed some magical studies as a means of penetrating space and time. Well, everyone has their own illusions. But he entered German history not as a magician, but as the founder of geopolitics. His brainchild turned out to be so popular in post-war Germany that in 1921 he managed to open the Institute of Geopolitics in Munich. There were many sympathetic listeners and students. One of them turned out to be a young man from a good family named Rudolf Hess. After completing the course at the institute, he stayed with Haushofer as an assistant. Rudolf Hess was a very mystical young man, which did not prevent him from joining the ranks of the National Socialists. When the party was practically dispersed, and after the coup of 1923 its leaders were convicted and imprisoned in the Landsberg prison,Hess shared his imprisonment with another prisoner, Adolf Hitler. It goes without saying that he brought the ideas of his professor to the right ears. Hitler liked the ideas.
But what did Haushofer say that could arouse Hitler's curiosity? No, these ideas were not at all mystical. Geopolitics is indeed science, and science is very precise. It allows you to prioritize countries based on their location. It is not countries that choose the policies they like, and whether or not they start wars with their neighbors, but the very land on which they are located compels them to act as they do. If a politician unsuccessfully chooses a goal for himself, then his country loses in the struggle and lags behind other countries in development, ceases to play a leading role. Everything is determined by the land itself, although politicians are not aware of it.
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"The pressure of borders and the tightness of space weigh on the choking Innereuropa," he wrote. - This concerns, first of all, Inner Europe, because in no other place on Earth is the contradiction between the scientifically thinking age and antiscientific, greedy and biased actions so acute in drawing boundaries. Who could have considered it possible even at the turn of the century, when so much bright about the future of mankind was written in all languages, that just two decades later, statesmen, members of scientific academies and societies, supposedly thinking in terms of a large space, would be ready to conduct borders of states and peoples through big cities and their water towers and gas factories, to build boundaries between workers and their coal mines,erect barriers here and there between like-minded, feeling and speaking people. It is the gloomy prediction of the decline of Europe (Abendland) mutilated in such a blinding that should make us doubly explain with all the severity what its inhabitants themselves did to its possible acceleration due to senseless borders and demarcation lines. "He who is not aware of darkness will not seek light." But if we raise the torch of knowledge, then what is truly happening, from which the veil woven of phraseology has been removed, appears in all its grotesque meaninglessness. Inner Europe, with its geographic and political curtailment and mutilation of vital structures, with intolerable boundaries of life form in a suffocatingly cramped living space - in what striking contradiction is this [state] with the concept of the century and the cultural circle,to which Spengler gave the imprint of the Faustian desire for life in the immeasurable, limitless as a leitmotif.
It is understandable why such an accusation of the ripening decline [of Europe] came precisely from the spiritual environment of a hundred million people, who, fortunately or unfortunately, perhaps most clearly reflected this Faustian trait of character, spreading it among the peoples of the Earth at a time when he was the space where he breathed was unbearably constrained to the minimum and therefore the first in the XX century, deep in his soul, he survived the need arising from humanity for the boundaries on the overpopulated Earth. Was it necessary for the German people to instill in them a sense of the border this terrible experience, this tension, prompting to restore the borders peacefully with their voluntary liberalization, or to an explosion? to human space,and the real life of the great people of the Earth, most of all squeezed by space in their free development? Wasn't this tension possible only because this people, imbued with the spirit of Faust, achieved all feasible spiritual goals, presented humanity with concepts and definitions of concepts - just not in the correct measure and in the reliable form of a reasonable boundary, for he himself did not know how to find it ? But he shared such a fate with two of the most brilliant peoples of the planet: with the Hellenes - the carriers of the land and sea culture of the Aegean Sea basin, and those who inhabited the Indian living space between the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean, who, like the Germans, were apparently too spiritual soft-bodied, too amorphous to protect and maintain their earthly life form. This is where they failed: the boundaries of reality,which they thought to push further and further outward until they coincide with the boundaries of humanity in the metaphysical [that is, philosophical] sense, then - because they themselves did not know how to find a measure for this - were carried out by others, and very painfully, at the cost of the loss of millions of fellow tribesmen and even the appearance of the free, determining their place in the life of peoples …
