Once upon a time in the North of our planet there was the ancestral home of a single humanity, one language, the foremother of Culture. Fleeing from the worldwide cataclysm, its surviving inhabitants settled in different parts of the Earth, forming various peoples and languages. In the early editions of the myths of all peoples, this country was spoken of as the country of the Golden Age of mankind, as the Paradise Earth. The Greeks called this country Hyperborean, that is, “located behind the north wind Boreas.
From Hyperborea to the present day, little could have survived in principle. In ancient times, all construction was made of wood. Clothes - feather and fur. The funeral rite is burning. As it is now in India. What is left of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru and Indira Gandhi now? So it was then. Only memory remained - mythological, landscape, material: labyrinths, petroglyphs, signs …
Let's schematically trace the development of mankind from a Single Whole to different countries, races, peoples, etc.
A geophysical cataclysm has occurred, known by the capacious word "flood". The reason for it was cosmic. Or something happened in the Solar System, or in the Galaxy … Myths testify that seven suns were lit in the sky. Maybe the solar system flew into some kind of star cluster … However, there are dozens of explanations. And they are all convincing enough. For example, Lomonosov believed: the earth's axis shifted, Einstein - that a "somersault" was possible due to the growth of polar ice "caps". Perhaps some hot body flew past the Earth, because all myths describe fires and the boiling of the sea. This is how the Siberian peoples describe the flood. The Khanty and the Mansi and the Sakhalin Nivkhs, the Nanai on the Amur have similar myths about the flood. And they are all necessarily associated with some kind of fire. Then came a cold snap - global climate change - the death of almost all living things. There are many explanations, but the fact is obvious. There was such a cataclysm.
As a result, PraHyperborea disintegrated. Part of it sank to the bottom of the ocean. The archipelago remained, then the islands. Academician Aleksey Fedorovich Treshnikov believes that 10,000 years ago the Lomonosov and Mendeleev ridges towered above the surface of the Arctic Ocean. And there was no ice, and the sea was warm. Everywhere they find traces of human life - in the Leningrad region, and in Yakutia, and on Novaya Zemlya … And in the genetic memory of migratory birds: time after time they return to the homeland of their ancestors.
What happened to the people? A single ethnolinguistic community fell apart.
As for the Chinese, the Indians, they left earlier. But nevertheless, they had something in common with the rest of the descendants of the Hyperboreans - both in language and culture. Then the division of the Indo-European community began. As its constituent peoples diverged, their own languages, culture, and customs began to emerge. All of this lends itself to explanation. We know that in Dagestan two neighboring auls do not understand each other, although it is clear that they have common roots and a common language. Everything changes so quickly.
But, if you take the consequences of the last cataclysm, a group of Indian and Iranian emerged. A bloc emerged linking modern Germanic, Turkic and Slavic peoples. Block associated with future Hellenes. Each of them had their own destiny. They began to migrate from north to south. Moreover, migration took many years, when cultural degradation could occur.
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We know that the Indo-Iranians formed a single community with the same gods, and then became irreconcilable enemies, as can be seen from their mythology. Because Iranian gods are demons for Indians, and vice versa - Indian gods - devi became devas, terrible, bloodthirsty werewolves for Iranians. So, in the III millennium BC. Indians appeared in Hindustan, and Iranians - in the Iranian highlands. That is, from the 10th millennium to the 3rd century they migrated somewhere. Gradually. There were transshipment points. One of them, I believe, was Arkaim - a staging post for the migration of Indo-Europeans from north to south. There they were entrenched for a thousand years. Then the Turks started to move from the east, burned the city, destroyed it.
Take the Mediterranean. The Egyptians appeared there 3.5 thousand years before the new era. And they came there with a polar calendar. 2500 BC came with the same polar calendar. e. to the Mediterranean Sea, the Etruscans (the Egyptians had five "dark days" a year, the Etruscans - two whole months). Then the Hellenes appeared there - 2000 BC. - also with a polar calendar of 350 sunny days (by these numbers, by the way, it is easy to calculate where the ancestors of these peoples lived when their polar calendar was created). Moreover, they came completely degraded. Remember the wealth of Odysseus: goats and dishes. Yes, poetry and philosophy borrowed from the East. What, by the way, do not like to talk about.
Therefore, the "Hyperborean" III millennium BC, we can consider the beginning of history in its conscious understanding. And this story is directly related to the North”.
One of the largest representatives of comparative linguistics and comparative mythology, Max Müller (1823 - 1900), not without reason believed that in the period preceding the formation of modern ethnic groups, every word in the original Aryan language was a myth, every name was an image, every noun was a certain person and every pretext is a little drama. For this reason, many pagan Gods - Indian, Iranian, Greek, Germanic, Slavic and others - are nothing more than the result of the personification of poetic designations (names), unexpected even for those who invented them. It is interesting to look from this point of view at the scant information of ancient historians associated with the legends about Hyperborea. Naturally, the Vedas, Avesta, the Bible and other ancient books contain no mentions of either Hyperborea or Hyperboreans,since these are not autochthonous names at all. Literally the ethnonym Hyperboreans means “those who live beyond Borey (the North Wind)”, or simply “those who live in the North”. In ancient Russian geography, the division of the world by winds was also adopted, and the territory of modern Russia was designated accordingly in the direction of the north wind. “Our forefather Noah blessed,” says the Mazurin chronicler, “our great-grandfather Japheth, a part of the land of everything western and the north and midnight winds.”- said in the "Mazurinsky chronicler", - our great-grandfather Japheth to a part of the land of all western and northern and midnight winds. "- said in the "Mazurinsky chronicler", - our great-grandfather Japheth to a part of the land of all western and northern and midnight winds."
