So were there ovens in Russia? And the beds? And the axes and scythes? AND? Who is right? Westerners who claim that everything in Russia has been imported since ancient times, nothing of their own, or those who say that everything, they say, came from us, from the Slavs?
I have produced enough readers in the first two parts of this never-ending saga. If the first part was just a hook, an attempt to interest, the second introduced the position of academic science and history, the same should cause cognitive dissonance in the reader. These are the plans, not a lot, not a little. And you can draw your own conclusions!
But I just need to continue what did not fit into the second part, namely: what is “hut” from the point of view of historians. Forgive me this educational program, but it is really important.
Izba
I will first cite a part of Igor Grek's research, so as not to repeat myself once again:
The ancient Slavic dwelling, initially and for many centuries, was a dugout with one room. Then, according to archaeological data, the type of dugout hut is replaced by a semi-dugout protruding from the ground.
Promotional video:
But even at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, dugouts and semi-dugouts were widely used in the Russian Empire, for example, as a temporary dwelling. Peasants who worked on the construction of railways lived in such turf-covered semi-dugouts.
In the Vyatka Territory they remembered that "business is time - and fun is an hour."
There is nothing more permanent than temporary. For example, the date of foundation of the village of Kainsk-Tomsky, as the city of Barabinsk was then called, is considered July 20, 1893, when the first workers appeared here on the construction of a railway track. But at the beginning of the twentieth century. the city (!) of Barabinsk had only a few dozen houses and 300-400 dugouts [Source]
The dictionaries also confirm that the word "hut" originally meant a dugout, since there is a connection between the hut and the cellar-basement and the dam. If in the northern dialects "hut" still means a house that has already "grown out of the ground", then in the southern versions of the przba - a zavalinka, and in the Bulgarian hut - a basement:
Izba - wives. (furnace, source, istba, hut, peasant house, hut; residential wooden house; black or smoked hut, in which there is a stove without a chimney. White hut, or a white hut, in which there is a stove with a chimney and therefore there is no soot. Red hut, with a red, that is, a large or binding window, not with only drag. (Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. VI Dal. 1863-1866.) [Source]
Prizba and prizbitsa women., Zap. part of the hut, separated by a canopy, a rest room, a small room, an izobka; psk. we will attach a cage | south. rubble, rubble, broken powder around the hut, for warmth and for sitting. The old people are sitting on the ground outside the gate, resting. Prizbyanoy, related to the prize (Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. V. I. Dal. 1863-1866.) [Source]
Prizba - w. local the same as Zavalinka Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000 … Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova [Source]
Prize - in Ukrainian "zavalinka".
Izba - in Bulgarian "basement, cellar" [Source]
It is interesting that the word "dugout" is suspiciously similar to the Turkish zeminlik - dugout, from the word zemin - land.
In the Encyclopedias we read:
There were no floors! There were no doors! There was nothing! It didn't even make sense.
Now let's get serious.
Olearius, how could you?
In 1635, as we all remember well, Adam Olearius, the real name of Olschlegel, went to Muscovy for the second time as part of the embassy from the Schleswig-Holstein Duke Frederick III to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.
Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.
Olearius made drawings from life during his travels. You are probably already familiar with many of them. So let's drop everything else for now and turn our attention to the buildings. In their appearance. I remind you, the beginning of the 17th century!
Pipes … And it doesn't even matter what kind of pipes there are, wood, clay or brick. Pipes!
How do you like the hut? They should be "dug up to a third in the ground" and appear in this form in the 18th century. Disorder!
It's a pity, oh, what a pity that Olearius did not bother to read the article When everything appeared in Russia, or at least read a school history textbook. Then he would have known that he could not see this, he could not draw!
You can already stop at this one picture, because everything is very clear.
But what if this is just an isolated case? Maybe this is an image of a European city and not a bast shoe Russian village where everyone is crawling on all fours in the mud on dugouts? Let's see some more.
Adam Olearius * Tver *.
Adam Olearius * Torzhok *.
Tver, Torzhok … don't you notice anything?
Velikiy Novgorod. Small? Can not see? Not legible? Not convincing? Images are enlarged when pressed. Take a closer look.
Let's take a closer look.
Are these not chimneys? There can be no doubts, these are not decorative elements, not crosses, not hemp - these are the very, dear ones!
Adam Olearius * Nizhny Novgorod *.
Pipes and in Nizhny Novgorod. And no dugouts for you.
Let's see more pictures:
This Olearius is just mocking, not otherwise. And after all, all these sketches of him are not hidden and are recognized by historians. At the same time, you can find works in which it is written about the fact that stoves were heated in Russia in a black way and only in the nineteenth century they began to lay stoves with pipes everywhere, and at the same time such drawings from Olearius' journey will be attached to the article. How is this even possible? Paradox! And the stove pipes and clothes are intricate, not animal skins, on the legs are boots, and not bast shoes made of bark. And boards and coffins, and crosses and obviously stone temples. And how is this possible if there is no iron? What kind of thread to make, to make a machine for matter? Ax, shovel, nails for the sole of the same boot, where can I get it?
Adam Olearius * Veliky Novgorod *.
Adam Oleariy * Moscow *.
According to historians, the Muscovites lived almost in dugouts and had no metals except for the poor fragile bog iron. Did you build such a temple with a digging stick? Or, as always, visiting Italian craftsmen have built everything? Do you smell where all this fable about foreign architects and engineers comes from? Where does the wind blow from? Yes, it could not be otherwise! In Russia, supposedly, there was nothing!
And here - everything is there! Chimneys, tall buildings. The temples are as modern and if there are bricks under plaster, I won’t be surprised.
