Continuation. The beginning of the article is here.
As well as on the territory of Western Europe, on the territory of Ukraine the ramparts are not one, but several lines running parallel to each other, located at some distance from each other, and passing through the whole of Ukraine from west to east. This is the western section of the Ukrainian ramparts:
Zmievy shafts of the middle Dnieper.
And the eastern section (Pay attention to the number of stars? About them will be discussed further):
Ukrainian line Ukrainian line on the battle map of 1736, compiled in 1745
All the shafts passing through the territory of Ukraine and Russia, I collected on this map:
Map of Russia with lines of ramparts applied to it.
And with the titles:
Promotional video:
Fortification lines.
More details:
Belgorodskaya Zasechnaya (protective) Trait.
Tula or Big Zasechnaya Line.
Ishimskaya, Omskaya, Presno-Gorkovskaya and Irtyshskaya lines.
Consisting of the Selenginskaya and Nerchinskaya lines.
This line practically joins with the Genghis Khan shaft in the Zabaikalsk region. Zabaikalsk is not shown in this diagram, but it is probably the Abakhaytuevsky redoubt, judging by the landmarks: Lake Dalai-Nor (now called Dalainur) and the Argun and Hailar rivers. And this is the Genghis Khan shaft:
Genghis Khan's Val.
The shaft on the map is shown with a green line.
The highest density of shafts falls on the European part of Russia. There, as well as on the territory of Ukraine, they go in several parallel lines. Behind the Urals, there is practically one line, interrupted in the Sayan Mountains. But, perhaps, the largest density of fortified lines falls on the Caucasus. Sten's Chinese "spaghetti" are relaxing compared to Caucasian "spaghetti".
Fragment of the map of the border fortified lines of Russia in the 18-19 centuries.
3 - Dnieper (New Ukrainian) line of 1770
4 - Tsaritsinskaya watch line 1718-1723.
5 - Black Sea (coastal) line 1837-1839.
6 - Black Sea (cordon) line 1792
7 - Kuban line 1794
8 - Azov-Mozdok line 1777-1780
9 - Mozdokskaya line 1763
10 - Sunzhenskaya line 1817
11 - Lezginskaya line 1830
12 - Labinskaya line 1840
13 - Urupskaya line 1850
14 - Belorechenskaya line 1860
And somewhere else there is the Great Caucasian Wall, presumably built by Alexander the Great. And an interesting point: it was built in order to protect the peoples living at that time in the Caucasus from the northern wild nomads - terrible and terrible gogs and magogs (more about this here). And now only a few centuries have passed, and already these "terrible and terrible" are building numerous defensive fortifications to protect themselves from attackers from the south ….
There is one clear tendency in the construction of this gigantic Eurasian Wall: if on the territory of Europe the timing of its construction is determined as the 1st century AD. for the westernmost point (the shafts of Antoninus and Andrian), and then the 3rd century AD. for the German line (Upper German-Retyan limes), 4th century - for Slovenian, 14th century - for Poland (Silesian Ramparts, Romania, Moldavia, Western Ukraine (Trajanovy Ramparts) - what a noticeable jump in 1000 years at once! True, they are out of this trend The Serpent Shafts, which were supposedly built between the 2nd century BC and the 7th century AD (according to carbon dating). And then, on the territory of Russia, the shafts are rapidly growing younger until the 17th century. They reach the peak of their youth (18th century) somewhere in the region of the Urals and Siberia, and then again begin to grow old, approaching China. So the Genghis Khan shaft was built in the 10-11th centuries (according to the official version), and the Great Wall of China began to be built in the 1st century BC. and was built for 2000 years. True, the most active peak of construction fell on the same 17th century, to which most of the Russian Great Walls belong. Read more about the Chinese Wall here.
All these shafts look about the same in our time, despite the difference in age.
Val Antonina, 1st century AD
Val Trajan, 14th century A. D.
Zmievy Shafts near the village of Ivankovichi in the Kiev region, 2nd century BC - 7th century AD
Serpent's shafts.
On the territory of Russia, defensive ramparts are called notch lines (built in the 13-17 centuries) and fortified lines (built in the 18th century).
Belgorod line, mid-17th century.
Zakamskaya line, 1736.
Zavolzhsky shaft.
The famous Zavolzhsky shaft is part of the Zakamsky defensive line of the 18th century.
Simbirsk notch line, 1648.
Tsaritsinskaya watch line, 1718-1723
Genghis Khan Val, presumably 10-11 century.
