This article is entirely devoted to one topic - the influence of cosmic factors on the climate of our planet and, as a consequence, on the course of human history, which, as it turned out, is recorded not only in legends, material of archaeological cultures or the geological annals of the anthropogen, but also in the structure of DNA. storing information about the genealogy of all mankind from the First Ancestor to each of the living. DNA genealogy studies the history of haplogroups - large branches of the family tree of mankind. The present study is an attempt to periodize global climatic events, relying on some chronological coincidences in the relative movements of the Earth, Moon and Sun and paleoclimatic data. It is assumed that the well-known division of the zodiacal circle reflects by no means the mythological ideas of the ancient Greeks about celestial mechanics,and much more ancient knowledge about a completely real alternation of large climatic periods, which are due to the precession of the Earth's axis of rotation and constellations of the orbital planes of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun.
Introduction
The impact of climate change on the course of history has long been a fact. Archaeologists distinguish several ecological periods in the past of mankind, which led both to the flourishing of ancient civilizations during periods of ecological optima, and to their decline during periods of crises, which were often catastrophic in ancient times.
The same can be said about the biological history of man as a species, spanning a period of tens of millennia. Recent advances in DNA genealogy have made it possible, in general terms, to trace the migration of human haplogroups, leading from the ancestor who lived about 70 thousand years ago to the present. At the same time, such concepts as LGM - the maximum of the last glaciation, LGR - the refuge of the period of the last glaciation, and other large climatic subdivisions in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene, incl. periods of major transgressions - "global floods", are often decisive in substantiating the causes of migration.
In this work, an attempt is made to bring into the system the known data on climatic periods and compare them with phylogenetic events on the Y-chromosome tree.
1. The most complete chronicle of the so-called. "Floods" on our planet is captured in the structure of sea slopes in the form of terraces, which are the result of the wave action of the sea. We are experiencing the last "flood" now: after the end of the last glaciation (about 12 thousand years ago), the water level in the World Ocean rose by more than 100 meters.
The penultimate planetary "flood", according to Quaternary geology and related sciences, happened about 25 thousand years ago. In the northern hemisphere, it is marked by a terrace left by the same-age Karginskaya (northern coast of Western Siberia) and Onega (northern Russian Plain) transgressions. This terrace is located at a height of about 25 meters in areas that have not experienced post-glacial dislocations, which means that it was at this height that the sea was splashing all over the world.
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So sea terraces of this level - 25 meters in stable areas of the lithosphere - are a relief form marking a global event of the same age - the rise in the level of the World Ocean about 25 thousand years ago to a height of about 25 meters in relation to the present level.
Figure: 1.
2. In this regard, the most curious object that has undergone wave-breaking erosion is the Great Sphinx in Giza, since it is located just in a stable area, and most importantly, it is a man-made witness of the ancient past. The absolute marks of its heights - from the foot to the crown - are in the range from about 10.5 to 31 meters (Fig. 1). Those. overlap the height of the sea level rise during the Onega (Karginsky) transgression. The first who, in the fifties of the last century, paid attention to the water erosion of the Great Sphinx, was the French scientist, mathematician, philosopher and amateur Egyptologist Schwaller de Lubitz. The Great Sphinx is eroded just to a height of 25 meters - once only its head protruded from the water above the chin, which was therefore almost not destroyed (Fig. 2).
But, as mentioned above, the last time the water rose to this level was about 25 thousand years ago. It turns out that the Great Sphinx, and, consequently, the entire architectural complex of Giza, which makes up a single whole with it, is older than 25 thousand years?
Figure: 2.
3. Of course it is. Because later, such sea level rises were no longer observed. This is due to the fact that in the period after the Onega transgression and before the beginning of the Holocene (about 11,500 years ago), the last phase of the Valdai glaciation took place, when huge masses of water were accumulated in glaciers, which caused a decrease in the world ocean level by more than 100 meters. And only with its end and the melting of glaciers, the sea level gradually returned to its present state, but has not yet reached the level of the Onega transgression.
Of course, for such a bold conclusion, one indispensable condition is necessary - that the erosion observed on the body of the Great Sphinx is undoubtedly water, and not any other.
