New historical sources
Each historical paradigm is based on some kind of historical sources. These were once oral traditions; then written historical chronicles appeared; in Russia they are known as chronicles. Some other written documents began to be added to them, later archaeological data appeared. Each new historical source, and even more so, each new type of historical source, required a certain time for its approval. But even when these sources began to be trusted, it turned out that 1) the sources, with rare exceptions, are not dated and 2) they report very scattered, unsystematic information, a kind of mosaic that requires a certain ordering. Such an ordering was carried out in the 17th century and at that time satisfied European historians, since the data array was not very large,and contradictions between individual sites were rare.
Unfortunately, the chronicles to some extent covered the history of the Middle Ages, they were not kept in antiquity, and in an even earlier period we have separate documents from the Bronze Age. It is precisely these individual findings that we put into the basis of modern historiography, believing that the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic did not have written monuments that appear only in the Bronze Age and highlight three civilizations for us: Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Cretan-Mycenaean culture. Moreover, the first is included in the history of science only from the 18th century, the second - from the 19th, and the third - only from the beginning of the 20th century. All sites before this, although they have archaeological designations (usually at the place of the first discovery of objects of a given culture), are not ethnically attributed, that is, they cannot be associated with one or another ethnic group. So before the Bronze Age, there were, as it were, faceless peoples on earth,whose names and family ties with modern language families are still unknown to us. And then the Egyptians, Sumerians, Akkadians and some unknown peoples of the Cretan-Mycenaean culture suddenly appear (the latter are considered by some scientists as Pelasgians). Whether there were ethnic groups before them is unknown. This is the state of affairs in historiography today.
Not that I discovered, but forced to speak sources already known in historiography - inscriptions on stones and drawings (both on stones and in books). Inscriptions on stones have been studied for a long time, but usually only obvious and well-executed large inscriptions are understood as such. Small, careless, worn-out, not noticeable under any lighting (for example, only with a side, but not with a frontal) inscriptions precisely for inscriptions by archaeologists are not at all accepted. This is about how to count only the titles of books and magazines as texts, but not want to read the book and magazine material itself, written in smaller letters. But in this case, it turns out that it is the main content of stone texts that passes by scientists.
It's the same with pictures. Until the middle of the 19th century, engravers inscribed in their engravings a lot of words in the form of details of the drawing itself - twigs, leaves, folds of clothes, hair of the head and beard, lines of the nose and eyes. There were inscriptions and asymmetrical ornaments. This was the case not only in modern times or in the Middle Ages, it was so in antiquity, and in the Bronze Age, and in the deepest antiquity, including not only the Neolithic, but also the Paleolithic. This is what makes it possible to attract these new sources (that is, often, long-known stones or images), on which there are a very large number of small and smallest texts, to build a new historiography.
The most ancient Russia of the Lower Paleolithic
I was asked to outline the history of Russia at least concisely based on such inscriptions. I comply with this request, but I ask you to drop the indignant emotions. I myself am not very eager to talk about these topics precisely because there is still too little material to speak about the most ancient times with any certainty. Because these times are too ancient, and we are not yet prepared to perceive them.
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Let me remind you that the Paleolithic is divided into three periods - lower, middle and upper. The lower one today is determined about 3 million years ago; then, it is believed, there were ape-like people, whose complete skeletons have not yet been discovered, and individual skeletal fragments do not yet give a complete picture. But, in any case, although these early people knew how to make primitive hand chops, they looked more like skillful animals than modern people. This period ends about 140,000 years ago. It is not possible to suspect the existence of not only writing or drawings, but even skillfully processed stone during this period.
Do I agree with these provisions of modern science? Yes and no. Imagine that archaeologists of the future are excavating the capital of one of the modern states. And unexpectedly, they find the remains of a very extensive fauna - from polar polar bears to skeletons, also polar, but already of the South Pole, birds, for example, penguins. A huge number of bones of elephants, hippos, crocodiles, turtles, wolves, bears (brown, bamboo), deer, etc., and do not find the remains of people. Archaeologists are confused - yet the puzzle is easy to solve. It turns out that the excavations were carried out at the site of the former zoo. The presence of people in large cities does not at all exclude the existence of animals from different parts of the Earth there.