Many ancient authors wrote about the Hyperboreans. Some questioned the very existence of the Hyperboreans due to the lack of reliable facts. So, the father of history Herodotus, although he clearly places them in the Far North on the shores of the "last sea", is afraid to conjecture anything to the facts known to him related to the regular bringing of gifts to the Temple of Apollo on the island of Delos by the messengers of the Hyperboreans. On the contrary, another giant of antiquity, Pliny the Elder, writes about the Hyperboreans as a real ancient people living near the Arctic Circle, having ancient traditions and genetically connected with the Hellenes, as well as with the culture and religion of the entire ancient world - through the cult of Apollo.
Pliny the Elder - one of the most impartial scientists - tried to state only indisputable facts, refraining from any comments. This is what he literally reported in his Natural History (IV, 26): “Beyond these [Ripean] mountains, on the other side of Aquilon [North Wind is a synonym for Boreas. - VD], a happy people (if you can believe it), which are called Hyperboreans, reaches very advanced years and is glorified by wonderful legends. They believe that there are the loops of the world and the extreme limits of the circulation of the luminaries. The sun shines there for six months, and this is only one day when the sun does not hide (as the ignorant would think) from the spring equinox to the autumn, the luminaries there rise only once a year at the summer solstice, and set only at the winter. This country is all in the sun,with a favorable climate and devoid of any harmful wind. Homes for these residents are groves, forests; the cult of the Gods is managed by individuals and by the whole society; there is no discord or disease. Death comes there only from satiety with life. After partaking of food and the light pleasures of old age from some rock, they throw themselves into the sea. This is the happiest kind of burial … One cannot doubt the existence of this people”[emphasized by me. - V. D.]This is the happiest kind of burial … One cannot doubt the existence of this people”[emphasized by me. - V. D.]This is the happiest kind of burial … One cannot doubt the existence of this people”[emphasized by me. - V. D.]
Even from this small excerpt from "Natural History" it is not difficult to form a clear idea of Hyperborea. First - and most importantly - it was located where the Sun may not set for several months. In other words, we can only talk about the circumpolar regions, those that in Russian folklore were called the Sunflower Kingdom. Another important circumstance: the climate in the North of Eurasia during the heyday of Hyperborea was completely different. The latest comprehensive studies carried out in the north of Scotland under an international program showed that 4 thousand years ago (this is the junction of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC) the climate at this latitude was comparable to the current climate of the Mediterranean. Even earlier, Russian oceanographers and paleontologists found that in the XXX-XVI millennium BC. the Arctic climate was mild enoughand the Arctic Ocean was warm despite the presence of glaciers on the continent. American and Canadian scientists came to approximately the same conclusions and chronological framework. In their opinion, during the Wisconsin glaciation in the center of the Arctic Ocean, there was a temperate climate zone favorable for flora and fauna that could not exist in the polar and polar regions of North America.
Indirect evidence in favor of the existence in the northern latitudes of an ancient highly developed civilization can be found everywhere powerful stone structures and other megalithic monuments. At the birth of archeology as a science, they were given exceptional importance in understanding the distant past of mankind. So, in northern Scotland, on the Shetland and Orkney Islands, the ruins of mighty prehistoric fortress towers, erected long before the Roman and even more Norman conquests, are well known. Functionally, these towers most of all resemble the same stone structures in the North Caucasus. And the fact that they are located at the northernmost tip of the British Isles and are focused on repelling a possible attack from the North, involuntarily suggests that they are connected with the ancestral home of civilization - Hyperborea. Remains of similar structures were also found on the Kola Peninsula.
There is no doubt also that in those distant times the Hellenes were close to the Hyperboreans both in customs and in language - Diodorus Siculus directly writes about this (P, 47). Apparently, two kindred peoples once lived together in the northern latitudes. Then some circumstances (they will be discussed below) forced the ancestors of the Hellenes to migrate at the junction of the II and I millennia BC, displacing and absorbing the same newcomers (but about a millennium earlier) conquerors - the creators of the Aegean and Minoan cultures, builders of the majestic stone structures and labyrinths. It is difficult, of course, if you adhere to a scientific approach, and further detail the information on the country that was already the object of legends in the time of Herodotus. But it is the scientific approach that allows us to find some clues and draw a number of analogies. So,known is the map of Gerhard Mercator (1512 - 1594) - one of the most famous cartographers of all time, based on some ancient knowledge, on which Hyperborea is depicted as a huge arctic continent surrounding the North Pole and with a high mountain (Meru?) in the middle. On the other hand, ancient authors and, in particular, Strabo, in his famous "Geography", write about the marginal northern territory, the polar tip of the Earth, called Tula (Tula). Thule just takes the place where, according to calculations, Hyperborea or Arctida should be (more precisely, Thule is one of the extremities of Arctida). Strabo in his famous "Geography", write about the marginal northern territory, the polar tip of the Earth, called Tula (Tula). Thule just takes the place where, according to calculations, Hyperborea or Arctida should be (more precisely, Thule is one of the extremities of Arctida). Strabo in his famous "Geography", write about the marginal northern territory, the polar tip of the Earth, called Tula (Tula). Thule just takes the place where, according to calculations, Hyperborea or Arctida should be (more precisely, Thule is one of the extremities of Arctida).