Have you noticed that the temple has two entrances? I am ready to assert that there are entrances from all sides. To all four directions of the world and no altarpieces or thrones for you - I'm sure! But what about the cross? Whose temple is this then? AND?
Here again is the pipe in the distance, and here, right in the middle, there is a large window.
Not the low vaulted ceilings of the chambers, but downright nineteenth-century palaces! How was it heated? What is in the windows if there was no glass?
And the windows are not just holes in the wall. Frames, shutters. One window is open, the other two are closed. That is, there are hinges, but their whole appearance is a modern window!
Did you pay attention to the height of the door? There, in the doorway, two people stand as if on purpose so that there are no questions. But this is not about that now. Whoever needs it understood what I mean. Nice dugout!
How do you like this drawing, where, in addition to the chimneys on the left, on the right, we can see a part of some antique building, eh? I do not presume to judge unequivocally, but perhaps it is just a branch of a tree, or it is possible that this building, an arch, has long been destroyed. Who knows …
The cognitive dissonance
Cognitive dissonance is a state of mental discomfort of an individual caused by a clash in his mind of conflicting representations: ideas, beliefs, values or emotional reactions.
How? Don't you feel it yet? Well, right, our people are strong, they have not seen so much. Move on.
Deeply dear to me, Igor Grek, in his article History of the Spit in Russia, tried to understand how it was possible in ancient times to procure feed for livestock in the absence of a scythe? After all, it turns out that braids, like stoves with a chimney, were not known in Russia for a long time! It seemed to be a sickle, and the scythe began to be used only at the end of the eighteenth century. And how to prepare such a large amount of hay for the winter, working with sickles alone? And how did it happen that in Europe the scythe has been used for hundreds of years, but not in Russia? Paradox?!
So let's take a quick look at what's up with the braids.
On May 11, 1721, Peter I issued a decree "On sending peasants to various grain-growing places to teach local inhabitants to remove bread from the field with scythes" [Source]. The advantages of the scythe were described in the decree as follows:
The scythe-rack appeared en masse in the Russian Empire only in the 1880s from the Lithuanian plant of Possel
And everything, as always, slender, rank rank. The reasons, consequences, testimonies of witnesses, and even in textbooks and encyclopedias are spelled out. Why doubt?
But … oh, how inconvenient! Olearius messed things up again!
Well, and again the chimneys are climbing, so their rastak! And even braids? There is no iron, where do the braids come from?
This is Cheremis. On the picture of Olearius it is indicated "Meadow cheremis". Kazan is indicated at the top of the map.
So they perfectly mow themselves with a scythe, which was not there, sweep it into haystacks and go home to bask in the pipe by the stove, which also did not exist. Savages! One word - barbarians - would read textbooks, they would not behave like that, but would tear the grass with their hands and sleep in a dugout, as expected!
It is known that in Russian cities already in the X century, artisans forged swords, which, in the opinion of contemporaries, were not inferior to either Frankish or Arab swords. And not only swords - Ibn Rust calls the chain mail of the Slavs beautiful, and the French poem "Renault de Montaban" tells how the title character buys "magnificent chain mail from Russia" as a result of which he gains the glory of the invincible among the soldiers of Emperor Charles.
Still to write about the bed, no?
Well, there are pipes, which means that there is a normal stove, and everywhere, why is there a bed in the hut? A bed on legs, as you rightly noted in the comments, is needed so that it does not blow from the floor, parasites do not bother with rats. These are all theirs in Europe, but in Mother Russia, why? Rich "sleep culture". And heaps, and couches, and so on. Sleep as your heart desires!
What was in the palaces? And I don't know what they show us there. What are these Soviet lorries and medical stretchers in the tsar's bedchamber? After all, how can historians be believed? They apparently stole everything corny.
After all, there are also museums where everything is rich. Carving, gold.
The bedchamber of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (1629 - 1676)
The bedchamber of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (1629 - 1676).
All this, too, must be taken with a certain degree of irony, the modern bed. Oak, gold brocade, cushions like yesterday from the store. A splint for onlookers, it's understandable, but still.
Changing of the climate
Although this is already superfluous, the article turns out to be protracted, but this question must also be raised quickly.
Readers immediately began to point out that the climate, they say, was different. That in castles and palaces there was no place for stoves. That in the same Petersburg there are palaces with large windows - that this is possible only in a warm climate, etc. etc.
Yes, I know all this, but palaces are not an indicator. And here's why: I will refer again to Custine, who wrote that the palaces stand empty all year round, and wolves roam around them, literally. And only in a few months of the short Petersburg summer they really live there, balls are arranged, flower beds are broken, and so on.
In total, these palaces, built in the European style, where a completely different climate, were rarely used as summer cottages, let's say. Of course, no stoves were envisaged there. And that's why the windows are large and the whole architecture is like that.
Even in the winter palace rebuilt after the fire, many rooms were boarded up, mold, damp, and hordes of bedbugs.
Nobody lived in them. Pontus, sorry, window dressing. And Custine is a witness to that.
But it is impossible to dismiss the version of climate change in the past, moreover, repeated one. Only this is a completely different story.
Parting words
So, here's another reality for you: there is a stove, and a bed, and a braid, and whatever you want, and the issue with the palaces has been resolved.
But maybe Olearius went to some other Muscovy, eh? Or was there no Olearius, and all this was the machinations of enemies? Or the oversight of those who rewrote history for us?
It's up to you, draw conclusions for yourself. I understand that this third part will irritate some readers, apparently, this is normal.
Author: Sil2