Is my idea clear? If in the Paleolithic people have not yet settled on all continents, and in Africa there really lived very advanced monkeys capable of hammering stones, then one does not contradict the other. But then a natural question arises: where, then, did these civilized people live? Today I can already answer it, although I myself only learned it in the summer of 2006, when I read the inscription on the so-called Folsom stone blade, found in the USA: they lived on a land called ARKTORUS. Some modern researchers call it Arktogea, others - Hyperborea, still others - the Northern country. One of the cities of this land is named by name, the city of Krumia. Time - more than 250,000 years ago, that is, in the era of the Lower Paleolithic. I can't say anything more yet.
So far, these data have been found only on one subject, where the word "Arctorus" is read in proto-Cyrillic letters once, and the word "Krumia" - twice. It is too early to draw any far-reaching conclusions from this. Let's wait until new archaeological finds appear, confirming or refuting this information. So far, they are at a very low level of reliability, and therefore I do not rely on them in any way, but only report them on approximately the same grounds on which historians tell readers about the legends preserved in the described places, as at some mythological moment in the historiography of a certain area …
Russia of the Middle Paleolithic
The Middle Paleolithic does not have very clearly defined boundaries, but it is conditionally possible to accept them from 140,000 to about 30,000 years before us. This is the period of domination of a humanoid creature called "Neanderthal". In any case, its remains are found by archaeologists of Eurasia. This creature has already skillfully made specialized tools from stone and bone. It could neither draw nor, moreover, write. So there shouldn't be any inscriptions here either. And only the Cro-Magnon who appeared at the very end of the Middle Paleolithic, that is, a man of our physical appearance, could, according to the views of scientists, draw images of animals in caves, but could not write yet.
And again, I completely agree that a Neanderthal could coexist with a Cro-Magnon. Moreover, it existed in Eurasia, and the Cro-Magnon in the Middle Paleolithic was in North America, as evidenced by the inscription on the Folsom blade. Only now, in addition to this inscription, there are at least four others, one of which was made in Runica. In other words, in the period 250,000-200,000 years ago, Cro-Magnons lived in North America, who wrote in Russian letters (in runic, that is, in the runes of Makosha, in syllabic script, and in letters, in proto-Cyrillic, in the runes of the Sort) and in Russian, and they called Rus. In particular, in one of the northwestern states of the United States at the end of the 19th century, a figurine was found on which a Middle Paleolithic country was called Slepova Rus. Thus,the existence of several regions of Russia in the Middle Paleolithic is gradually acquiring a more solid foundation.
So far, research has not actually begun here, and the way of life of the inhabitants of this region can hardly be traced. Nevertheless, it is clear that North America was fine with the inhabitants until the very last period, which fell on 40,000-30,000 years before us. Then, volcanic activity on the continent became unusually active, lava began to flood huge tracts of land, and poisonous clouds affected both the animal world and plant yields. The American continent ceased to be a convenient place to live, and during this period Cro-Magnons from the point of view of anthropology, but Russians from the point of view of culturology, gradually began to move from America to Eurasia through the then existing Bering Bridge.
Upper Paleolithic Rus
A Cro-Magnon who migrated to Eurasia found a Neanderthal here, which led to a struggle between them. Traces of this struggle have been preserved in the Shanidar cave in Iran. Gradually, the Cro-Magnon won, exterminating the Neanderthals at the root, and occupied the whole of Eurasia. For the first 20,000 years it was warm here, which led to the development of not only the economy, but art and science. Particularly impressive are the cave temples built in the opposite way to the modern one. Namely: it was not stones that were fitted to each other to build walls, but the rocks were crushed and removed to form voids in the once solid mountain range. This construction method requires much more energy consumption than the current one. However, there were also huge statues of the gods in the size of a 10-storey building.