Strabo, who relied on the texts of predecessors that have not come down to us, does not have any details about Thule, except that it (the island) is located six days sailing north of Britain and that the sea there and the entire environment are gelatinous, resembling the body of one from the varieties of jellyfish, in ancient Greek called "sea lung". If you follow Strabo's text exactly, then in the description of the voyage of Pytheas used by him, but later lost (he, in fact, visited the mysterious land, where in the summer the sun does not set below the horizon for several months and the winter night lasts the same amount), the details given lend themselves only to hypothetical decryption. In the vicinity of Tula “there is no more air, but a certain substance, condensed from all these elements, similar to a sea light; in it, says Pytheas, hang the earth, the sea and all the elements,and this substance is, as it were, a connection of the whole: it is impossible to either pass through it or sail on a ship. " According to esoteric legend, the capital of the legendary country Tula was the City of the Sun - Heliopolis. Since then, the sacred name, turned into a kind of symbol, began its triumphant march around the world. The place name itself is of Greek origin, but it traces the original autochthonous names. One of the religious capitals of Ancient Egypt is known as Heliopolis. The ruins of the same "heliofields" - the city-sanctuaries of the Sun are scattered throughout the American continent - from Mexico and Guatemala to Bolivia and Peru. Subsequently, the name of the City of the Sun, as a symbol of a dignified and happy life, migrated into secret teachings and utopian doctrines - the most famous of which was the famous book by Tommaso Campanella.it is impossible to walk on it or sail on a ship. " According to esoteric legend, the capital of the legendary country Tula was the City of the Sun - Heliopolis. Since then, the sacred name, turned into a kind of symbol, began its triumphant march around the world. The place name itself is of Greek origin, but it traces the original autochthonous names. One of the religious capitals of Ancient Egypt is known as Heliopolis. The ruins of the same "heliopoles" - the city-sanctuaries of the Sun are scattered throughout the American continent - from Mexico and Guatemala to Bolivia and Peru. Subsequently, the name of the City of the Sun as a symbol of a dignified and happy life migrated into secret teachings and utopian doctrines - the most famous of which was the famous book by Tommaso Campanella.it is impossible to walk on it or sail on a ship. " According to esoteric legend, the capital of the legendary country Tula was the City of the Sun - Heliopolis. Since then, the sacred name, turned into a kind of symbol, began its triumphant march around the world. The place name itself is of Greek origin, but it traces the original autochthonous names. One of the religious capitals of Ancient Egypt is known as Heliopolis. The ruins of the same "heliofields" - the city-sanctuaries of the Sun are scattered throughout the American continent - from Mexico and Guatemala to Bolivia and Peru. Subsequently, the name of the City of the Sun, as a symbol of a dignified and happy life, migrated into secret teachings and utopian doctrines - the most famous of which was the famous book by Tommaso Campanella.the capital of the legendary country Thule was the City of the Sun - Heliopolis. Since then, the sacred name, turned into a kind of symbol, began its triumphant march around the world. The place name itself is of Greek origin, but it traces the original autochthonous names. One of the religious capitals of Ancient Egypt is known as Heliopolis. The ruins of the same "heliofields" - the city-sanctuaries of the Sun are scattered throughout the American continent - from Mexico and Guatemala to Bolivia and Peru. Subsequently, the name of the City of the Sun, as a symbol of a dignified and happy life, migrated into secret teachings and utopian doctrines - the most famous of which was the famous book by Tommaso Campanella.the capital of the legendary country Thule was the City of the Sun - Heliopolis. Since then, the sacred name, turned into a kind of symbol, began its triumphant march around the world. The place name itself is of Greek origin, but it traces the original autochthonous names. One of the religious capitals of Ancient Egypt is known as Heliopolis. The ruins of the same "heliopoles" - the city-sanctuaries of the Sun are scattered throughout the American continent - from Mexico and Guatemala to Bolivia and Peru. Subsequently, the name of the City of the Sun as a symbol of a dignified and happy life migrated into secret teachings and utopian doctrines - the most famous of which was the famous book by Tommaso Campanella. The place name itself is of Greek origin, but it traces the original autochthonous names. One of the religious capitals of Ancient Egypt is known as Heliopolis. The ruins of the same "heliopoles" - the city-sanctuaries of the Sun are scattered throughout the American continent - from Mexico and Guatemala to Bolivia and Peru. Subsequently, the name of the City of the Sun as a symbol of a dignified and happy life migrated into secret teachings and utopian doctrines - the most famous of which was the famous book by Tommaso Campanella. The place name itself is of Greek origin, but it traces the original autochthonous names. One of the religious capitals of Ancient Egypt is known as Heliopolis. The ruins of the same "heliopoles" - the city-sanctuaries of the Sun are scattered throughout the American continent - from Mexico and Guatemala to Bolivia and Peru. Subsequently, the name of the City of the Sun as a symbol of a dignified and happy life migrated into secret teachings and utopian doctrines - the most famous of which was the famous book by Tommaso Campanella. Subsequently, the name of the City of the Sun as a symbol of a dignified and happy life migrated into secret teachings and utopian doctrines - the most famous of which was the famous book by Tommaso Campanella. Subsequently, the name of the City of the Sun, as a symbol of a dignified and happy life, migrated into secret teachings and utopian doctrines - the most famous of which was the famous book by Tommaso Campanella.
If no other facts have survived, and the material monuments are either not recognized or are hidden under the Arctic ice, then it remains to resort to the tried and tested means - the reconstruction of meaning. For language, as the keeper of thought and knowledge of the disappeared generations, is as reliable a monument as stone megaliths - dolmens, menhirs and cromlechs. You just need to learn to read the meaning hidden in them. The tracing paper of the ancient arctic continent of Tula (Tula) is the name of the ancient Russian city of Tula. Of course, the Russian city of Tula is hardly directly related (by belonging) to the ancient Hyperborea (Tula). However, there is, so to speak, rather obvious, albeit indirect evidence: the people associated with Hyperborea (Tula) may have come or were forced to flee from the legendary country, the people,in whose language the word "tula" meant something hidden and cherished - it was he who gave the name to the place where the modern city of Tula later arose (literally - "secret place").
This is the meaning that, according to the Dictionary of Vladimir Dahl, the concept of "tula". This is a "hidden, inaccessible place" - "backstage", "bedside" ("tulit" - to cover, hide, hide, etc.). There are other Russian words with this root: "body, torso" - a body without a head, arms and legs; "Trunk" - a quiver in the form of a tube where arrows are stored (hence the "sleeve"). Derivatives from the same root base in Russian are the words: "rear" - the back of the head and in general - the back of something, "tlo" - the base, bottom (in the modern language, the stable phrase "to the bottom" has survived); "Smolder" - rot or burn slightly noticeably, etc.