4. In April 1991, Robert Schoch, a professor at Boston University, a geologist, an expert in the field of weathering of light rocks, was engaged in the study of the sphinx. Investigating the obvious traces of water influence on the body of the sphinx, he put forward an alternative hypothesis, contrary to traditional chronology. In his opinion, the reason for the destruction of the sphinx is the rains of the wet period 7 - 5 millennia BC. However, why the Great Sphinx was not washed out by the same rains (Fig. 3), remained without explanation.
Opponents of Schoch, adhering to the traditional chronology of Ancient Egypt, for example, the famous Egyptologist Mark Lehner, geologist Alex Bordeaux and others, deny the water erosion of the Sphinx and suggest other reasons for the apparent weathering of the body of the Sphinx - acid rain, temperature fluctuations, aeolian (wind) weathering, salt destruction. However, in search of explanations that do not contradict the generally accepted point of view in Egyptology, some authors, in my opinion, are already falling into the other extreme - “alternative” geology, since water erosion is obvious here.
The well-known explanation of Bordeaux regarding the good preservation of the head is no exception. He believes that the limestone massif from which the sphinx was sculpted is heterogeneous and at the base it is presented of a lower quality than the upper part of the rock from which it is made. Therefore, the head is supposedly so well preserved.
However, this is also a weak argument. The upper part of the section of any complex of sedimentary rocks is always composed of less dense and less cemented layers, since the time interval between the formation of the lower and upper layers is many millions of years, during which the underlying layers go through a series of stages of transformation of the sediment into a dense and obviously stronger rock. In addition, his hypothesis is indifferent to the very causes of weathering and is suitable for any, including water erosion.
Despite the fact that Schoch never explained why the head of the Great Sphinx remained relatively intact over the past millennia (Fig. 5), his conclusions in any case refute the generally accepted chronology of the construction of the Giza complex. At the same time, the arguments of his opponents do not look convincing enough.
Figure: 3.
5. The next, very important for this research work, are the archaeoastronomic reconstructions by G. Hancock and R. Buval, presented in their book, published here under the title "The Riddles of the Sphinx or the Keeper of Being" (translated by I. Zotov, "Veche", 2000). In their opinion, the Giza complex is an exact copy of an astronomical event that took place in 10,500 BC. Then the sphinx's gaze (as you know, directed strictly to the east) was turned to its heavenly reflection - the constellation Leo, which rises at the vernal equinox just before sunrise. The constellation Orion, located at the same time strictly in the south (at its climax), was at the same time at the lowest point of its precessional cycle (due to the swaying of the Earth's axis of rotation) and at that time wasa complete likeness of what on Earth is the complex of structures of Giza. At the same time, the position of the three main pyramids (Khufu, Khafre, Menkaura) relative to the Nile exactly copied the position of the three bright stars of the so-called. "Orion's belt" relative to the Milky Way (it is better to read about this in the book itself, which is supplied with a large number of illustrations and detailed explanations).
Starting from this event, the Earth entered a new precessional cycle, the essence and meaning of which is that the Earth moving around the Sun in an elliptical orbit at the "perihelion" - the point of the orbit closest to the Sun - is facing the star with its southern hemisphere (the first half of the precession), then northern (second half-period of precession). Hancock and Bauval did not pay attention to this circumstance, but in vain. Why - more on that below.
The full precessional cycle, called the "big year," the Earth completes in almost 26 thousand years. During this period, the sunrise at the vernal equinox is observed consistently in all constellations that make up the Zodiacal circle. From the constellation Leo to the constellation Aquarius and further - from the constellation Aquarius to its beginning - the constellation Leo, when the "big year" begins anew. The alternation of the zodiacal constellations in relation to the usual - "small" - year, which is 365 days, occurs in the opposite direction, which, in fact, is the essence of precession, translated from Latin as "anticipation".
