1494 summer was born to the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Bayazed the Saint to the youngest son, Shahzade Selim, the grandson of Suleiman from Aishe Haws - the daughter of the Crimean Khan, Princess Mengri Girey. Bayazed gave preference to the throne succession to his eldest son Ahmed. According to the laws of that time, upon accession to the throne, the new sultan executed all his brothers and nephews to avoid a struggle for power. Selim marched against his father with an army and was defeated. After the defeat, he fled to Kafa to his young son Suleiman. See 1511 summer.
Kiev, after the devastation of Batu in 1240 and a series of subsequent attacks by nomads, fell into decay, which is why the primate of the Russian Church, Metropolitan Maxim, left it. The city ceased to be the center of spiritual life, and the Orthodox people of Kiev in the Mongol period lived very uneasy. This was a difficult time for Russians, and representatives of the Jewish community took advantage of it. It is known that the Kiev Jews were tax collectors and were among the wealthy people, therefore they had the opportunity to engage in science and politics. It was from this scholarly milieu in 1470 that the chief heresiarch of the Russian Middle Ages, the Jew Skhariya, who was known in the Jewish environment as Zechariah ben Aaron ha-Kogen, and as an expert on the Torah, and at the same time was fond of astrology and sorcery, left Kiev for Novgorod, therefore the heresy of the Judaizers included dissimilar elements,the predominant of which was Judaism, which completely contradicted Judaism. After Novgorod, heresy penetrated into Moscow, thus, in the two largest cities of Russia, two heretical centers were formed, why this heresy is called Novgorod-Moscow. The first of the adherents, the priests Alexei and Denis were transferred to Moscow, Alexei was appointed Archpriest of the Assumption Cathedral, Denis - the priest of the Archangel Cathedral in the Kremlin.
1501 summer. Military operations begin along the Russian-Swedish border.
In January 1502, Ivan III sent an army to Kazan, which restored the power of Muhammad-Emin, overthrown by Khan Abdul-Latyf. And to his ally, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, the Moscow prince explained the reasons that made him change the rulers in Kazan: “And he (Abdul-Latyf) gave us an oath, in the same way, he lied to us in everything and started to do everything not because (as he swore). And people, both Russians and besermens (tribute collectors), taught the great power to prepare and taught the whole land of Kazan to be enemies. For it was no longer possible to endure dashingly from him"
1502 summer. The Livonians are trying to take Ivangorod by surprise, but were repulsed.
1503 summer. A Russian-Livonian armistice was signed for a period of 6 years.
At the Moscow and Novgorod cathedrals of 1488 and the Moscow cathedral of 1490, the heretics were condemned, but their positions were shaken weakly by the decisions of the councils. Only the tireless activity of Joseph Volotskiy brought results, Metropolitan Zosima was removed from the pulpit. The Council of 1504 passed a harsh sentence, according to which the head of the foreign policy department Ivan Volk Kuritsyn, Mitya Konoplev and Ivan Maksimov were burned at the end of December 1504. In the same winter, they burned Archimandrite of the Yuryev Monastery Cassian, his brother Ivan Samocherny, Gridya Kvashnya, Mitya Pustoselov and others, Nekras Rukavov's tongue was cut off, other heretics were imprisoned in different monasteries.
Promotional video:
The daughter-in-law of Ivan III, Elena Stefanovna, who fell under the influence of the Judaizers, together with her son - the proclaimed heir to the throne, Dmitry Ivanovich's grandson, was removed from power.
The heretics, "who were on the verge of getting their grand duke," and, accordingly, to gain a foothold at the highest level, were defeated.
1505 summer. Vasily III Ioannovich (1505-1533 years old) annexes Pskov, Smolensk and the Ryazan principality. War with Lithuania.
4 September. The sixteen-year-old daughter of the nobleman Yuri Konstantinovich - Solomonia Saburova becomes the wife of Vasily III Ivanovich. A month and a half later, Vasily's father, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III, died, and at the age of 26, Vasily III ascends to the grand-ducal table.
1509 summer. The possibility of interrupting the peace treaty and the beginning of hostilities forced the reconstruction of the Ivangorod fortress, when even on the walls of the fortress in front of the towers, traps were set up - wells, blocked in peacetime by drawbridges. This made it possible to separate the tower from the wall if enemy wars penetrated there.