As you can see, the name of the city of Tula has the richest semantic content. Toponyms with the root "tul" are generally extremely widespread: the cities of Toulon and Toulouse in France, Tulcha - in Romania, Tulchin - in Ukraine, the Tulym stone (ridge) - in the Northern Urals, a river in the Murmansk region - Tuloma, a lake in Karelia - Tulos … And so on - up to the self-designation of one of the Dravidian peoples in India - tulu. The city of Tula is also known on the American continent - the ancient capital of the pre-Columbian state of the Toltecs (in the territory of modern Mexico), which existed until the 12th century AD. The assumption about the lexical and semantic conjugation of the ethnonym of the Toltecs and the name of their main city from the legendary circumpolar territory of Tula was expressed by René Guénon in his famous essay "Atlantis and Hyperborea". Toltekskaya Tula with its restored monuments (including the famous pyramid of Quetzalcoatl) is one of the most famous architectural and archaeological complexes of the New World. However, in this case, we are interested in the etymology of the Toltec name of the city: does it go back to the prohibitively ancient times, when the ancestors of the Indian tribes separated from the common ethnolinguistic mass and began their migratory procession across the American continent, leaving the common ancestral home of all peoples of the world (presumably not earlier than 40 thousand years BC); whether it belongs to a disappeared people who arrived from one of the hypothetical continents or archipelagoes of Atlantis or Arctida that were lost; 3) is it autochthonous - taking into account the fact that the Toltec culture itself was short-lived (within three centuries) and relatively late.
But even if we dwell on the last possible explanation, it cannot be denied that the Toltecs themselves did not arise from scratch and not all of a sudden - they had ancestors and great-ancestors, in whose vocabulary there were certainly words with the root base "tul [a]" lying, by the way, in the foundation of the ethnonym "Toltecs" itself. In addition, on the site of the destroyed capital of the Toltec state, the legendary city of the Nahua Indians - Tollan (or Tolyan), whose name is consonant with the lexeme "Tul", previously existed. And this chain of generations, stretching back centuries, can again be traced back to the 40th millennium BC, that is, to the beginning of the disintegration of a single ethnolinguistic community of all peoples and languages of the world.
Despite the scarce information of historians, the ancient world had extensive ideas and important details about the life and customs of the Hyperboreans. The sun god Apollo Hyperborean, the patron saint of the muses, inspired many poets and writers to glorify their northern ancestors. And all because the roots of long-standing and close ties with the Hyperboreans go back to the most ancient community of Proto-Indo-European civilization, naturally associated with both the Arctic Circle and the "end of the earth" - the northern coastline of Eurasia and the ancient mainland and island culture.
It was here, as Aeschylus writes: “at the end of the earth”, “in the deserted wilderness of the wild Scythians” - by the order of Zeus, the rebellious Prometheus was chained to a rock, who, contrary to the prohibition, gave people fire, revealed the secret of the movement of stars and luminaries, taught the art of addition letters, farming and sailing. But the land where Prometheus was tormented by a dragon-like kite, until Hercules freed him, was not always so deserted and homeless. Everything looked different when the famous hero of antiquity, Perseus, came to the Hyperboreans here, on the edge of the Oycumene, to fight the Gorgon Medusa, to take possession of her death-carrying head. For this, he was nicknamed "Hyperborean", as Pindar, the greatest epic poet of Hellas, told in detail:
Not otherwise - the picture of the "golden age": equal to the Olympic Gods, the Hyperboreans know no need, no wars, no internal enmity, no disease, no death. Hyperborea is truly the homeland of Gods, heroes and all mankind. The above passage from Pliny the Elder testifies to the same. The question of the exploits and adventures of Perseus is interesting not only for its geographical attachment to the Hyperboreans, but also for its depth in those layers of the ancient worldview, when a completely different system of mythological landmarks was operating in comparison with the classical system. Perseus went to the “end of the earth”, to the kingdom of the Hyperboreans as the ancestral home of both the Hellenes and the Olympian Gods. There, in the Far North, inhabited the descendants of the titans of the first generation of the Gods, called in the 37th Orphic hymn "the source and beginning of everything that is subject to death",but still defeated by the Olympians in a fierce struggle. There, apparently, Titanomachy took place - the battle of the Gods and Titans - the closest descendants of the same mother Earth-Gaia and the same father of Heaven-Uranus. In reality, Titanomachy reflected in the mythological form the disintegration of the praethnos and the collision of two totem structures - old and new, one of which, possibly having suffered a defeat, was forced to migrate to the South, leaving, however, to the descendants a version of the events that took place that was beneficial for themselves.was forced to migrate to the South, leaving, however, to the descendants a version of the events that took place that was beneficial for themselves.was forced to migrate to the South, leaving, however, to the descendants a version of the events that took place that was beneficial for themselves.
Without going into the twists and turns of the ancient war (its exact details are still not known), we note that the titans and their entourage were destroyed twice: the first time - physically, the second time - morally. Cain's seal of the satanic tribe was imposed on them, all conceivable and inconceivable sins were attributed to them. This, however, was always the case when one religion replaced another: former idols were literally destroyed, a taboo was imposed on former beliefs, and everything that was connected with them was perverted and distorted. This is exactly what happened during the disintegration of the Indo-Iranian community. Originally, the ancient Indians and Iranians had common Gods. After the separation of religions and cultures, the same Gods began to be perceived with opposite signs by peoples, who turned into hostile relations with each other. In Indo-Iranian mythology, there was a division of the world of demons and Gods into devas and asuras. But if in the Indian tradition devi is a synonym for Deity, then in the Iranian interpretation (and later among other peoples who found themselves in the orbit of Persian culture), the devas are evil, bloodthirsty werewolves, the main enemies of the human race. The Indians put about the same meaning in the concept of asuras; but among the ancient Iranians, Ahura are divine beings who fought for the ordering of the world and society against the forces of chaos, evil and darkness, and Ahuramazda is the supreme Deity of the Zoroastrian pantheon. Events unfolded along the same lines during the formation of Olympic mythology. Among the Hellenes, three concepts of the creation of the world were widespread: 1) Pelasgian 2) Orphic, both of which developed the common Indo-Aryan ideas about the cosmic egg as the first cradle of Gods and people,and 3) Olympic, which turned into a semi-official religion and ideology after the invasion of the Hellenes in the Balkans.