6. Further, it would be better for me to refer to my colleague, the geologist YL Bastrikov, who writes wonderful geological studies. A quote from one such study, which he called "This rhythmic, rhythmic, rhythmic world …":
7. And the consequences are as follows (another quote from the same study):
A correction should be made here. Archaeoastronomical reconstruction of the beginning of the precession, made by Hancock and Beuval, makes it possible to clarify the starting points of glaciations and interglacials occurring on our planet. Lowest position of the constellation Orion in 10500 BC (12,500 years ago) means that the southern hemisphere in this era - the era of Leo - receives more heat than in any other era. Accordingly, the north is less. Therefore, the maximum glaciation in the northern hemisphere should be expected during this period. And also in periods that are multiples of 26 thousand years (relative to the date 12,500 years ago), during which the full circle of precession is completed - i.e. 38,500 years ago, 64,500 years ago, and so on. Including in the future - in about 13,500 years.
The maxima of interglacials (warm periods) should be shifted by the value of the half-period of the precession (about 13000 years), therefore, they occurred 25500, 51500 years ago. The next one will be in about 500 years.
Of course, here it is necessary to take into account that climatic phenomena of this scale have significant inertia, therefore, the figures given are, in some way, conditional benchmarks against which these events should be predicted.
The exact time of completion of the full precession cycle is slightly less than 26 thousand years. Hancock and Beuval give a figure of 25,920 years, Bastrikov - 25,780 years. However, for general constructions, such accuracy is not needed, and if necessary, you can always make an amendment, which for each cycle will be from 0.3 to 0.9 percent (depending on the actual cycle duration).
This value is very important only for our time, why - more on that below.
8. So, if we compare the theoretical constructions of Bastrikov and the reconstructions of Hancock and Bauval, the causes and timing of the alternation of glaciations and interglacials find a rather convincing explanation. You just need to correlate them with empirical data and see how well they agree with each other.
All in all, this is a rather difficult task. The information we are interested in about the times and ranks of climatic events in the period of interest to us (late Pleistocene - Holocene) is found in many different sources, often contradicting each other, both in terms of classification and in terms of time frames. As an example, we can cite the Mologo-Sheksna interglacial, which by some authors refers to the full-fledged interstadial, by others it narrows to the Bryansk warming, and by others it is generally denied (4, chapter “The main features of nature in the Middle and Late Valdai time).
Fortunately, a number of generalizing works have recently appeared, some of which operate on what can be attributed to relatively objective information that allows us to more reliably compare the stratigraphy of the period of interest to us and, thus, get away from the subjective factor in assessing climatic changes. Such objective evidence includes the ages of the fossil soils of the Russian Plain, correlating with warm intervals, as well as reconstructions of the vegetation cover of the Russian Plain in the Late Pleistocene - Middle Holocene, reflecting climatic changes in general - both warming and cooling, as well as their dating (last work, in addition, there is a part of the dates of the final period of the Pleistocene on the Russian Plain, corresponding to climatic changes of a lower order, which will be discussed below). Also, for comparison, new age data obtained recently for paleosols and lithological horizons of the Kostenki site can be used.
The name and age of the soils and lithological horizon Kostenok (so-called "CI-tephra") from these sources are given below:
Fossil soils in the section of the glacial regions of the Russian Plain are separated by loess layers formed during periods of glaciation and cold snaps. Together they form a kind of soil-loess (experts say - "pedolithogenic") record of past climatic epochs in the sedimentary "diary" of nature. Such a record is free from subjectivity in assessing the time and nature of climatic eras.
9. Climatic changes of a lower order have a much shorter duration and are most detailed for the final Pleistocene and Holocene - a period that began about 12 thousand years ago and continues today. These include:
- cooling of the final Pleistocene - Early Dryas, Middle Dryas, and Late Dryas, separated by warm Bölling and Alleroid intervals;
- Holocene periodization based on the Blitt-Sernander scheme, taking into account only warming - Boreal, Preboreal, Atlantic, Subboreal, Subatlantic;
- the scheme of climatic periods of the Holocene, proposed by the archaeologist G. N. Matyushin, taking into account humidification (associated with cold snaps) and ecological crises (associated with warming). His scheme is based on the history of the rise and fall of the level of the Caspian Sea (transgressions and regressions), captured in terraces of different ages.