1510 l. From Moscow to Pskov sent 1,000 "government beepers" - armed with a fiery battle. Subsequently, this will form the "Streletsky army", which has grown to 20 thousand people.
1511 summer. The fugitive Khan Selim, with the help of the Crimean Khan, gathers a new army and he manages to win a number of battles and Bayezid the Saint makes a bet in the succession to the throne of the Ottoman Empire on his younger son.
1512 summer. Sultan Bayazid abdicates the throne and hands over power to Khan Selim, who is supported by the "Janissaries". Immediately after the throneization, the murder of the father follows so that he does not change his mind in favor of the eldest son Ahmed. He appoints the youngest son Suleiman as ruler of Manisa, and kills the younger children in order to prevent confusion in the struggle for power. Suleiman was quite educated among the other Ottomans and knows Persian, Arabic and Italian. Later he adds Serbian to them. But for his campaigns against neighbors he gets the nickname Ferocious. See 1520 summer.
In 1514, Vasily III returned Smolensk and fixed territorial changes with an agreement with Lithuania.
However, the concluded treaty did not precisely define the borders of neighboring states. The Velikoluksk border and the Seversk "outskirts" remained controversial, and border clashes regularly took place in these territories.
Tsar Vasily III planned to return Kiev, but at first the sovereign was distracted by Kazan and Crimean affairs, and then the removal of the "mother of Russian cities" from Lithuania was prevented by premature death.
1516 summer. On the gold seal attached to the letter with the text of the peace treaty with Denmark, Vasily III Ivanovich is referred to as "Tsar and Tsar" and is referred to by the same title in a letter to the Pope in 1526 p. But John IV Vasilievich was officially married to the kingdom in 1547.
1518 summer. Until that time, Kazan was ruled by Mohammed-Emin, who concluded a peace treaty with the Grand Duke Ivan III. Then his successor, Prince Shah-Ali, ruled, under whom Russian-Kazan relations were peaceful. See 1521 p.
1520 summer. The Ottoman Sultan Selim dies so suddenly that Suleiman is long afraid to visit Istanbul. The arrival of the head of the Janissary corps to Manisa convinces the true death of the Sultan. Suleiman wages wars as a last resort, when diplomacy does not help and gets the nickname in Europe the Magnificent. In the East, he was nicknamed "Qanuni" - "Law-abiding", since he first of all released the Mamluk leaders from prison for many years. The persecution of "Shiites" and representatives of other currents of Islam stops. The laws of the Ottoman Empire became closer to those of Europe and more tolerant of the conquered peoples.
1521 summer. The palace coup in Kazan, as a result of which Shah Ali, raised in Moscow and seated on the throne of Kazan by Ivan III, was overthrown and fled to Moscow. His place is taken by the Crimean prince Sahib-girei, a lover of bloody raids on his neighbors. See 1552 summer - capture of Kazan and annexation to the Russian state.
The invasions of the Crimean army into the territory of Russia begin.
In revenge for the murder of his ambassadors by the Hungarian king, Sultan Suleiman crossed the Sava River with his army and besieged the Sabac fortress, then Belgrade itself, which surrendered when only 400 of the defenders of the fortress remained, who are ordered to be killed immediately. After that, Suleiman withdraws the army back to Turkey. In June, Suleiman landed 10 thousand soldiers with artillery against the 7000 defenders of the fortress against the fortress of the island of Rhodes. 400 Turkish ships blockade Rhodes and then another 100 thousand Turks disembark. Having destroyed the defenders of the fortress, Suleiman helps the pirate of the Mediterranean - Heiretdin Barbarossa to establish himself in Algeria, on the condition that he will be his vassal. See summer 1526.
1523 summer. In Sweden, King Gustav I Vaza comes to power, who sets a course for confrontation with Russia. An attempt to take the Livonian Order, Denmark and Lithuania as allies against Russia was unsuccessful, but in 1555 the Swedes attacked the Oreshek fortress.
1524 summer. Founding of the Novodevichy Convent in memory of the annexation of Smolensk.
The sovereign died in December 1533, his death gave rise to Sigismund I, the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the Polish king, to demand a revision of the terms of the treaty and return to the borders of 1508. The Lithuanian nobles were eager for revenge and pushed through the Sejm the decision to introduce a tax on the war, since the state had no money.