It is not clear, however, why he called Genghis Khan the shaft, because according to the official version, the shaft was built by the Mongolian Khitan empire Liao, which existed from 907 to 1125. And Genghis Khan, according to the same official version, was just born in 1155 or 1162.
Next comes the Great Wall of China, the construction of which, according to the official version, began in the 1st century BC.
And this is how it looks today:
But these are restored sites. And not restored ones look like this:
Read more about the Great Wall of China here.
The designation of the Great Eurasian Wall, stretching across the entire continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, is, according to the official version, defensive. But the direction of the attacks and the ethnic composition of the attackers and defenders differ. If on the Western section of this Wall, passing through the territory of Western Europe, on the south side were the defending Romans, and not on the north - the attacking Germanic tribes - Vandals (Wendels) and barbarians (Barbaras), then already on the territory of Ukraine the situation changes 180 degrees: the attackers are on the south side, and the defenders are on the north. On the territory of Ukraine, the attackers were Crimean Tatars, and on the territory of Russia - Tatar-Mongols (according to the official version). Starting from the Genghis Khan rampart, the attackers and defenders change places again. They are defending themselves again from the south (presumably the Khitan people (Chinese)), from the attackers from the north:of the Ugu, Yujue, Shiwei and Sev tribes. Zubu (Mongol tribes). In fact, some nomadic Mongols defended themselves against other nomadic Mongols, perhaps more savage?
Along all Zapichnye Lines and Fortified Lines, at certain intervals, approximately 20-30 versts from one another, fortresses or redoubts were located. Some of them have survived to this day. Rather, their remains have been preserved. The most preserved fortresses of the Ukrainian line. Some of them:
Oryol fortress of the Ukrainian line, 1731 Located on the right bank of the river. Berestova.
Paraskevskaya fortress of the Ukrainian line, 1731 Floodplain r. Berestova.
Efremov fortress of the Ukrainian line, 1731
Located at the source of the river. Orel. The original name is Troitskaya (Tronchatskaya, Tronchatsky Buerak).
Mikhailovskaya fortress of the Ukrainian line, 1731
Located in the interfluve of the Bereka and its tributary. The original name is Kiselny (Kisel, Kizel).
Slobodskaya fortress of the Ukrainian line, 1731
Located on the left bank of the river. Bereki. The original name is Lozovaya.
Tambov fortress of the Ukrainian line, 1731. The original name is Buzovaya (Busovaya).
Petrovskaya fortress of the Ukrainian line, 1731 (Petrovskoe village, Krepostnaya street).
Alekseevskaya fortress of the Ukrainian line, 1731, the source of the river. Bereki.
The original name is Beretskaya (Beretskaya).
One gets the impression that the fortresses were built like a blueprint. As if the 3D printer was working. A typical 18th century building? And I thought that it only began in the 60s of the 20th century.
Further east:
Fortress Grachevskaya, Tsaritsinskaya watch line, 1720 to 1776
The picture, by the way, is old and therefore already unique. In the sense that at present there are almost no traces of this fortress, only two corners remain. There's something built on this spot:
Fortress of St. Anna, Tsaritsinskaya line, 1730
Fortress settlement Krasny Yar, New Zakamskaya line 1732
By the way, the Zavolzhsky shaft runs very close here. He practically rests against the fortress-star:
Krasnoyarsk Fortress and Zavolzhsky Val.
The fortress and the rampart are shown with red arrows.
Pokrovskaya fortress of the Ishim line, 1752-1755
I did not find any more surviving stars. Although I think there were hundreds, if not thousands. And everything was built in an extremely short time. For example, the Ukrainian line began to be built in 1730, and in 1731 268 versts of this line with 16 fortresses and 142 redoubts were already ready !!!
Interestingly, someone considered the amount of work and labor costs, given that all this had to be built with shovels ??? And pay attention to the quality of construction, which can still be seen even after almost 300 years. I wonder what our buildings will look like in 300 years, built mainly of reinforced concrete, the service life of which (for housing construction) is 50 years (I'm not talking about expediency, but about quality)?
Blueprints for some of the surviving fortresses:
Omsk fortress (some buildings are still preserved).
Semipalatinsk fortress, intersection of the Irtysh and New Siberian lines, 1745
I drew attention to another tendency of this huge Eurasian Wall: as its sections get younger, their preservation decreases. Those. the most preserved were the most ancient sites in England and China, and the youngest in the Urals and Siberia were the most destroyed.
Continued: Part 3
Author: i_mar_a