In the Holocene (with the exception of the last 3 thousand years) Matyushin identifies five ecological crises and, accordingly, 5 optima. To complete the picture, the modern optimum should be added to its scheme (which, however, with the drying up of the Aral Lake and with the beginning of the modern fall of the Caspian Sea level, can already be considered to have come to an end.) over the past 12 thousand years, warm periods were replaced by cold ones 6 times - on average, about once every 2 thousand years.
10. Further, it is appropriate to cite one more quote from the same etude by Bastrikov:
There will be one more clarification here. There are slight differences in the length of the Petterson-Schnitnikov cycle in many publications on this topic. Shnitnikov himself has such a rigid figure - 1850 years, does not operate, in most cases he speaks of a value of 2000, sometimes 1800-2000 thousand years, or 18-20 centuries. In my opinion, the figure of 2000 years is closer to the truth, since it coincides with the duration of the ecological periods of the Caspian described by Matyushin.
11. As already mentioned, the beginning of the precessional cycle (“New“big year”) is associated with the rise of the zodiacal constellation Leo on the day of the vernal equinox just before the sunrise (heliacal sunrise). At this time, the southern hemisphere at "perihelion" is closest to the Sun. This event marks the time of the maximum cooling in the northern hemisphere. The level of the World Ocean during this period decreases by more than 100 meters due to continental glaciation, which covers not only high latitudes in the northern hemisphere, but also, in mountainous regions, middle latitudes.
In the middle of the precessional cycle, the Earth at "perihelion" is facing the Sun with its northern hemisphere and the maximum development of glaciation, as noted above, should be expected already in the southern hemisphere. However, in this case, there will not be any noticeable decrease in the level of the World Ocean, because in the southern hemisphere, large-scale continental glaciation has nowhere to develop - here the ratio of sea and land (in favor of the sea) is directly opposite to the northern one. What, in fact, we are seeing now.
It should also be added here that an increase in the thickness of the Antarctic ice sheet with the expected decrease in temperature in the southern hemisphere will also not occur. Ice has a certain plasticity and its "gravitational surplus" constantly "flows" into the ocean in the form of icebergs. With a decrease in temperature, only their number will increase.
12. So, taking into account all of the above, we can conclude that the Earth is currently entering its hottest period, since the addition of the maximum warming due to the precessional cycle and the warming due to the Petterson-Schnitnikov cycle. Therefore, in the near future, a further rise in sea level is possible, associated with the melting of glaciers in the northern hemisphere - primarily the Greenland one.
And here we are faced with an amazing fact - in the precessional zodiacal "calendar" the beginning of the era of general flooding is designated as the era of Aquarius!
Such a striking coincidence cannot be accidental - probably, the creators of the Giza complex were well aware not only of the “big year” - the precessional cycle, but also of the Petterson-Schnitnikov cycles. And also the corresponding climatic fluctuations - this is evidenced by the symbolism of the zodiacal circle. So, the time of a slow rise in the level of the World Ocean symbolizes the era of Pisces, preceding the era of Aquarius, during which there will be a maximum rise in the water level in the World Ocean. And after the end of the "flood" arranged by Aquarius, the era of Capricorn will come, which, according to legend, is a kind of horned mammal with a fish tail emerging from the waters.
Actually, the very fact of dividing the ecliptic into 12 parts, indicated by the corresponding constellations, speaks about the same - about the knowledge of the ancient astronomers of climatic cycles.
Required addition. It is generally accepted that the discovery of the precessional cycle was made by the Greeks in the 2nd century BC. However, Herodotus back in the 5th century BC. e. attributed the discovery of the "solar year" (precessional cycle) and the invention of the signs of the zodiac to the Egyptian priests, who, according to Hancock and Beauval, were the heirs of the ancient knowledge possessed by the builders of the pyramids and the Great Sphinx.
13. There is a slight discrepancy between the Petterson-Shnitnikov cycles and the zodiacal division of the ecliptic. The duration of the epochs when dividing the “big year” into 12 parts - 2160 years - will slightly differ from the duration of the Petterson-Schnitnikov cycles established in our time - about 2000 years, which even for one cycle of precession will lead to the accumulation of an error of two millennia.