The beginning of hostilities.
On January 26, 1525, the first printed map of Rus appeared.
The 16th century at sea took place under the star of Spain and Portugal, which reigned supreme in the southern and western waters of the Atlantic. For the states of Northern Europe, only the Polar Basin remained open, and first of all England, they are beginning to look for the Northeast Passage to Japan and China. Let's make a reservation right away: the idea of finding the Northern Sea Route does not belong to either the British or the Dutch. This idea was first expressed by Dmitry Gerasimov, the envoy of the great Moscow prince Vasily Ivanovich. In 1525, the "Book on the Embassy of Vasily (Ivanovich), the Great Sovereign of Moscow to Pope Clement VII", written from the words of the Russian envoy Dmitry Gerasimov, was published in Rome. In it, among other information, it was suggested that the North Sea has a "huge extent", and if you keep to its right bank,"From there you can get by ships to the country of China." See 1533 p.
Diplomat Dmitry Gerasimov, one of the most educated people in Russia, expressed the idea of the Northern Sea Route to China and India. In the 50s, Walloughby and Chancellin, following the path of Russian merchants, first came to Kholmogory. I foresee the objection that sailors walk, not swim, they only began to "walk" with the advent of propellers, in which one revolution is called the "pitch of the propeller."
In November, Solomonia Saburova was forcibly tonsured into a nun, for her sterility under the name Sophia.
The Grand Duke had already outlined a new spouse for himself, Elena Glinskaya, who, like Saburova, was from the Mamai clan, who moved from Crimea to Great Lithuania, then Orthodox.
1526 summer. The Turks reach the capital of Hungary, then retreat and lure the King of Hungary with an army into an ambush near the Mohacs River. Battle of Mohacs, after which most of Hungary falls to the Ottoman Empire. The King of Hungary drowned in a swamp. But Austria claimed the territory of Hungary. The war with Austria drags on for almost 15 years, during which the Turks reached the walls of Vienna. Hungary remains with Suleiman, and Austria gets off with the payment of tribute. Suleiman perfectly prepared the command of the troops and was not afraid to fight simultaneously on several fronts. He led troops to Europe 10 times out of 13 of his campaigns. Suleiman will make his last campaign in the summer of 1566 on May 1, when under the walls of the Hungarian fortress Segetvar on September 5 he dies of dysentery. The heart of the Sultan was buried at the place of death, the body was taken to Istanbul and laid in a mosque named after him. Suleiman's heir Selim III was known as a drunkard and received the throne thanks to his mother Khyurem Sultan, known in Europe as Roksolana.
This map became in 1548 the basis for the "Map of Muscovy" from the publication of Claudius Ptolemy's "Guide to Geography". The map of Muscovy for Europe became the first known map of Muscovy as a state.
Tartary is an immeasurable abyss, an abyss of hell, something that is immeasurably far away. But this is a history close to us, and an older one tells us that this is now Siberia, and in antiquity Takh-Tariya. So we see "Nogai Tartary", "sciabanitartari", Volga and Meotid Tartary (Azov)
1529 summer. The Turks besiege Vienna, which they could not take, but dictated the terms of a peace agreement to Austria.
1530 summer. Prince Vasily III had the eldest son Ivan IV - Rurikovich by his father, by his mother a relative of the Lithuanian prince Glinsky, and through him a descendant of the Crimean Khan Mamai. Born just three days before the death of Prince Vasily III. Guardians begin to rule over the principality.
1533 summer. The beginning of the grand-princely reign of John IV Vasilievich (the Tatars called him Yavyz Ivan), who ruled from 1547 as tsar until 1584, for more than 50 years, becoming a ruler at the age of three. He had rivals to the throne: adult uncles Andrei and Yuri. The Glinskys get rid of Yuri, accusing him of attempting a coup, they killed him already in prison. Until his 15th birthday, the country was ruled by a board of trustees and mother Elena Glinskaya until her death in 1538, when the rule passed to the Boyar Duma. A political struggle for power between various groups begins. From the age of 12, John IV begins to make independent decisions. See 1547 summer.