No one knows today whether the matter is heading towards a new, third empire, so hotly and passionately desired and expected by many. In any case, the chaos of ruins and torment in which we now live does not deserve the name of an empire: after all, only a shadow and an appeal for the salvation of the right to life remain from it. For an empire must have borders that it is able to defend on its own!.. However, in order for the third empire to ever become real in space and time in Central Europe, it is necessary to constantly maintain the idea, the idea of it in a convincing form and within clearly established boundaries … It is also necessary, as far as possible, a well-grounded recognition of those boundaries that were introduced from the outside to its life form, whether borrowed from nature, whether they were established as a result of human activity, racial will and violent arbitrariness,and a clear awareness of their variability or constancy. After all, any useful and stable frontier is not only a political frontier, but also a frontier of many life phenomena, and it itself becomes another life form, its own landscape with its own conditions of existence, a more or less wide combat zone, a foreground; extremely rarely, a border is a line, as it could easily be drawn by a lawyer, a person dealing with documents, but nature and life reject it, in which there is nothing more constant than the struggle for existence in eternally changing, continuously moving forms in space. The arena of this struggle is, first of all, a border that only grows numb, being in fact dead and long experiencing the action of forces striving to eliminate the dead, and what is still useful,use in a new life."
The Treaty of Versailles, therefore, changing the borders of Germany, making them dead, also encroached on the very existence and development of this country. Yes, Hitler could not but like this idea.
But, describing European countries and their borders, Haushofer came to the conclusion that there are two types of peoples and two types of consciousness on the mainland, which have developed due to the geographical location of their lands: the first he called Atlantic, that is, coastal, the second - continental. As long as there is balance between the lands of these peoples, peace exists. Should the Atlantic countries take over pieces of continental lands, or vice versa, tensions arise that cannot but end in war.
“It is possible to draw a clear line between anecumene and ecumene on land only in certain places,” he explained, “and it is not always convincing here, since the spaces that are considered unpopulated are almost everywhere permeable with a great will to live. The designated line for recognized unpopulated areas is dotted, arbitrary, and it does not matter whether such an attempt is made in relation to the underground environment (chtonisch), that is, determined by the soil, or in relation to the climatic (klimatisch), that is, determined by precipitation, lack of water or excess. Every race, every people, every traveler and scientist will draw this line in different ways: Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Malay, Tibetan; everyone will put it in their own way, for example, on the map of North, Central or Southeast Asia …
An extraordinarily persuasive warning from political geography is that, with all the distinctive features in mind, seek compromises and, above all, help find them in practical politics - of course, with the most favorable leadership that ensures the longevity of the life form protected by this frontier. At the same time, the great difficulty is that both the statics and dynamics of the border, and its psychological and mechanical ascertaining are in constant collision. The empiricism of the frontier reveals, more ruthlessly than theory, the "relative value of the linguistic frontier as the frontier of culture", its extraordinary difference - for example, between the wall-like linguistic frontier in the West of our own people's land with "stones that fell from the great wall" and interpenetration Germans,Slavs and inhabitants of Intermediate Europe (Zwischeneurope) with their three large, contiguous linguistic formations in the East. We often find that social sciences, encouraged by natural linguistics, overestimate the linguistic border, and this, to our great regret, has led, for example, to the forcible evacuation or displacement into foreign areas of friendly small peoples, close in their cultural will to our cultural soil and our state (the question of the Mazurians, the Slovenes kindred friendly to the Germans in Carinthia, the imposition of the Polish literary language in Silesia; the question of the Wends; the Frisians - as an oppressed minority, etc.). Therefore, a single desire for a life form, for the realization of their cultural strength and economic potential,his personality in a growing living space shows us empiricism as a decisive factor for a nation seized with the desire to defend the border."