Meanwhile, the discrepancy will disappear altogether if the ecliptic is divided not into 12, but into 13 parts, as it actually is. After all, the zodiac circle includes just 13 constellations, and not 12, including the constellation Ophiuchus, ignored by astrologers since the time of the ancient Greeks, located between the constellations Scorpio and Sagittarius.
Without going into unnecessary details for this study, I will only clarify that the Greek astronomers “improved” the zodiacal circle at the beginning of our era, “throwing out” Ophiuchus from there. The division scheme in this version has become very "beautiful" - each constellation has received its sector in a round number - 30 degrees, and most importantly, symmetrical - in full accordance with the ancient concepts of the harmony of the surrounding world.
If you return Ophiuchus to the scheme, then, of course, it will no longer be in harmony with ancient Greek ideas, but it will be in harmony with nature. Despite the fact that each sector of the ecliptic in this case will be described by an "inharmonious" number 27.692307 … degrees, and its duration will be 1994 - 1983 years, depending on the accepted duration of the precession cycle.
Naturally, the ancient Greeks have nothing to do with the creation of the “calendar” of the “big year” - the zodiacal circle (precessional cycle). Otherwise, they would have left the "month" of Ophiuchus in it.
14. The above data, as well as considerations about their relationships, are summarized in table 1.
On the right in the table is the climatic-lithological column, which includes data on the age of fossil soils and tephra CI Kostenok. The boundaries between glaciations and interglacials (interstadials) in it are largely conditional, taking into account the multiple cooling-warming within each stage. We can confidently speak only about temperature maximums and temperature minimums within each cycle. Nevertheless, in accordance with these data, the cooling, known on the territory of the Russian Plain as Lejasciemskoe (Mikhalinovskoe), also known as Konoschelskoe in Western Siberia, should have a glaciation rank - the same as the simultaneous Cherritri stage in North America.
In the upper part of the column, there are two stratigraphic scales for the Holocene and the final Pleistocene, representing climatic fluctuations of a lower rank. They are also due to cosmic factors - the constellations of the Earth and the Moon, leading to humidification of the atmosphere and a rise in the water level in inland waters. The first scale (on the right) corresponds to warming and, as a consequence, the onset of environmental crises in the southern latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The second - cold snaps and associated humidification of the Holocene (HC).
The left side of the table includes the timeline, the precession curve for a period of more than 80 thousand years with the Petterson-Schnitnikov cycles superimposed on it, as well as the names of these cycles by ancient astronomers, that is, the full zodiacal circle, including the constellation Ophiuchus.
Figure: 4.
Table. Correlations of climatic events.
15. And, finally, in the center, for the sake of which this information was combined - the data of T. Karafet et al. On the age of the main clades of the refined and revised in 2008 the Phylogenetic tree of the Y-chromosome. These data are ideal for comparison with the main climatic events in the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene, since they cover a period of 70 millennia and reflect only what is required here - the key events of phylogeny.
The age of the main clades (the lifetime of a common ancestor) according to the results of this study is:
- - ST - 70,000
- - CF - 68,900 (64,600 - 69,900)
- - DE - 65,000 (59,100 - 68,300)
- - E - 52,500 (44,600 - 58,900)
- - E1b1 - 47,500 (39,300 - 54,700)
- - F - 48,000 (38,700 - 55,700)
- - IJ - 38,500 (30,500 - 46,200)
- - I - 22,200 (15,300 - 30,000)
- - K - 47,400 (40,000 - 53,900)
- - P - 34,000 (26,600 - 41,400)
- - R - 26,800 (19,900 - 34,300)
- - R1 - 18,500 (12,500 - 25,700)
In addition, the scheme uses the age R1a1 - 12,200 years, obtained by A. Klyosov for the most ancient Balkan branch of this haplogroup. This means that her celestial "birthplace" is the constellation Leo, which marks the maximum of the last glaciation in the northern hemisphere.
16. As can be seen from the table, the main phylogenetic events clearly correlate with the peak events on the precession curve reflecting global climate shocks that occurred in the distant past.