After long gatherings, the Lithuanian army, numbering about 20-25 thousand warriors, divided into three corps, at the end of August 1534 set out on a campaign. One of the detachments remained at the city of Mogilev, the second went to Smolensk, the third to Severshchina. The main forces of the Russian army in the summer of 1534 were on the banks of the Oka, they carried the protection of the Ryazan principality from the raids of the Crimean Tatars, therefore, on the western borders, Russia could only carry out only a regrouping of troops. The coherence of neighbors can sometimes surprise if you do not understand about coherence: when some are concentrating their troops on the border, while others at this time attack in a completely different direction. This is what Austria will do when, during the Crimean War, it concentrates its 110 thousandth army on the border with Russia and attaches the 150,000th Russian army to itself. They will never cross the border, but by their standing they will allow England and France to take Sevastopol.
During the campaign of 1534, the Lithuanians made unsuccessful attempts to capture Chernigov, Starodub and Pochep (the last two in the Bryansk region) and Smolensk. The city of Rzhev survived a very strong fire, almost all wooden buildings were burned down - only seven stone cathedrals, the city walls and several houses behind them survived. Many Russian people were taken prisoner, but the Lithuanians failed to gain a foothold in these territories. The enemy did not have enough military resources for this, according to their plan, the devastation of the lands was supposed to make the government of the young Ivan IV Vasilyevich more accommodating when signing an agreement.
But instead of making concessions, Russian troops carried out a retaliatory raid deep into the Lithuanian lands. In the autumn of 1534, the Russian troops of the enemy only "probed", and a few months later, a large Moscow-Novgorod army walked across the Lithuanian land. The advance detachments of Voivode Boris Gorbatogo-Shuisky approached quite close to the enemy's capital Vilna. There was practically no resistance, and in turn, the Russian commanders took a large full.
The winter campaign of the Russian troops alarmed Vilno, the Lithuanians requested help from the Poles and received a corps of 7 thousand people in support. At the same time, the Lithuanian ambassadors worked in the diplomatic direction, they managed to agree with the Crimea on the provision of military assistance from the southern borders of Russia. And in the summer of 1535, Khan Islam-Girey, violating an agreement with Moscow, attacked the Ryazan borders. The Russians had to transfer part of the troops to the Ryazan direction.
At the initiative of Sebastian Cabot, the British sent an expedition of Willoughby and Chancellor to the Murmansk Sea in 1533.
Here you can see the wreck of the ship, which is strikingly different from the Pomor ships by its contours. Photo taken from Lavrinenko's album and taken in the village of Teriberka. It is this place that is indicated on the map below as the place of Willoughby's death. Only the surname and year do not match.
1534 l. "Vertarad" was translated from the German language.
1534 summer. The first state-owned "Mint" in Russia. Moscow surpasses the largest cities in Europe in size, although it fits in the size of the modern Garden Ring. It is here that Yamskaya (Mail), Mytny (Tax), Pansky courtyards appear. By the end of the century, the Spassky Monastery was moved from the Kremlin to Krutitsky Hill on the banks of the Moscow River. (The North Star is then called the Savior. The main landmark in the movement, "if you save yourself, you save others"). Now it is called the Novospassky Monastery. The outer ring of monasteries is complemented by the Novodevichy Convent. Now the tsar's daughters do not have enough European worthy suitors and only monasticism remains in the Novodevichy Convent, in contrast to the monasteries where the princely and royal widows went. True, they were cut into monks only by voluntary consent,and for the maintenance of the monastery, state money was allocated and the entrance for the guests of widows and maidens living outside the walls of the monasteries was free.
Therefore, when the Lithuanian-Polish army took Gomel and laid siege to Starodub on July 30, 1535, the Russian forces were not enough to come to the aid of the besieged. One part of the troops under the command of Prince Vasily Dumb Shuisky raided Lithuania, the other was engaged in the construction of a fortress on Lake Sebezh, which was supposed to become a stronghold on Lithuanian soil.
John Vasilievich IV was on the grand-ducal, then the royal throne from 1533 to 1584 - 51 years. At the age of three, he becomes a ruler, but the country is ruled by a board of trustees headed by his mother Elena Glinskaya.