I have found several hundred inscriptions in Proto-Cyrillic and Runic letters from this period. The most significant traces of human presence during this era are preserved in southern France, in the Dordogne department, in caves along the Moser River. It contains more than 2,000 drawings, with inscriptions inscribed in almost all of them. The largest of them I read in the book "Paleolithic Runes", which I hope to release this year (there I have to write a couple of chapters and a conclusion). In addition, a number of inscriptions can be found in the caves of Spain (Altamira), Italy, Germany, Ukraine (Stone Grave) and Russia (Kapovaya Cave).
An analysis of more than a hundred inscriptions made it possible to establish that there were several regions with the name Rus (for example, Runova Rus in France), where there was not a tribal, but a temple system. In other words, temples served as the organizing and guiding force, which, in addition to religious functions, also performed a number of social ones. So, for example, the temple of the most ancient goddess Makoshi not only allowed Makoshi to pray for love, marriage, childbirth and health of all living, but also made it possible for people who, for one reason or another, did not have a pair, to find her in the temple of love, that is, in the temple of Makoshi. The temple was also engaged in healing Makoshi (that is, served as a hospital), distributed medicines (served as a pharmacy), created works of art (served as an art workshop and at the same time an art gallery). Temple of the Rod besidesthat made it possible to pray for the sending of a good fate, predicted fate, studied astrology and astronomy, maintained craft workshops and taught writing and counting. The temple of Mary allowed praying for the peace of the soul, buried the deceased and performed the necessary rituals, made ritual objects, but at the same time served as a ministry for the protection of natural resources, as well as the ministry of social security.
The high level of social protection of the population allowed the inhabitants of the Upper Paleolithic to survive first the European drop in temperature, and then more than two thousand years of glaciation (Valdai in Russia or Wyrm in Western Europe). With a different method of organization, people would have been unable to survive.
Mesolithic Rus
Here, inscriptions are much less common. So far I have managed to read one inscription from the Shigir peat bog near Yekaterinburg (Ural) and a couple of inscriptions from the Lepensky vir (Serbia). The Mesolithic was a difficult period, when, at first, due to the melting of the glacier, the area was swampy and waterlogged, and then for several thousand years the climate became very warm, approaching almost tropical at the end of the Mesolithic. But they wrote in the same characters, in Runic and Proto-Cyrillic.
Neolithic Rus
The Neolithic turns out to be a very difficult, turning point. Archaeologists believe that during this period an economic revolution occurs: the transition from an appropriating economy to a producing one. However, very big changes are taking place in the cultural area: the calendar changes from lunar to solar, which entails the change of the lunar pantheon of gods to solar. Fragments of the month around the head as the remnants of the lunar cult begin to be understood as horns and signs of evil spirits, while the solar circle above the head begins to be perceived as a halo. This change of religion is very painful.
In the Neolithic, a new goddess appears, Virgo, whose name through a series of intermediate forms (Dzeva, Dziva, Jiva) reaches the form Zhiva. The center of Zhivina Rus becomes the Balkans, the town of Vinca (Serbia), 16 km south of the city of Belgrade. There are just over two dozen inscriptions of the Vinca culture. It was during this period that ethnogenesis began: Russians, as bearers of a once single civilization that had a single Russian language and a single letter (sacred - Runitsa and profane - Proto-Cyrillic, that is, the rune of Makosha and the runes of the Sort), begin to disintegrate into a number of ethnic groups. More precisely, these are not yet ethnic groups, but rather confessions: moon worshipers (Serbs or "sickles"), sun worshipers (choirs, Horutans or Croats) and representatives of an intermediate confession (Sokolovians or Slavs, in honor of the zoomorphic hypostasis of the god of the south, Yar, who was depicted as a falcon), moon-sun worshipers. A number of letters appear in the written language with some differences from the normative ones, which the newly emerging confessions try to use in order to somehow differ in writing from other confessions. This is the beginning of ethnogenesis within Russia.
The word "maiden" becomes the key word for a new family of tribal gods, which then go to India and Iran. Only in India "devas" are understood as gods, and in Iran - as "evil spirits". All these phenomena have yet to be investigated.