By the 20th century, Haushofer argued, there were no more “empty” territories. Therefore, “there are no longer absolute boundaries either on land, or at sea, or in the icy deserts of polar landscapes. Just in our time, they took up the division of the borders of the Arctic and Antarctic under pressure from the Anglo-Saxons and the Soviet Union. On the planet there is no longer "man's land" - "no man's land". This statement immediately reveals the scale of the problem of the contradiction between the border and anecumene, the significance of recognizing that with the rapidly growing displacement of anecumene by the ecumene, with the expansion of habitable land and with an increase in population density, the importance of the idea of the border as a springboard for struggle, as a continuously advancing or retreating closed, but not persisting frozen formation!The border struggle between life forms on the surface of the Earth becomes, with its overpopulation, not peaceful, but increasingly ruthless, albeit in smoother forms."
How, he asked, did Russia manage in a short period of time to occupy a huge space up to the Pacific Ocean and even move to the other side of the ocean, to North America, to the very Bay of San Francisco, from where they were only later driven out by the Anglo-Saxons?
“The decisive factor was the fact that the Russian who was advancing into North Asia did not consider these spaces uninhabited and therefore penetrated there, while other large peoples of the world, including the East Asian, with whose living space he soon came into contact with, considered them unsuitable for life, worthless spatial possession or even an appendage adjacent to the hostile northern polar region. Thus, the Russian expansion in 1643 approached the last large reserve of the Earth's cultural space - the East Asian one, which before that of all types of anecumene was preserved as a solid protection area: between the polar, desert, oceanic, alpine and tropical …
Only at the end of the 18th century did the Japanese feel the approaching onslaught and met it thanks to the hasty northern expeditions to Sakhalin and to the fish-rich areas at the mouth of the Amur under the leadership of Mamia Rinzo and Mogami Tokunai, who were first described to the West by Siebold. But then the instinct of security quickly pushed them to gather strength for a retaliatory strike: first under the agreements on joint management with a permeable northern anecumene through Sakhalin and the Kuriles, then to the partition, in which the oceanic Kuril Islands were ceded to Japan, and the Sakhalin, close to the continent, to Russia. Finally, it came to a military clash, as a result of which, first of all, South Sakhalin was again in East Asian hands and the Russians were thrown out of the native lands of Manchuria. The coastal strip near the Pacific Ocean and the lands north of the Amur remained in the hands of the Russians;thus East Asia was ousted from northern anecumene, which it has since tirelessly sought to return through resettlement and economic expansion … This is the current state of the sub judice issue of securing a line of defense in North Asian anecumene. It indicates, taking into account at least the consideration of the entire prehistory of the issue, what a wide process is taking place in people and peoples as a result of the struggle for the expansion of the habitable space of the Earth around the pole, sea, steppe, highlands, for expanding the boundaries of mankind, which is carried out simultaneously with the advancement sovereign thinking in areas that were considered uninhabited. "which it has since tirelessly sought to return through resettlement and economic expansion … This is the current state of the sub judice issue of securing a line of defense in North Asian anecumene. It indicates, taking into account at least the consideration of the entire prehistory of the issue, what a wide process is taking place in people and peoples as a result of the struggle for the expansion of the habitable space of the Earth around the pole, sea, steppe, highlands, for expanding the boundaries of mankind, which is carried out simultaneously with the advancement sovereign thinking in areas that were considered uninhabited. "which it has since tirelessly sought to return through resettlement and economic expansion … This is the current state of the sub judice issue of securing a line of defense in North Asian anecumene. It indicates, taking into account at least the consideration of the entire prehistory of the issue, what a wide process is taking place in people and peoples as a result of the struggle for the expansion of the habitable space of the Earth around the pole, sea, steppe, highlands, for the expansion of the boundaries of mankind, which is carried out simultaneously with the advancement sovereign thinking in areas that were considered uninhabited. "what a wide process is taking place in people and nations as a result of the struggle for the expansion of the habitable space of the Earth around the pole, sea, steppe, highlands, for the expansion of the boundaries of mankind, which is being carried out simultaneously with the advancement of sovereign thinking into areas considered uninhabited.what a wide process is taking place in people and nations as a result of the struggle for the expansion of the habitable space of the Earth around the pole, sea, steppe, highlands, for the expansion of the boundaries of mankind, which is being carried out simultaneously with the advancement of sovereign thinking into areas considered uninhabited.