1537 summer. Prince (?) Andrey Staritsky, claiming the throne of Vasily III, revolts against the rule of Elena Glinskaya, is captured and dies in captivity, Staritsky's relatives, members of the Kolychev families, have suffered. The ancestor of the Kolychevs boyars Andrei Kobyla - the ancestor of the Moscow boyars: the Zakharyins-Yurievs, Sheremetyevs, Romanovs. From them came Fyodor Stepanovich Kolychev (11.02. 1507 - 23.12. 1569 years) - an Orthodox saint and Metropolitan of Moscow in the summer of 1566. Since 1548, hegumen of the Solovetsky Monastery, during his reign the monastery flourished, which expanded the salt trade. See 1558-1566 l.
1538 summer. Elena Glinskaya was poisoned by the boyars, and the Shuiskys took over the education of the Great Tsarevich John IV, keeping him in a "black body".
Prior to the reign of John IV Vasilyevich "oprichnina" in Russia was called the widow's part of the land allocated from the estate of a deceased serviceman to his widow in the form of a kind of pension for feeding and raising children until they come of age. It is no coincidence that John also called his lot "oprichina". The sovereign, for the first time in Russian history, was crowned tsar according to the rituals of the ancient Byzantine emperors, was going to "divorce" the state. But a husband and wife, like a tsar and a state, in Orthodox Russia could be parted only if one of the spouses died or went to a monastery. The latter, apparently, was what Ioann Vasilyevich wanted to do in 1565, the tsar disillusioned with his subjects.
Agreeing to return to power, John postponed the tonsure as a monk, but created an oprichnina, which "to many resembled the monastic brotherhood." We can say that it was a military-monastic order, created to protect the unity of the state and the purity of faith. The Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda was rebuilt and was externally and internally similar to a monastery. Upon admission to the oprichnaya service, an oath was taken, reminiscent of the monastery's vow of renunciation of everything worldly. Life in this secular monastery was regulated by a charter drawn up personally by John, and was stricter than in many real monasteries.
At midnight everyone got up for midnight office, at four in the morning for Matins, at eight, Mass began. The tsar showed an example of piety: he himself called for matins, sang in the kliros, prayed fervently, and during the general meal he read the Holy Scriptures aloud. Overall, the service lasted about 9 hours a day.
In his "Journey to the Holy Places of Russia" A. N. Muravyov indicates the exact number of wives of John IV. Describing the Ascension Monastery - the final resting place of the Grand Duchesses and Russian Tsaritsa, he says: "Next to the mother of Grozny, his four spouses …" Of course, four spouses is an unconditional violation of the church canon. But first, not seven.
And, secondly, the third wife of the tsar, Martha Sobakina, was still seriously ill with the bride and died a week after the wedding, never becoming a tsar's wife. To establish this fact, a special commission was convened, and on the basis of its findings, the tsar subsequently received permission for a fourth marriage. We must also remember that there is nothing personal in the tsar's life, but everything is state …
And with the help of such a primitive forgery, the image of John as a "bloody despot" is formed in the public consciousness! Read the quote again, think about it. First, a well-known fact is cited: the king loved to listen to storytellers at night. We are then hinted that the old storytellers "probably" - and who can know for sure? - guarded the king from the pangs of a troubled conscience. After such hints, it's time to explain the origin of these torments.
Of course, the king had to give orders for executions. John ruled the state from 1538 to 1584, for almost 46 years. During this time, 3-4 thousand people were executed, that is, less than 100 people a year, including criminals. Moreover, "the periodic emergence of widely ramified conspiracies is not denied by any self-respecting historian." Although, it is also true that it is impossible to convince some domestic and foreign researchers to look at the documentary data impartially.
For example, VB Kobrin believes that there were no conspiracies against the tsar, but fabrications of foreign memoirists who, thus, tried to show the "weakness" of the Moscow regime and convince their masters to pursue a more active anti-Russian policy. It turns out interestingly: when sources report about boyar conspiracies, this is speculation; when they write about the humanity of Grozny, it is condescension and flattery; but when it comes to "bloody executions" - any lie goes "with a bang" without any evidence. But the memoirs of that era are full of stories of countless intrigues and betrayals. Facts and documents are stubborn things, and they testify that several dangerous conspiracies following one after another were drawn up against Grozny, which united numerous participants from the court environment. So in 1566-1567.the tsar intercepted letters from the Polish king and from the Lithuanian hetman to many of John's noble subjects. Among them was the former equestrian IP Chelyadnin-Fedorov, whose rank made him the de facto leader of the Boyar Duma and gave him the right of a decisive vote in the election of a new sovereign. Together with him, letters from Poland were received by Prince Ivan Kurakin-Bulgachov, three princes of Rostov, Prince I. D. Belsky and some other boyars.