At the end of the Neolithic, some relative cooling begins, as a result of which the Russian civilization from the south of Europe is shifted to the north of Africa, and then the peoples of Asia - Copts (Egyptians), Semites (Proto-Arabs and Proto-Jews) join it. They go through acquaintance with Russian culture, Russian language and Russian writing. God Rod (the god of the South and at the same time the god of the Sun, with a zoomorphic hypostasis in the form of a falcon) transfers his functions to a new god - god Yar, who in this area is called Arom. The name Ar, written from right to left, as it was then fashionable, gives Ra in normal reading - the name of the main god of the Copts, the sun god with a falcon's head. The name "Yarova Rus" in the southern, "akuschiy" pronunciation looks like "Arava Rus", or "Arabia". Modern Arabia in the form of the Arabian Peninsula is part of Spring Russia, which occupied both the Mediterranean and North Africa,and the Arabian Peninsula. Semitic alphabets arise from acquaintance with Runica and Proto-Cyrillic. From the cult of Mary at the end of the Neolithic in Spring Russia, the cult of her priestess, the Virgin Mary, arises.
Russia of the Bronze Age
The influence of Russian writing on Egyptian hieroglyphs is reflected in the fact that a number of hieroglyphs receive explanations drawn in their bodies in the form of proto-Cyrillic letters merged into a ligature. Yes, and the hieroglyphs themselves are very reminiscent of the ligatures of the runic signs and the proto-Cyrillic letters. The climate is getting hotter, the Russians are moving north, leaving Egypt, Arabia, Palestine and Mesopotamia to the local tribes. It is the culture of local tribes after the departure of the Russians that makes up the features known to historians of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Palestine and Judea, Britain before the Iberians.
So far, I have very few purely Russian inscriptions of this period. However, there is one article where I show Russian inscriptions in Egyptian hieroglyphs and the possible influence of Runica on the Indian script of Devanagari. So I have a lot of research work to do here. But it seems that by the Bronze Age, many peoples who adopted the Russian language and Russian culture, began to develop their own on its basis.
Antique and Iron Age
The Bronze Age, originally dated by historians and archaeologists in Egypt as the 6th-5th millennium BC, gradually lost its antiquity in historiography, and from the 18th to the 20th centuries came to a date in the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. In other words, its antiquity has gradually "dried up" by almost half. With antiquity, this has not yet happened, although according to many researchers, and according to mine too, it should "dry out" by about 800-1200 years, that is, also almost twice. So if we date the construction of Rome not to the eighth century BC, but to the second after our era, and classical Greece - not to the sixth BC, but to the fourth AD, the period of the adoption of Christianity in Europe, then many of the current contradictions in chronology can be resolved, and the culture of Rome and Greece is brought closer to us for almost a millennium.
The Etruscan inscriptions I read are the basis for my judgments. According to classical Etruscology, the Etruscans came to Europe in the 8th century BC. (and then found Rome), and disappear in the 1st century. BC. Consequently, they have existed for about 700 years. According to my information, they already know about the Arab conquests, and they have the sarcophagus of Akaki Truvor, the brother of Ivan Rurik. In other words, they know the events of the 9th century A. D. Putting aside 700 years from this date back, we get the second century AD. - the date of the founding of Rome. The Germans appear on the territory of the Roman Republic after 600 years - therefore, not earlier than the VIII century A. D. The era of Alexander the Great in this case is shifted to the 6th century A. D., the era of Caesar - to the 11th century. But, of course, this is still a rough estimate, there is still a lot of research ahead.
Generally speaking, reading the Etruscan inscriptions helped to understand a number of interesting points in contemporary historiography. First of all, why, out of about 13,000 Etruscan inscriptions, none have been truly read before me. The answer is simple: a normal reading would not only refute the established chronology, but would also unequivocally indicate that the ancestors of the Romans were Russians who spoke the Etruscan dialect of the Russian language. And modern Western Europeans do not need this at all. Therefore, it is better to silence the Etruscans than to revise the ethnic history of Western Europe, which, starting from antiquity, tried to conquer these very Russians and expel them from the pages of history textbooks. And it almost succeeded.
