To find out how a living organism works, scientists sometimes go to unthinkable experiments. Animals often fall victim to their scientific frenzy. Some guinea pig has to accept certain death in pain in the name of science. However, history knows examples when terrible experiments were carried out on people as well. In this case, the authorities covered the Aesculapians in every way. But such "scientific works" can only cause fear and horror.
Johann Konrad Dippel is considered a very strange scientist to this day. He was actually born at Frankenstein Castle in 1673, near Darmstadt (Germany). He is considered the prototype of the protagonist of Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein. He was looking for a philosopher's stone, and also wanted to create an elixir of eternal youth. But for the experiments, Konrad needed bones, hair and blood, so he often visited the cemetery, where he exhumed corpses.
Dippel became rich and created an excellent laboratory for those times in the Frankenstein castle, where he conducted his experiments. In 1734 Johann Konrad Dippel mysteriously disappeared. His death, like his life, is shrouded in mystery. Some believed that the alchemist was killed by envious people and competitors, others assumed that he died after being poisoned by a drug that, ironically, was supposed to prolong his life.
Giovanni Aldini passed an electric current through a human corpse.
In 1780, the Italian professor of anatomy Luigi Galvani discovered that electrical discharges caused the limbs of a dead frog to twitch. And what will happen, he asked, if a current is passed through a person?
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He went on a tour of Europe, during which he offered the public a sickening sight. His most outstanding demonstration took place on January 17, 1803, when he passed a current through the body of the executed assassin, George Forster.
The show ended solemnly with Aldini connecting one wire to the ear of the corpse and thrusting the other into his rectum. The corpse went into a disgusting dance. The London Times wrote: "To the uninformed part of the public it might have seemed that the unfortunate man was about to come to life." One man was so shocked that he died shortly after the end of the "show".
Andrew Ure: Scottish Butcher.
Scottish physician Andrew Ure is famous for conducting four experiments on the corpse of Matthew Clydesdale on November 4, 1818. The first experiment consisted in excision of the occiput and removal of part of the vertebra. An incision was then made in the left thigh and heel. Two electrical wires were connected to the neck and thigh, causing severe uncontrollable cramps.
The second experiment caused Clydesdale's diaphragm to contract as if he were breathing again.
Yur was confident that he could bring the body back to life. The third experiment showed an unusual facial expression after Ure made an incision in Clydesdale's forehead. When contacts were brought to Clydesdale's face, emotions of anger, fear, despair, melancholy were reflected on him, and a disgusting distorted smile appeared.
The final experiment was to revive Clydesdale. The incision was made in the index finger. As soon as the current was applied, the dead man raised his hand and pointed at the people in the hall. Many were in indescribable horror.
Scientist Stubbins Firff drank vomit.
Stubbins Firff, a medical student who lived in Philadelphia in the early 19th century, theorized that yellow fever was not a contagious disease. To confirm it, Firff defiantly tried to infect himself in every possible way.
He began by making small incisions in his hands and pouring "fresh black vomit" on them from yellow fever patients. Then he put vomit in his eyes. He boiled it in a pot and inhaled the vapors. He made a pill out of vomit and swallowed it. Finally, he got to the point where he drank whole glasses of undiluted vomit.
Firff ended his experiment by staining himself profusely with various fluids contaminated with yellow fever: blood, saliva, sweat, and urine. While staying healthy, he stated that yellow fever was not contagious. He was clearly wrong, because you can get it even through a mosquito bite. One can only wonder how he managed to survive after his crazy experiments.
Soviet scientist Sergei Bryukhonenko created a living head
Physiologist Sergei Bryukhonenko created a heart-lung machine called "auto-light", and with the help of this apparatus he managed to maintain a living dog's head, separated from the body. In 1928, he demonstrated one of these heads to scientists all over the world at the Third Congress of Physiologists of the USSR. To prove that the head on the table was alive, he showed how it reacts to stimuli. Brukhonenko hit the table with a hammer, and his head shuddered. He shone a light into her eyes, and her eyes blinked. He even fed a piece of cheese to his head, which immediately popped out of the esophageal tube at the other end.
All of this can be seen in the 1940 documentary, Experiments to Revitalize the Body. Bryukhonenko ends his film with the resurrection of the dog from the dead. For this, all the blood is drained from the live dog, after 10 minutes the technician connects the animal to the apparatus and pumps the blood back. After a while, the heart began to work again. However, after "resurrection", the dogs suffered brain damage, and they usually lived no more than a few days.
Josef Mengele conducted terrible experiments on people in concentration camps.
Dr. Josef Mengele, or as he was also called concentration camp inmates - "Angel of Death from Auschwitz", conducted experiments on transplantation and amputation, intoxication with poisons and during his work sent more than 40,000 people to the gas chambers.
His other nickname, "White Angel", he got when he selected people. Towering over the platform in his white cloak, the doctor waved his arms, identifying some to the left and others to the right. Some prisoners went to cruel experiments, while others went straight to the gas chambers.
The story goes that somehow Mengele drew a line in the children's block at a height of one and a half meters, and sent those who were below it to death.
The doctor conducted very cruel experiments on people. For children, he tried to change the color of the eyes, for which he introduced various chemicals there. Mengele often amputated limbs; experiments on girls included sterilization and electric shock. It is not surprising that the majority of the victims of the experiments did not endure the experiments, having died either directly from them or from brought infections.