According to the Olympic tradition, there were originally four generations of Deities. The second and third alternately overthrew their predecessors. According to Hesiod, Gaia-Earth and Uranus-Heaven were considered the progenitors of all living things. From their marriage monsters were born - the hundred-handed giants of Hecatoncheira, the one-eyed cyclops, as well as the titans and titanids. The Titans, led by Cronus (Chronos), rebelled against the father of Uranus, overthrew him after emasculation and began to rule the world. But not forever. From the marriage of Crohn - the ruler of the world - with his sister-titanide Rhea, five children were born. In order to prevent his overthrow, his father immediately swallowed them until the turn came to the last - Zeus. Mother Rhea replaced the child with a stone, and hid her son safely and raised him. Having matured, Zeus freed his brothers and sisters from his father's womb and together with them declared a ten-year war on all titans. The victory went to Zeus, the titans led by Cronus were overthrown, and Zeus and his companions began to rule the world: the brothers Poseidon and Pluto, the sister of Demeter and the wife of Hera. Later, the children of Zeus from different wives were included in the number of the Olympic Gods: Hephaestus, Hermes, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Ares, Dionysus, Aphrodite. Regarding the origin of the latter, there is another, more ancient version: Aphrodite is not a daughter, but rather the aunt of Zeus. She was born even before the birth of the future ruler of Olympus: the flesh of castrated Uranus fell into the sea, forming foam, from which the Foam-born Goddess arose. Ares, Dionysus, Aphrodite. Regarding the origin of the latter, there is another, more ancient version: Aphrodite is not a daughter, but rather the aunt of Zeus. She was born even before the birth of the future ruler of Olympus: the flesh of castrated Uranus fell into the sea, forming foam, from which the Foam-born Goddess arose. Ares, Dionysus, Aphrodite. Regarding the origin of the latter, there is another, more ancient version: Aphrodite is not a daughter, but rather the aunt of Zeus. She was born even before the birth of the future ruler of Olympus: the flesh of castrated Uranus fell into the sea, forming foam, from which the Foam-born Goddess arose.
The question is: what does all this have to do with the Russian worldview? And this is what: the overwhelming majority of the events mentioned, described in classical Theogony, did not take place in the Balkans - the territory of ancient and modern Greece, but in the places of settlement of that part of the Indo-European ethnic community, which was subsequently directly divided into the ancestors of the Greeks and the ancestors of the Slavs. This ethnic cauldron of peoples was located in the northern latitudes of Eurasia, that is, mainly in the territories of modern Russia, called in ancient times Hyperborea. Greeks and Russians are peoples with close genetic roots and spiritual outlook; it is not without reason that they subsequently re-united spiritually in Orthodoxy.
In general, the question of titans is rather confusing and belongs to the number of "dark" ones. Disagreements about their genesis already existed between Homer and Hesiod. According to Hesiod, as already noted, the father of the twelve titans and the titanids is Uranus-Heaven, and the mother is Gaia-Earth. Later, the children of the first generation were also called titans, for example, Prometheus, the son of Iapetus (Iapetus) and Klymene. In Homer, the titans are not the children of Uranus and Gaia, but of the Ocean and Tephida, the founders of all living things. (By the way, the fact that the name "titans" was formed on behalf of the mother - Tephida (Titia), testifies to the matriarchal relationship that dominated during their reign. On the contrary, patriarchal relations were established with the accession of the Olympians.) Hesiod. Subsequently, their point of view was canonized,although already many ancient authors - including the famous philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus - expressed deep doubts about the competence of Hesiod. This is confirmed by some, as they say, independent sources.
There is evidence of the so-called Sibylline books, once vast mythological sources of ancient origin. Initially, the Kumskaya Sibyl brought nine sacred books to the last king of Ancient Rome, Tarquinius the Proud, and even then six of them were burned. The rest were copied more than once, shortened until they were finally destroyed by the barbarians after the capture of Rome. Nevertheless, some passages survived, among them - concerning the origin of the Titans. Sometimes they say: we have before us not the original, but a later retelling. So what! The merit of the often nameless authors, who managed to convey to us the voice of the original, in one form or another, was before someone's eyes, does not fade at all. The value of the original evidence is not diminished because it is passed down from generation to generation.
In Book III of the Sibylline, a version is set forth that differs from the generally accepted: the titans were not at all the Primordial Gods, but represented the tenth generation that lived after the flood (what kind of flood is not said). The most interesting thing is that Titan in the Sibylline Book is a proper name: “And then Cronus, Titan and Iapetus ruled, who were called the most excellent children of Gaia (Earth) and Uranus (Heaven), due to the fact that they were the best earthly people. The whole earth was divided between them into three parts, and each reigned in his part indisputably, for the father had taken an oath on them, and the division was just. But when the old father came to an end and he died, then the oath was broken in a shameful way, and the sons argued about the royal dignity and dominion over all people. Kron and Titan fought (mainly).”The following is a detailed account of the vicissitudes of this struggle.
The ordinariness and earthiness of this version is striking: the titans and future Olympians turn out to be ordinary people (Zeus, by the way, is nicknamed Dis and is recognized as mortal as all people, Gods and demigods). The interpretation of the very image of Titan is also curious: initially it is the brother-rival of Cronus and Iapetus (in the Sibylline book - contrary to Hesiod and Apollodorus - they are not called titans; but 60 sons of the first parent are called such).