Another point is the attribution of greater depth to the history of antiquity, that is, to the period of the expulsion of Russians from the Balkans and the Apennines. If all these events took place only in the middle of the first millennium AD, if Rome, Athens and Constantinople were almost the same age and, moreover, all three were founded by Russian kagans, then their independence and their ethnic purity in history are under great a question. On the Etruscan mirrors, which were very sensitive to their contemporary political history, there is Russia, Etruria and Rome, but there is absolutely no Greece. But Crete and Asia Minor are very often mentioned, where the inhabitants, partly also Etruscans, spoke the close Etruria, but still an excellent dialect, and wrote in Greek letters. A more detailed study of this problem showed that the Etruscan allies in the conquest of southern Europe - the Scythians - had such letters. It follows from this that the events in Rome were synchronous with the events of the Cretan-Mycenaean culture, and "ancient Greece" arose later within the framework of Byzantium. This also requires research.
It turned out to be especially strange to read the inscriptions in Runic and Proto-Cyrillic on Greek vessels. It turned out that the Greeks spoke and wrote in Russian, and the inhabitants of their country were called "graks" (highlanders) and sklavins. But the conquerors who came also called themselves "Hellenes", that is, "Helen" (deer). Again, we are talking about some dialect of the Russian language, which is now called "Hellenicus". Here, additional research should also be carried out by reading Russian inscriptions on Greek vessels and comparing them with Greek inscriptions.
Thus, today it is the history of antiquity that turns out to be the most confusing, since in the New Time for several centuries in a row World history began with antiquity. In other words, first “creation of the world”, then “resettlement of people after the flood”, and then Egypt and other “ancient states” as a background against which the history of Greece and Rome was described in great detail - rich literature has already been preserved as sources. This is the structure of history textbooks at the beginning of the 19th century. And in the twentieth century, historians replaced the divine history of “the creation of the world” and “resettlement after the flood” with the “Stone Age” without revealing any ethnic groups, which again served only as a background, as well as the “ancient states”; the real story - with the names of peoples, the names of tyrants, their retinue, commanders and military leaders,women and children, slaves and slaves - is accomplished in its entirety only in antiquity.
Middle Ages
An amazing and yet inexplicable anomaly is the name of the period of pre-Mongol Rus "ancient Rus". In other words, all peoples have already become medieval, and half a millennium, from the VIII to the XIII centuries. passed through the developed Middle Ages and Pre-Renaissance, while Russia still remained Ancient. Is such an anachronism possible? Can one of the same age be considered a young man, and the other, his age, an ancient old man? Of course no.
On the other hand, the term "ancient" does not apply to Greece or Rome. Therefore, they are not ancient. And "antique" - that is, translating into Russian, "artificially ancient". From these oddities of word usage, it follows that pre-Mongol Russia is really ancient - not the same age as medieval, but ancient and even pre-ancient, really ancient history of Europe. However, this term is valid only on the territory of Russia, because in Western European historiography, Russia almost does not appear even when considering the Middle Ages, and how to call it at the same time does not play any role, whether it is Old Russia or Medieval Russia.
From this it becomes clear why there are a lot of separate historical disciplines, for example, Egyptology, Assyrology, Antiquity, etc. Each country is studied separately from antiquity to the period of decline, but at the same time the countries are not compared with each other, their events almost do not correspond to each other. A classic example - the birth of Jesus Christ, noted by Josephus, does not find any confirmation in the literature, including the historical one, supposedly of ancient Rome. I believe that once the finding of synchronous events was impossible due to the lack of the necessary information, and nowadays it is completely undesirable because of the obligatory destruction of the existing historical picture of the world.
The absence of "comparative historiography" is all the more strange because there exists and is successfully developing "comparative linguistics", or comparative studies, which compares different languages and deduces from them the existence of their alleged single ancestor - the Indo-European language common to all peoples. And the absence of at least a single inscription in this mythical language is explained by the absence of writing as such at that time.