There is always a struggle at the borders. But they cannot be divided into good and bad. Good ones are only good because they either walk by sea or lie at the junction with uninhabited and uninhabitable areas (there are simply no applicants for them). But centuries pass, and even previously unsuitable lands come into use, that is, the border ceases to be a good border: “This also applies to the suffering of our nation, whose living space, to a lesser extent than that of almost all other great peoples of the Earth, was protected by such borders, that the more the geographical transition zones were cut off, the more separate naturally dividing lines were included in the power, cultural and economic organism of the intra-European transition, the further it moved away from the foundations of its racial education …
The practice of drawing boundaries is primarily confronted with numerous residual states (rudiments) with which it has to deal. “Subject”, closely related small spaces, cartographically understandable, and unrecorded, traditional states of a border society of intangible and material types, transit rights, grazing rights, religious territorial claims arising from the ancient Roman division into provinces, cultural structures that originate from a long time ago disappeared imperial formations, political envy, economically important access to the river, watering rights, applications for the development of minerals must be devalued. There are signs of a past loss of instinct, traces of legal willfulness; but, of course, stubborn retention of claims and rights, as, say,in the case of acquired easements in private estates, reasons that are often stronger than newly emerged borders … In general, we find much greater freedom and supranational movement of land holdings on the planet, a greater exchange of space than the Central European concept of doing, operating with a small space, borders for a long time. "Security" is not a rule, but an exception … Undoubtedly, we are generally faced with a deterioration in borderline conditions caused by the civilizational delusion of an aging life and cultural circle - the ever-growing danger of mechanization, destruction of true cultural values by the same civilizational delusion. "which are often stronger than newly emerged borders … On the whole, we find much greater freedom and supranational movement of land holdings on the planet, a greater exchange of space than the Central European concept of making borders operating over a long period of time suggests, operating with a small space. "Security" is not a rule, but an exception … Undoubtedly, we are generally faced with a deterioration in borderline conditions caused by the civilizational delusion of the aging life and cultural circle - the ever-growing danger of mechanization, destruction of true cultural values by the same civilizational delusion. "which are often stronger than newly emerged borders … On the whole, we find much greater freedom and supranational movement of land holdings on the planet, a greater exchange of space than the Central European concept of making borders operating on a long-term basis, operating with a small space. "Security" is not a rule, but an exception … Undoubtedly, we are generally faced with a deterioration in borderline conditions caused by the civilizational delusion of an aging life and cultural circle - the ever-growing danger of mechanization, destruction of true cultural values by the same civilizational delusion. "Security" is not a rule, but an exception … Undoubtedly, we are generally faced with a deterioration in borderline conditions caused by the civilizational delusion of an aging life and cultural circle - the ever-growing danger of mechanization, destruction of true cultural values by the same civilizational delusion. "Security" is not a rule, but an exception … Undoubtedly, we are generally faced with a deterioration in borderline conditions caused by the civilizational delusion of an aging life and cultural circle - the ever-growing danger of mechanization, destruction of true cultural values by the same civilizational delusion."
The trouble is that European borders are not stable, since they have been artificially transferred more than once and not always successfully, that is, without scientific justification, because of which these borders cut nations and languages, became a brake on the development of peoples and the formation of nations. The borders of Germany in this regard, of course, must be revised. But for Germany, the important goal is not only correctly drawn borders. But also the choice of the right policy, since in order to create a natural balance in Europe, it needs to choose the right allies for itself.
“Where people live in a tightly packed, too cramped living space, forced to endure the congestion of the land that feeds them - as from the beginning of the century in Central Europe and Italy, since ancient times in China, India, Japan - there is quickly gaining an understanding of the need ceaseless "plowing", the inclusion of all suitable for sowing and harvesting lands for the sake of all toilers. In a different way, where daring violent action and clever foresight prepared in the past eras large reserves of spaces that the owner himself probably will never be able to use, but also will not allow other diligent people to do this, working in the sweat of their brow … Powers with the largest metropolitan areas - The Soviet Union and the United States, by virtue of their state ideology, have been hesitating for a long time as to which of the two groups they should join.