In the photo: Soviet soldiers examine containers containing poison that was used in medical experiments. Auschwitz, Poland, after January 27, 1945.
Mengele's favorite topic at Auschwitz was the study of twins. It is proven that in 1943 he separated the twins from the rest of the children and settled them in specially designated barracks. Out of more than three thousand children, about three hundred survived.
"Angel of Death" often showed interest in other unusual mutations. For example, congenital deafness and blindness.
Did Mengele consider his experiments serious research, given the carelessness with which he worked? Most surgeries were performed without anesthetics. For example, Mengele once removed part of his stomach without anesthesia. Another time, the heart was removed, and again without anesthesia. It was monstrous. Mengele was obsessed with power.
Some of the fanatical doctors who committed such atrocities were convicted as war criminals. However, the doctor Mengele went unpunished. He escaped from court to Brazil, where he died of a stroke in 1979.
In the photo: the death camp executioners - Dr. Josef Mengele (left) Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Hess and Birkenau commandant - Josef Kramer.
Shiro Ishii: The real Doctor Evil.
Ishii was a microbiologist and lieutenant in the Japanese Imperial Army. During the Sino-Japanese War, he began his experiments as part of a secret Japanese Army project, Detachment 731.
Among his "merits": vivisection (cutting in a lively way) of living people, including pregnant women, who were impregnated by the doctors of his laboratory; attempts to swap human limbs; infecting people with viruses in order to study them.
Humans were also used in testing grenades and grenade launchers. The prisoners were injected with viruses of diseases disguised as a vaccine. To study sexually transmitted diseases, men and women were infected with syphilis and gonorrhea.
Exactly how many of the experimental subjects died as a result of such experiments, it was not known for certain, however, presumably - about 200 thousand.
After receiving immunity from the American occupation authorities at the end of the war, Ishii never went to jail for his crimes. He died at the age of 67 from throat cancer.
Syphilis research in Guatemala
During 1946-1948, the governments of Guatemala and the United States funded research aimed at studying the development of sexually transmitted diseases and determining the effectiveness of the treatment provided. The mentally ill and prisoners became the guinea pigs.
They were infected with syphilis. The methods of infection were as follows: they were forced to have sexual intercourse with infected prostitutes or artificially introduced syphilis bacteria. Those who eventually became infected were treated with penicillin. There is no information about the further fate of the participants in the barbaric experience.
Experiments on syphilitics in the United States
The longest human experience lasted 40 years. The Ministry of Health in 1932 began a program to study the effects of syphilis. Unfortunately, the participants in the program were engaged exclusively in observations. The "volunteers" were doomed. Experimenters in Alabama monitored the development of the disease in 399 black men. No treatment was provided. Along the way, they were reassured by the fact that they were being treated for "bad blood."
In 1944, a sexually transmitted infection vaccine is administered to "volunteers" at the federal penal colony of Terre Haute prison in Indiana.
The two-headed dog of Vladimir Demikhov
In 1954, Vladimir Demikhov amazed the world by showing a surgically bred monster: a two-headed dog. He created this creature in a Moscow scientific laboratory. He transplanted the puppy's body parts onto the neck of an adult German Shepherd. Both heads lapped milk from bowls together. And then milk began to flow from the puppy's head through the cut esophagus tube.
For fifteen years Demikhov created 20 two-headed dogs. But none of them lived long, since they inevitably died due to tissue rejection. One month was a record time.
In 1956 Demikhov wrote a dissertation. However, her defense did not take place: the author was called a dreamer, and his work was not worthy of attention.
In 1965, Demikhov's report on organ transplantation (including heads) in dogs, made by him at a meeting of the section of transplantology, was severely criticized and was called nonsense and pure quackery.
Robert Heath - experiments on the transformation of a homosexual man into a heterosexual.
Developing the idea that electrical stimulation of a specific area of the brain in rats produces feelings of intense pleasure and sexual arousal, Heath transferred this experiment to humans. In 1970, Heath referred to his subject as "Patient B-19." He inserted insulated electrodes into the septal area of the patient's brain and then stimulated that area. As a result, the B-19 pressed the pleasure button constantly. For a three-hour session - about 1500 times and entered a state of euphoria and shock. The doctor then provided the patient with a prostitute. When intercourse took place between them, the doctor decided that the experiment was a success. However, he never returned to the treatment of homosexuals.
Kevin Warwick is the first human cyborg.
Kevin Warwick, a British scientist and professor of cybernetics, is so passionate about the study of robots that he tried to become the first human cyborg. In 1998, a primitive RFID transmitter was implanted under Warwick's skin to control doors, lights, heaters, and other computer-controlled devices.
In 2002, Warwick was fitted with a tiny chip designed for two-way exchange of electrical signals with his nervous system and computer. The internal electronics are connected with a thin wire harness to a radio transmitter that communicates with a computer. The professor created an external mechanical arm that completely follows his movements.
John Lilly is the creator of the brain liberator.
The scientist, following the desire to disconnect external stimuli from the brain, invented the world's first isolated pressure chamber in which the experimental subjects could swim for a long time in a state of sensory isolation. The experiments were carried out using drugs. John Lilly lived in Hawaii for the last years of his life and was known for his eccentricity, as well as his persistent addiction to ketamine.