Of these, only Belsky did not enter into independent correspondence with Sigismund and gave John a letter in which the Polish king offered Prince Ivan Dmitrievich vast lands in Lithuania for treason to the Russian sovereign. The rest of Sigismund's addressees continued their written relations with Poland and drew up a conspiracy to put Prince Vladimir Staritsky on the Russian throne. In the fall of 1567, when John led a campaign against Lithuania, new evidence of treason fell into his hands. The tsar had to urgently return to Moscow not only to investigate this case, but also to save his own life: the conspirators planned to surround the tsar's headquarters with the military detachments loyal to them, to kill the guards and to hand over Grozny to the Poles.
At the head of the rebels was Chelyadnin-Fedorov, who, according to Kobrin, was "a noble boyar, the owner of vast estates … one of the few administration officials of that time who did not take bribes, a man of impeccable honesty."
A report on this conspiracy by the political agent of the Polish crown A. Schlichting will be preserved. in which he informs Sigismund: "Many noble persons, about 30 people … pledged in writing (emphasis added - author) that they would betray the Grand Duke, along with his guardsmen, into the hands of Your Royal Majesty, if only Your Royal Majesty would move to the country." …
Apparently, the "incorruptible" Chelyadnin really liked the idea of increasing his vast holdings at the expense of Polish handouts, otherwise why would the "impeccably honest" boyar decide on a Judas sin and lead such a vile deed?
The trial of the Boyar Duma took place. The evidence was irrefutable: the traitors' agreement with their signatures was in the hands of John. Both the boyars and Prince Vladimir Staritsky, who tried to distance themselves from the conspiracy, found the rebels guilty. Historians, based on the notes of the German spy Staden, report the execution of Chelyadnin-Fedorov, Ivan Kurakin-Bulgachov and the princes of Rostov. All of them were allegedly brutally tortured and executed. How much can you believe? In any case, it is reliably known that Prince Ivan Kurakin, the second most important participant in the conspiracy, remained alive and, moreover, in 1577, 10 years later, he held the important post of the governor of Venden. Besieged by the Poles, he drank, abandoning the command of the garrison. The city was lost to Russia, and the drunken prince was executed for this and previous offenses.
Indicative for the historiography of the oprichnina period is the incident with the Vorotynsky princes. Three brothers are mentioned in the historical literature: Mikhail Ivanovich, Alexander Ivanovich and Vladimir Ivanovich. Some authors had a desire to “kill” them so great that all three merged into one “exemplary victim of despotism,” whose terrible end, as always colorfully, was described by Karamzin: “The first of the Russian governors, the first servant of the sovereigns is the one who at the most glorious hour of John's life, he sent to say to him: "Our Kazan"; who are already persecuted. already marked by the disgraced, dishonor of exile and dungeon, crushed the khan's force on the banks of Lopasnya and also forced the tsar to express gratitude to him for the salvation of Moscow - Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky, ten months after his triumph, was betrayed to mortal torture, accused by his slave of witchcraft and intent lime the king …
They brought a man of glory and valor to the bound king … John, hitherto sparing the life of this last of Adashev's faithful friends, as if in order to have at least one victorious commander in case of extreme danger.
1538 summer. Naval victory of the Turkish fleet under the command of Admiral Hayretdin Barbarossa over the united fleet of the European powers. Suleiman I publishes a set of laws that strictly adhered to the principle of dividing the subjects of the state into Muslims and “non-Muslims”.
1543 summer. At the age of twelve, John IV Vasilievich enters into an open political struggle with the boyars and the boyar Andrei Shuisky is sent to the kennel for abuse. On the way to the prison, Shuisky is killed. There is a mass reprisal against the boyars.
1545 summer. John IV is 15 years old and, becoming an adult, he intends to marry, in which he is supported by Metropolitan Macarius and some of the influential boyars. He also speaks of the desire to rule independently.
1546 summer. A message from the Turkish Tsar-Sultan to the Tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of All Russia, the autocrat.