There is good reason to believe that Titan is not a name at all, but a nickname. Based on the meaning of the ancient Greek word and words close to it, "titan" means: "stretching out a hand", "striving", "thinker", "lord", "feeder" ("lord" is appropriate to recognize the main meaning). In the same way, Prometheus, the son of Iapetus (Ipetus), is not a proper name, but a nickname: "seer", "providence", "seer", "sage" (from the words: "to know," to visit "), that is, from the same row with Russian words: "witch" (f. genus), "sorcerer" (m. genus). Cronus is also, in a certain sense, a nickname: the names Cronus [os] and Chronos are identical, and Chronos means Time. This is indirectly confirmed by one of the fundamental monuments of world historiography - "History of Armenia" (V century AD). Its author - the outstanding son of the Armenian people Movses Khorenatsi also relied on the book III of Sibillin,but its different edition, where instead of Krona-Chronos, his Persian equivalent Zrvan (Zervan) appears. In ancient Iranian mythology, Zrvan - Time, which is the original world substance; hence - Zervanism (Zrvanizm) - an original philosophical concept that had a direct impact on Zoroastrianism, Mazdeism, Judaism, Gnosticism, Kabbalism, and in Manichaeism Zrvan is the Supreme God.
In general, the name of the ancient Greek Primordial God-titan Crona is related to such Russian words as "crown" (tree) or "crown" (from Latin corona - wreath). Therefore, the original meaning of the name Cronus itself can be reconstructed as: "supreme leader", "crown bearer". At the same time, the secondary meaning of the name Krona - Chronos-Vremya - took root in the Russian language. The name of Crohn, personifying by him the ontological and historiosophical meaning of time, has survived in the modern word "chronicle". Its ancient Russified sound is "kronika", where the root base of "krones" is present in its original form. The term "kronika" in its various vocalizations was quite widespread in the ancient book literature, where it acted as a synonym for the word "chronicle", denoting historical vaults - especially foreign languages and translations. Other native Russian words also flow from the common root nest:the verb "cut" and the noun "edge", which also goes back to the Avestan karana - "edge", "side" (see: M. Vasmer's Dictionary).
Despite the Olympic coup, Cronus continued to be revered in almost all countries of the ancient world - from Egypt to the territories inhabited by the Slavs, for, according to the ancients, Plutarch testifies, “everything came from Crohn and Aphrodite,” that is, from the all-consuming time and the all-conquering love. The ancients considered him also the God of cold and winter - another indication of the polar ancestral home. Some authors directly call Crohn the Hyperborean Deity, the lord of the Pole and the polar countries. It is not for nothing that in some ancient sources the modern water area of the Arctic Ocean was called the Kronid Sea. The Latin equivalent of God Cronus was Saturn.
It is under this name that he is referred to as the Deity of the Slavs in the book of the Arab traveler Al-Massoudi. In the 10th century, even before the introduction of Christianity in Russia, he visited the present Russian territories, traveling through Khazaria and the Volga Bulgaria. In one of the Slavic Temples on the Black Mountain, says Al-Massoudi in the book "Golden Meadows", there was an idol representing Saturn in the form of an old man with a stick in his hands, with which he raked the grave bones of mortals; under the right leg were depicted various kinds of ants, and under the left, crows and other similar birds.
It is clear that the mentioned Slavic Deity of Time and Death had its own name - in the last century, famous European mythologists tried to reconstruct it. With reference to the Czech chronicles, it was believed that his name Sitovrat, consonant with Saturn and meaning the Solstice (or, possibly, the Gates of the Sun). With reference to medieval Latin dictionaries, they considered Crohn, as well as the name of one of the varieties of the falcon - "gyrfalcon". A similar point of view was adhered to by Jacob Grimm, who carried out a thorough linguistic analysis of this theonym. Ultimately, the words with the root "kres" - ("fire") and "krad-krak", including the name of the ancient Polish city of Krakow, are recognized as related to the name Krat (Kron).
On our own behalf, we add, no less consonant with the name Krut and the toponym Crete - the name of the Mediterranean island, the center of the Aegean civilization. For the name Zeus - the overthrower of Kron and other titans - it is also easy to find analogues in Russian. This is the word "yawn", and "call", and the associated single basic verbs "yawn", "call", "yawn". The latter, according to Dahl, in addition to the common sense, also meant: "shout", "yell", "roar". "Zev - roar" - this is, most likely, that semantic "fork", which is reflected in the name of the Olympic Thunderer.
And what information can be found in ancient Russian sources? The largest Russian-Ukrainian historian Nikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov (1817 - 1885) in the monograph "Northern Russian people's rule in the time of the specific veche mode (History of Novgorod, Pskov and Vyatka)" refers to the chronographs of the 16th and 17th centuries, where the already mentioned legend about the beginning of the Russian land is recorded … It tells about the descendants of Yaphet (Yapet) Scythian and Zar-dan, who migrated to the south in the Black Sea region; in turn, their descendants - Sloven and Rus returned to the places of their ancestors' former residence in the North. The name Zar-dan is not recorded anywhere else in Russian sources. It can be interpreted in two ways: first, taking into account the alternation of consonant sounds and by analogy with the concept of Zrvan, meaning Time and directly coming out to its Greek equivalent Chronos-Kron [os]; Secondly,as a proper Russian name, consisting of two Russian roots "zar" (cf.: "dawn") and "dan" (cf.: "given") - in this case Zardan is akin to the name Bogdan. It seems, however, that the difference between the two approaches is conditional if we turn to the theory of the common origin of the world's languages; however, the common basis is likely to be found already in the common Indo-European roots.