Thus, the common ancestor of the clade DE, IJ, and R1a1 lived in the epochs of the maximums of the last three glaciations that took place in the northern hemisphere. After the end of the glaciations, which were "bottlenecks" for most branches of the Phylogenetic tree, these combined haplogroups formed clades, which, in a first approximation, can be divided into western ones - E and I, and eastern D and J. As for R1a1, this young haplogroup after the end of the last glaciation spread widely throughout Europe and Asia, and the identification of its territorially isolated branches is a matter of study.
In the intervals between glaciations, as follows from the diagram, intensive clad formation takes place in connection with the expansion of habitable space. In the equatorial zone, the climate as a whole drifts towards the optimum, in the middle latitudes - towards warming. During these intervals, many new, geographically determined branches are formed that make up the crown of the modern Y-chromosome tree. In total, more than three hundred haplogroups (including subclades) have now been identified.
On the other hand, for the insular part of the southern ecumene, the time of maximum glaciation is the most favorable for human settlement - due to a significant, over 100 meters, drop in sea level. This primarily applies to Australia, Oceania, New Zealand, and the Indonesian archipelago. Haplogroups C and M are specific for these islands. The time of their formation is not found in later works, but based on their position on the Y-chromosome tree, it can be assumed that their age coincides with the maximum of the first phase of the Valdai © and the maximum of the Lejasciemsky (M) glaciation., i.e. approximately 65,000 and 39,000 years, respectively - see table.
17. Lower-order cycles are also applicable to clarify the phylogeny and history of distribution of haplogroups.
Thus, during the Atlantic warming (the maximum warming was 5,500 years ago), the 4th (according to Matyushin) Holocene ecological crisis took place in southern Europe, which, on the contrary, was the climatic optimum for the middle and northern latitudes of the Russian Plain and Europe as a whole. North taiga forests at this time were widespread up to the northern coast of the Russian Plain. In the south, where there is now a steppe, "forest-steppe cenoses with areas of meadow and forb-grass steppe plant associations were widespread." In the central and northern regions of the Russian Plain, the average annual temperatures exceeded the modern ones by 1-2 degrees and remained close to the modern ones in the south of Russia (ibid.).
This is the time of the Volosov culture, which by the end of the Atlantic spread almost throughout the entire territory of the Russian Plain. According to the age of the haplotypes of the modern population of Russia, the haplogroup R1a1 correlates with it (Klyosov A., 16).
Then there was the period of the 3rd humidification of the Holocene (UH) and the corresponding cooling, which meant some stabilization in the distribution of cultures, and for a part of the haplogroups that spread to the north - the passage of the "bottleneck". This period was replaced by another warming - Subboreal, which corresponds to the 5th ecological crisis according to Matyushin. At this time, representatives of the Fatyanovo culture invaded the territory of the Russian Plain from the southwest, who in the Balkans, due to the drying out of the climate, had nowhere to graze their livestock. Anthropologists attribute Fatyanovtsev to the Mediterranean type, which is remarkably consistent with both the geographical distribution and the age of the so-called. “Young” Slavic branch I2a (A. Klyosov, 17).
The same period for the southern territories of the Urals (where by that time the R1a1 Aryans of Sintashta already lived in the "country of cities") also meant the onset of the next - 5 ecological crisis, which drove the Sintashti people from their homes and sent them to invade India. Probably here, on the eastern periphery of the R1a1 range, from the I2a push in the west, the domino principle worked, which ensured the monogaplogroupity of the Aryans who came to India. It seems that they had enough time to avoid the friendly embrace of the future brotherly haplogroup.
However, the unification was most likely peaceful, due to the unity of Tradition and language, for which there is sufficient evidence (for example, finds at the sites of the Lepensky Vir), which are not considered here. And, besides, the probable absence of a fatal intersection of economic interests. The fact is that due to the moisture on the Russian Plain, the territory, suitable both for hunting and fishing of the aborigines, and for livestock breeding of aliens, increased. The landscape diversity has also increased, providing additional opportunities for the development of both. But this is a topic for another study.