To my chosen plowman, the driver of the cart, the white Ivan the Great boyar, my stable boy, the Russian region (part of the Ottoman state), the abstainer and the Russian prince, as well as your relatives and brothers.
The horn of the unicorn, the king over the kings, the prince over the princes, the highest God of hosts with permission, the guardian of the Lord's sepulcher and the seal, the leader of the highest throne, a great warrior, reinforced with the weapon of courage and to all kings a king and adviser of the eastern and northern countries, the chosen king in all …
Today I have sent you ambassadors from my military force and with them I have prepared a letter about withdrawal to my treasury for 12 years from your father Vasily who died. You, who remained after his death, due to your youth and not the perfection of your mind, did not compel you to have your quitrent treasury. And now I have sent my order to you and I command, without arresting anyone, to take my treasury overflowing according to your father's old books and according to my diplomatic letters.
You, the abstainer of the Russian region, followed your fatherland and therefore ask your father's former advisers, whom you can trust, how your father was exposed by our strength and how he honored my ambassadors …
All my areas of my strength are afraid, when I move, then my path is straight and submissive, therefore I am called autocratic and I am not afraid of any power except the Highest Hosts, because yours is not correction before Him - who will fall into what sin. And now fear and unspoken trembling are not on my state. The whole earth will shake from Him, but if His mercy comes to us great, then I will overshadow everyone with my majesty.
And you Russian white abstinence choose one thing for yourself: obedience before me and your ambassadors have come today. If you don’t create obedience before me, but place pride on everything and don’t let my honest ambassadors into my region, and you don’t let go of my exits from your treasury, then you will know: I will send my anger against you with great fury …
1547 summer On January 16, John IV Vasilievich for the first time in the history of Russia is crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral. The ceremony was thought out and implemented by the Metropolitan of Moscow Macarius since 1542. In addition to the previous ones, the "Arabian" gold chain has been added to the number of royal regalia. The "Cap of Monomakh" is mentioned for the first time. John Vasilievich is crowned according to the Byzantine imperial rites, not according to the Old Church Slavonic. Earlier in Russia the emperors of Byzantium and the khans of the Horde were called tsars. John is implementing a series of progressive reforms. Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva becomes his wife, but the celebration is overshadowed by a Moscow fire, when 25 thousand houses burned down. Having got rid of the boyars opposing him, the tsar made his confessor the priest of the Kremlin Epiphany Cathedral Sylvester, the nobleman Alexei Adashev and Metropolitan Macarius, who headed the new "Chosen Council" under the sovereign. The "Chosen Rada" pursued a policy of state centralization, reconciliation of boyars, noblemen, clergy. Boyars Zakharyin - the future Romanovs became confidants of the king. The head of the “Chosen Rada” A. F. Adashev, Priest Sylvester, Metropolitan Macarius, Prince Kurbsky. Prince Kurbsky Andrey Mikhailovich (1528-1583 y.) Take part in the campaign to Kazan 1556 y. At the age of 28 he was awarded the boyar rank. On April 30, 1564, Kurbsky fled to Lithuania, where he was granted land ownership and with arms participates on the Livonian side against the Russian army. Only a serious illness prevented him from participating in the campaign with Batory to Pskov in 1581. Prince Kurbsky. Prince Kurbsky Andrey Mikhailovich (1528-1583 y.) Take part in the campaign to Kazan 1556 y. At the age of 28 he was awarded the boyar rank. On April 30, 1564, Kurbsky fled to Lithuania, where he was granted land ownership and with arms participates on the Livonian side against the Russian army. Only a serious illness prevented him from participating in the campaign with Batory to Pskov in 1581. Prince Kurbsky. Prince Kurbsky Andrey Mikhailovich (1528-1583 y.) Take part in the campaign to Kazan 1556 y. At the age of 28 he was awarded the boyar rank. On April 30, 1564, Kurbsky fled to Lithuania, where he was granted land ownership and with arms participates on the Livonian side against the Russian army. Only a serious illness prevented him from participating in the campaign with Batory to Pskov in 1581.
Prince Daniel Alexandrovich (1261 -1303 m 03.05) is canonized.
In the summer of 1547, Metropolitan Macarius gathers church councils (the next in 1549) to resolve issues of canonization of Russian saints. Macarius defends the idea of autocracy as a stronghold of Orthodoxy. He also supports book printing in Moscow. (Memorial Day Macarius December 30.