Russia, meanwhile, made a choice, joining the League of Nations, and with its choice, so severely condemned by Marshal Foch, stood next to the traditional colonial powers, whose vital foundations it simultaneously seeks to undermine with the help of the Comintern … jump over a gaping abyss and not cling to the status quo. Laying a corridor for the Red Army to the heart of Central Europe is by no means a suitable path for this. Most likely, such moves will push towards a Central European defensive bloc, something that neither Italy, nor Greater Germany, nor Hungary aspire to, and which every prudent Briton is said to avoid. However, it is impossible to prepare a field for cultivation if furrows run along and across it. The line Kiev - Bukovina - Prague determines the defensive line Rome - Budapest - Warsaw - Koenigsberg, which cuts Czechoslovakia in a narrow place. This is the newest “plowing” in Central Europe - from the point of view of a plowman-practitioner acting in the international political power field. 1938 brought proof of this."
At the same time, Haushofer saw no better choice for Germany than an alliance with Russia and Japan, since in this way a natural geopolitical structure was formed - the axis countries. If Hitler could agree with all of the above thoughts of Haushofer, then his desire to rely on Russia against the countries of the Atlantic Alliance caused him indignation.
Stalin's Russia?
Jewish commissars to Russia?
Better to hang yourself!
You can use Russia to weaken and then defeat … but lean?
No!
The geopolitician insisted that in the historical sense Russia is not an enemy, but a friend. He continued to defend this point of view, even when the plan to conquer Russia by a blitzkrieg lay on the Fuehrer's table. Naturally, from respected people, the pride of the nation, Haushofer immediately moved to unreliable and unwanted persons! Hitler flatly abandoned the Berlin-Moscow-Tokyo axis. He created another axis: Berlin - Rome - Tokyo. This axis cost him his life, as well as his brainchild - the Reich. Racial and ideological principles have triumphed. And according to Haushofer, only one principle should triumph - the geographical one.
Haushofer, as Hess showed, tried to combat the Fuehrer's shortsightedness. At his own peril and risk, he instilled in Hess the only saving idea: if Hitler is going to fight with fate, that is, with Russia, then let him at least come to an agreement with England. Germany cannot stand a war on two fronts. Nothing came of this venture. Hess flew to England in his small plane, instead of a negotiating table, he received detention in England. He, according to Padfield, was supposed to lure the British to the side of the Reich. The agreement could look like this: “Considering the fact that for Great Britain the path to India must certainly be preserved, it is necessary to recognize the special interest of England in the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. On the other hand, Germany must maintain its special interests in the southeastern European space. The settlement of the eastern border will be viewed by Germany as an emergency problem that must be solved directly by the states concerned, without the participation of other nations. There should be no doubt that the opportunity for a peace conference on the reorganization of Europe should be seized …
Russia in this agreement was destined to such a fate: this country should be dismembered and placed under the leadership of Germany, as well as Great Britain and the United States after these nations unite with Hitler. Germany will then control areas up to the Ob. England should get the area between the Ob and the Lena. Americans - regions east of the Lena, including Kamchatka and the Sea of Okhotsk.
As Himmler told Kersten, “… Germany is not going to deprive England of the status of a great power. England should be one of the cornerstones of a new German Europe. In accordance with the German racial theory, the British were most suited to the role of carriers of Aryan blood.
However, the deal did not materialize. And four years later, Germany lost the war and itself was divided into the zones of influence of the allies - Russian, British, French and American. Hess was imprisoned for 46 years and committed suicide (or was killed) on the eve of his release. The fate of Karl Haushofer also ended tragically: one of his sons took part in the assassination attempt on Hitler and was destroyed in a concentration camp, Haushofer himself in 1946 had to testify at the Nuremberg trial. Instead, he killed his wife according to Japanese custom and then committed suicide.
Pal ling background