In a similar way, the concept and the word "titanium" form a common lexical-semantic nest with the primordial Russian words: "tita" (female breast - "titka"), "aunt", "tyatya" ("tata - father", whence the word "fatherland ») - they all suggest some kind of closely related basis. Concerning Crohn in the Russian chronicles, there is another curious evidence gleaned from the Byzantine chronicles that expounded Hellenic mythology. The Russian Chronograph of the 1512 edition mentions one of the progenitors of mankind - the giant Cronus, named so "after the great star" (that is, the planet Saturn). The Russian chronograph considers Kron to be the grandfather of the great prophet Zoroaster, "a rexhe zorosvezdnik, a glorious Persk stargazer."
It remains to figure out the etymology of the name Iapetus (Iapet) - Japhet (the latter was written in ancient times - Afet, in modern editions - Japheth). It is associated with the name Ipat, a mystically fatal symbol of Russian history: the history of the Romanov dynasty began from the Ipatiev Monastery, and in the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg it ended tragically. The full name for Ipaty is Hypatius, he is Evpatiy, the Old Russian spelling is Eupatius (that was the name of the organizer of resistance to Batu in the Ryazan principality), dating back to the Greek Evpator, which means "noble" (the famous ruler of the Bosporan kingdom Mithridates VI had such a nickname). The Russian name Ipat, based on the Greek primary principle, is also usually translated: "noble", "important".
However, finding a foreign language equivalent is only the first step on the path to finding the truth: the roots of both Greek and Slavic-Russian words certainly go into deeper lexical and semantic layers, especially when it comes to the legendary progenitor of Indo-European and other peoples. It is not unlikely that the name Iapet is a common nickname associated with the ancient Greek verb iapto, the meaning of which is multifaceted: "throw", "throw", "overthrow", "pronounce", "attack", "hit", "rush", " rush "," dance ". Accordingly, Iapetus can be considered both the Overthrower, the Runner, and the Dancer, etc. Among the non-autochthonous newcomers known to ancient authors were the Iapods, who lived at the junction of the Balkan and Apennine Peninsulas, as well as the Iapigs, who eventually settled in Italy, where they arrived from Crete under the leadership of Iapig.son of the legendary master Daedalus and an unknown Cretan woman. What made the Cretans hastily leave the island, the cradle of pre-Hellenic civilization, is not mentioned in history. It is known, however, that Daedalus himself was associated with the North (Arc), which will be discussed below.
Parallels with the Russian language are also seen, although they are hypothetical. So, the well-known Russian word "yabednik" in the past meant "minister" and was written, starting with "Russkaya Pravda" by Yaroslav the Wise, "yabet [s] nickname", rooted, according to most experts, in the Scandinavian languages. Subsequently, but not earlier than the 16th century, the verb “sneak” was formed from the noun “sneak” with the meaning of “inform”, “slander”, and “sneak” turned into “sneak-informer”. Taking into account the interconvertibility of the consonant sounds "b" and "n", we can assume the form "yapetnik", where the lexical basis of "yapet" is found very clearly. In addition, in the mainstream of the Indo-European phonetic transformation, the transformation of "b" into "pf" (or vice versa) is known. The Russian “apple” has a common root and genetic basis with the German Apfel, where “b” = “pf”. Hence it is clear why in the vocalization of the name of Iapetus a variant with the sound "f" instead of "p" is possible. Of course, the consonance of the name-symbol Iapet-Japhet and the Old Russian word "yabet [nickname]" may turn out to be accidental, but in any History - including the history of the language - nothing accidental, by and large, happens.
Thus, many of the Olympic Gods, Hellenic heroes and related plots are painted in "Russian tones". This seemingly paradoxical thesis should be understood not in the sense that the Hellenes descended from the Russians (or vice versa), but in the sense that the prehistory of both has common roots and even a trunk: once there was an undivided Pranopoly with a common language and cults, but later the praethnos split, the places of settlement changed, the languages became isolated. However, traces of the former community have not been erased. This is an indisputable fact, and in the further presentation it will be repeatedly supported by more and more new arguments. Even in the last century, the conclusion about the close relationship of ancient Greek and Russian folk cultures was persistently promoted by the outstanding Slavist and folklorist Peter Alekseevich Bessonov (1827 - 1898), as well as the already mentioned A. D. Chertkov. In addition, a comparative dictionary by A. O. Gottes “The Foundation of Universal Literature and the Origin of the Russian Language” (St. Petersburg, 1844) was published, which received an ambiguous assessment in scientific circles, but clearly demonstrated hundreds of parallels between Russian and ancient Greek languages. Nowadays, many modern researchers have turned to the idea of coincidence of the ancient and indigenous Indo-European cultures with the Russian worldview and traditions. Of greatest interest in this regard are the publications of Y. D. Petukhov (see, for example: By the paths of the Gods. M., 1990; Russian Gods of Olympus // Voice of the Universe. 1996. No5) and V. I. Scherbakov (see: Asgard - the city of the Gods. M., 1991; Centuries of Troyanov. M., 1995).but clearly demonstrating hundreds of parallels between the Russian and ancient Greek languages. Nowadays, many modern researchers have turned to the idea of the coincidence of ancient and indigenous Indo-European cultures with the Russian worldview and traditions. Of greatest interest in this regard are the publications of Y. D. Petukhov (see, for example: By the paths of the Gods. M., 1990; Russian Gods of Olympus // Voice of the Universe. 1996. No5) and V. I. Scherbakov (see: Asgard - the city of the Gods. M., 1991; Centuries of Troyanov. M., 1995).but clearly demonstrating hundreds of parallels between the Russian and ancient Greek languages. Nowadays, many modern researchers have turned to the idea of the coincidence of ancient and indigenous Indo-European cultures with the Russian worldview and traditions. Of greatest interest in this regard are the publications of Y. D. Petukhov (see, for example: By the paths of the Gods. M., 1990; Russian Gods of Olympus // Voice of the Universe. 1996. No5) and V. I. Scherbakov (see: Asgard - the city of the Gods. M., 1991; Centuries of Troyanov. M., 1995). Shcherbakov (see: Asgard - the city of the Gods. M., 1991; Veka Troyanov. M., 1995). Shcherbakov (see: Asgard - the city of the Gods. M., 1991; Veka Troyanov. M., 1995).