Comparative linguistics very successfully complements the history of individual states that is completely incomparable in chronology, for if historians give the necessary dates, then comparativists place the necessary accents of historical development. So, some languages develop quickly, others - slowly, because the native language values traditions, while the borrowed language tends to simplify and breaks these traditions without any pity as quickly as possible. However, in comparative studies there is a different, mythological interpretation: the more the language has changed, the longer the historical path it has passed. If the Greek language has changed so much that Modern Greek is very different from Ancient Greek, it is not because it is a language borrowed and converted from Russian, but allegedly because it has come a very long way of development. Thus, the invented "antiquity" of the medieval Greeks is "confirmed" by comparative linguistics. Not only Greek, but also Romance, Celtic, Germanic languages turn out to be "ancient", and Baltic and Slavic languages are younger. Thus, the exclusion of ancient Russia from antiquity finds its justification in linguistics.
The rise of Christianity
The inscriptions on Christian icons unambiguously point to Yarov Russia (southern Europe and northern Africa) as the place of Christ's action and that Jesus Christ was a Slav, descended from the Slavic gods (father - Rod, grandmother, most of the time raising Christ - Alive, mother - Virgin Mary, priestess of Mary). "From the sanctuaries Alive to the catacombs of Rome", this is the path of development of Christianity in the distant possessions of Russia. In the metropolis itself, the Rus of the Slavs, Christianity appears much later, but as its own, and not the Byzantine model, a kind of paganism.
The beginning of Russian history
If Alexander the Great acted during the call to Russia of Rurik from Vagria (Russian lands in the Baltic), he could well turn to the kagans and khans of those Russian lands that were in his sphere of interests. However, the entire history of the Russian khanates and the Russian kaganate was thrown out of historiography (only some historians today wonder whether the Russian khanate existed and whether the Slavs or other peoples lived in it), and was replaced by the history of semi-savage tribes with the name of the surrounding area (derevlyans in the forests, glades in the fields, Dregovichi in swamps), or by the name of their gods (Krivichi are believers in Kriva), or by the name of their leaders (Vyatichi named Vyatko). The fact that he sent an ultimatum in Russian and, after participating in his campaigns of the Russian regiments, issued them a letter in Latin, where he made his own handwritten postscript in Russian diagonally,completely inexplicable from the point of view of modern historiography: Russia, together with the Russian language, appears only 1200 years after Alexander, and the language of ancient Greece was Greek. While the attribution of Alexander to the heyday of the Middle Ages, where Latin was the international language, puts everything in its place: Alexander spoke to Russian in the international language of Western Europe of his time, and Macedonia was at that time Slavic in origin, so the Macedonians were fluent in Russian language. And the Russian Kaganate, which had the name Rus of the Slavs (as the legend reads on one of the Russian gold coins, the altyn, minted in Moscow), was also drawn on the map of Eusebius, compiled around 330 AD. Therefore, modern historians announce both the ultimatum to Alexander and his letter with his own handwritten postscript to be forgeries.
Kievan Rus
I cannot confirm this term by reading the corresponding inscriptions. The products of many principalities were designated as follows: Rus, Rezen (hence, the Ryazan principality), Rus, Suzdel (hence, the Suzdal principality), and equally, Rus, Kiev (the Kiev principality). Another thing, for example, Pstovskaya Rus is Pskov Rus as a completely independent Rus, and not a part of the general Voluntary (that is, Free, not having ethnic ties) Rus. There was no independent Novgorod Rus either - a number of principalities besides Novgorod, for example, Tverskoe, were part of Zhivina Rus, while the northern part of the Tver principality already belonged to Perunov Rus. In other words, the real administrative division did not coincide with the division from the point of view of current historiography.
The invasion of the Mongols and Tatars
The Turks have always been part of the Russian principalities, while the Mongols, as they were, and to this day remain an unmilitary nomadic people. Therefore, with the Tatar-Mongol invasion, everything is also not clear. Research is also required here.
General conclusion
The historiography of Europe and Russia and comparative linguistics that have taken shape to date, while confirming each other, do not at all coincide with the newly found historical sources. It seems that the medieval history of Europe was projected onto antiquity, which led to the creation of phantom "antiquity". And the ancient history was pushed even further, into the Bronze Age. Whereas the true Bronze Age and Late Neolithic are practically unknown to historians. Until now, historiography has served the interests of politics and hid unnecessary documents. Archeology breaks it down.