So we see that the change of eras is an absolutely objective natural phenomenon. And it always sets in motion not some separate people, which suddenly began for no reason or no reason to experience an insurmountable passionary itch, but the entire patchwork tissue of the population, intertwined with many mutual connections and transitions from one to another. Since the cosmic cycles are decisive for the climate and in relation to the terrestrial ones have the highest stability, this precessional curve with the Petterson-Schnitnikov cycles superimposed on it can be used as a reference both for the chronology of the Lower Pleistocene - Holocene in geology, and the Paleolithic - Neolithic in archeology. …
18. Within the framework of this study, it inevitably arises the need to illuminate the issue concerning the antiquity of the Great Sphinx.
Based on geological data, we can confidently say only that he, firstly, is older than 25 thousand years and - most likely - younger than 50 thousand years, and secondly. The upper age limit was mentioned above - later 25 thousand years ago the sea did not rise above the current level, therefore, the observed water erosion took place just then. This means that by that time the Great Sphinx already existed.
As for the "second," this can be argued, though not so confidently, but, nevertheless, other options are practically excluded (unless, of course, the sphinx was renewed after that date). The fact is that the surface of the sphinx bears the traces of only one transgression. This is evidenced by the uniformity of denudation (destruction) along the entire height. Another transgression would form its own level of denudation and the corresponding step, which is not observed on the body of the sphinx.
By the way, the uniformity of denudation means smoothness, i.e. not the catastrophic nature of the previous "flood" - the Onega transgression. Therefore, the coming transgression should also not have the character of a sudden disaster.
19. The coming warming, according to the climate curve, will not be a repeat of what happened in the previous Holocene warming. Because, as mentioned above, in the next 500 years, there will be a coincidence of "large" and "small" warming - caused by the precessional cycle and the Petterson-Schnitnikov cycle, respectively. This happens only once every 26 thousand years. The scale of the future "flood" can be judged by the example of the same Onega transgression. But, strictly speaking, the cost of the issue may turn out to be even greater due to anthropogenic pressure on the natural environment, which is now widely discussed at the international level.
There is a constant and extremely active heat exchange between the northern and southern hemispheres, which are always located at different poles of the "big" climatic cycle. Warm and cold ocean currents, movements of air masses carrying huge flows of evaporated moisture are the main agents of this heat transfer. And therefore, significant warming in the northern hemisphere cannot but affect the southern hemisphere. And if the melting of the northern Greenland ice sheet (which is most likely inevitable) will raise the sea level by only 7 meters, then the southern Antarctic glaciers can add about 60 meters to them! This is in the event that they completely melt.
But that is not all. The redistribution of huge masses of water will inevitably cause vertical compensation movements in the lithosphere, which will lead to earthquakes and intensification of volcanic activity in active regions. So, at the height of the Subboreal warming 3600 years ago, a catastrophic eruption of the Santorini volcano occurred, which destroyed the Minoan civilization. At the beginning of the recent warming about 2,000 years ago (sub-Atlantic), the eruption of Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii, and these were not such large-scale warming, unlike what awaits us.
Naturally, the greater the flood, the stronger the volcanic activity.
20. The Earth reacts to all phenomena occurring on its surface according to the principle of compensation. This applies not only to warming, but also to cold snaps. The buildup of huge ice masses during glaciations in the northern hemisphere leads to a decrease in albedo and, as a consequence, to an even greater decrease in temperature and an even greater glaciation. This, in turn, ends with the same compensatory lithospheric dislocations, the intensification of volcanic activity and the fallout of large masses of volcanic ash, mainly in the regions of glaciation. What further leads, on the contrary, to an increase in albedo and intense melting of glaciers with the beginning of the next Petterson-Shnitnikov warming cycle. True, this scenario is only waiting for us in 13,000 years.
In the meantime, the main cause for concern will be the rise in the level of the World Ocean with all the consequences arising from the melting ice - the reduction of coastal territories, the precipitation of forest-steppes, the desertification of the steppes, and the intensification of volcanic activity. And - as a consequence - the movements of huge masses of the population, social (at least) shocks and - probably the most dangerous - epidemics.
However, modern technologies and power supply of mankind, perhaps, will give us a chance to survive these problems without global shocks?
Author: V. P. YURKOVETS