Recently, it has become customary to look more closely at the Bible as a historical document. Certainly the Book of Books is. The ancient knowledge of many peoples has been accumulated here. And this is especially true of the background. Let me also take two mysterious biblical phrases from the 6th chapter of Genesis as a starting point for explaining some mysterious phenomena of the prehistoric past. It tells about the times before the Flood, about the sins of men and how the “sons of God” (Erich von Deniken regards them as messengers of other worlds) began to marry the daughters of men, and they began to bear children from them. But I would like to draw attention not to this plot, which seems to be directly related to paleocontacts. In the 6th chapter of Genesis there is a small insert digression,which has nothing to do with either the previous or the subsequent presentation. Just two phrases: "At that time there were giants on earth. These are strong, ancient glorious people" (Genesis 6, 4).
Usually these words are perceived as a tribute to folklore and fairy tales about giants. But, firstly, real history is also reflected in folklore, especially ancient history. Second, why not look at the biblical text itself as historical evidence. Moreover, we have far from an isolated evidence. On the contrary, there is a mass of evidence - as well as noteworthy facts. We will only refer to two. In Russia, the Babylonian historian Berossus is almost unknown (c. 350 - 280 BC). His works (more precisely, the fragments that have come down from them) have never been translated into Russian and are generally considered almost apocryphal. Meanwhile, they are one of the most important sources for ancient history. Berossus himself was a priest-astrologer, but after the capture of Babylon by Alexander the Great and the onset of the "Time of Troubles" he fled to Hellas, learned Greek,then he returned to his homeland and wrote in Greek for the king Antiochus I the history of Babylonia, including prehistoric times, relying on the ancient sources that had already perished then. So Berossus, describing the antediluvian history of the Earth, divides the intelligent beings inhabiting it into three categories: giants, ordinary people and creatures that lived in the sea, who taught people the arts and crafts.
At first the giants were kind and glorious, in the words of the Bible. But gradually they degraded and began to oppress people. “Feeding on human flesh,” writes Berossus, “they expelled the fetuses of women for cooking. Prodigally cohabited with their own mothers, sisters, daughters, boys, animals; they did not respect the Gods and did all sorts of iniquity. " The gods, for their wickedness and malice, darkened their minds, and in the end decided to exterminate the wicked, sending the waters of a flood to the Earth. Everyone died except the righteous Noah [the biblical Noah] and his family. From him and went to a new kind of man.
Berossus described events in the Near and Middle East. But I did not know what was happening in the North, in the Far East, and even more so in America. And about the same thing happened there. In addition to people, there were also humanoid creatures of gigantic growth. At first they were normal "people", but gradually degraded, turning into vicious and bloodthirsty cannibals. Documentary evidence has been preserved about one such person who lived on the territory of Russia already in historical time. It belongs to Ahmed ibn-Faldan, who in 921 - 922. together with the embassy of the Baghdad caliph, he visited the king of the Volga Bulgars, having traveled before that through the Russian possessions. The book that Ibn Faldan wrote is an invaluable source on the history of pre-Christian Russia, but the fragment of interest to us is usually shyly hushed up. And it tells about nothing less than the last giant who lived on the Volga territory. This is what the Arab traveler told about.
While still in Baghdad, he heard from one captive Turk that at the headquarters of the ruler of the Bulgar kingdom one giant was kept in captivity - “a man of extremely huge constitution”. When the embassy arrived on the Volga, Ibn Faldan asked the king to show the giant. Unfortunately, he was killed not so long ago because of his violent and vicious nature. As eyewitnesses said, from one glance of a gigantic creature, children fainted, and pregnant women had miscarriages. The feral giant was caught far in the North, in the country of Visu (as modern historians believe, this is the chronicle all who lived somewhere in the Pechora region. - V. D.), and taken to the capital of the Volga Bulgaria. They kept him outside the city, chained to a huge tree. Here they strangled. Ibn Faldan was shown the remains: “And I saw that his head was like a large tub,and his ribs are like the largest dry fruit-branches of palms, and in the same way the bones of his legs and both of his ulna. I was amazed at this and left. We have before us an important documentary evidence, impartially confirming what is well known from folklore and mythology, as well as from many drawings and sculptures. The archaic layer of ancient mythologies is hidden behind seven seals. And yet it lends itself to semantic reconstruction. Moreover, to substantiate its northern origin, culturological material alone is not enough. Anthropological, geological, climatological and even cosmological facts are also needed.which is well known from folklore and mythology, as well as from many drawings and sculptures. The archaic layer of ancient mythologies is hidden behind seven seals. And yet it lends itself to semantic reconstruction. Moreover, to substantiate its northern origin, culturological material alone is not enough. Anthropological, geological, climatological and even cosmological facts are also needed.which is well known from folklore and mythology, as well as from many drawings and sculptures. The archaic layer of ancient mythologies is hidden behind seven seals. And yet it lends itself to semantic reconstruction. Moreover, to substantiate its northern origin, culturological material alone is not enough. Anthropological, geological, climatological and even cosmological facts are also needed.
The Hyperboreans are descendants of the Titans, witnesses and participants in the Titanomachy. This is directly indicated by ancient authors: "The Hyperboreans were of titanic origin … They grew up from the blood of the former titans." Let us recall that the sea near Hyperborea was called Kronid, after the head of the "party" of titans Kron, the father of Zeus. Yes, and Cronus himself, apart from the late pro-Olympic version of the overthrow to Tartarus, continued to rule on the Isles of the Blessed, not much different from paradise on earth and located again at the latitude of Hyperborea. Life on the Isles of the Blessed, as it was presented and described by ancient authors, almost completely coincides with the descriptions of the life of the Hyperboreans.
Doctor of Philosophy V. N. Demin