The first Kazan campaign was conceived by the former Grand Dukes and Tsars. Moscow shipmen of Prince S. I. Mikulinsky, I. B. Sheremetyev and Prince D. I. Paletsky united with the troops of the commander V. S. Serebryany-Obolensky near Kazan, devastated the outskirts of the city and returned back. The Perm militia of V. Lvov, isolated from the rest, was surrounded by the Tatars and exterminated.
At the end of the year, a new campaign took place against Kazan, under the command of John IV Vasilyevich. But the unusually warm winter becomes obstacles, and only by the end of January the troops reach Nizhny Novgorod. In the Volga, a part of the battering squad (artillery) drowns while crossing the ice. Not completing the campaign, the tsar turns to Moscow. The chief voivode, Prince D. F. Belsky was able to reach the walls of Kazan and in the battle on the Arsk field defeated the troops of Khan Safa-girei, but suffered heavy losses during the siege of the city and went to the Russian borders.
1549 summer. The first Zemsky Sobor in February was convened by the young Tsar John IV Vasilievich on the advice of Metropolitan Macarius and received the name "Cathedral of Reconciliation".
1549/50 l. An unsuccessful campaign near Kazan, when after 11 days of standing near the city the army returned home. The main reason for the collapse was poor supply. In order to eliminate this deficiency, on the Sviyaga River, 20 versts from Kazan, Ivan Grigorievich Vyrodkov built in 28 days the city of Sviyazhsk - an outpost of the Russian army in the Kazan Khanate. The city was built far from Kazan, then floated downstream with logs and assembled in the shortest possible time. Here supplies are collected for the war with Kazan. The tsar ordered to block all the road leading to Kazan. Now the authorities of Kazan are forced to negotiate and recognize the new khan of the Russian protege Shah-Ali (Shigalei). A Tatar who lived in Moscow as a hostage and brought up in the Russian spirit. See 1552 p.
Foreigners at this time write that the Russian Tsar can put up to 400 thousand people who are fighting not for money, but out of love and respect, with whom they can give their lives for their tsar.
Happy Tsar John IV Vasilyevich hurries to thank the Lord for his patronage on the campaign and upon arrival in Suzdal he hurries to the Intercession Monastery and leaves there as a token of memory the image of the Georgian Mother of God. But during the reign of John IV Vasilyevich Suzdal was one of the cities of the oprichnina inheritance under the rule of the tsar himself. Many eminent townspeople, suspected of opposing the king, were thrown out of their homes.
1550 l. John Vasilievich orders to establish a streltsy army of six regiments armed with a fiery battle. The archers began to receive salaries from the sovereign, land plots and funds for the arrangement of the economy. This was the first regular army in Russia. This is not a princely squad, but an army.
Sylvester and Adashev were removed from Moscow. The son of the Horde Tsarevich Bek-Bulat, whom, after 17 years of service to the Tsar, Ivan Vasilyevich, in 1567, was seated on the throne of the Kasimov kingdom (present-day Ryazan), goes into the service of the Russian Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich.
In 1550, the future navigator Barents was born on the island of Ter-Schilling, north of Holland.
1551 l. On the initiative of John IV, the "Hundred-Glavny Cathedral" was held to organize church life, with the participation of Tsar John IV Vasilyevich. The reason for the convocation was the disastrous state of affairs within the church, with the widespread spread of pagan and heretical beliefs, non-observance of Christian rituals, moral uncleanliness of the priests themselves, when the church itself was no longer able to solve these problems. Publication of a collection of 100 chapters - "Stoglav". The performances of "laughter-makers" of buffoons, called "Bogomerz's delight, the world is seduced and excommunicated from God," were prohibited. "Stoglav" is especially popular with the Old Believers. Some decisions of the Stoglava Cathedral were canceled by Nikon's reforms.
In Crimea, power was taken by the Turks by Khan Devlet-Khadzhi - Girey. During the reign of Sahib-Girey, Devlet-Girey himself lived in Istanbul, where he enjoyed the favor of Sultan Suleiman. Crimean Khanate in Crimea and the Northern Black Sea Region in 1443 during the reign of Khan Devlet-Khadzhi-Girey. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the city of Solkhat (now Old Crimea) became the center of the state.
1552 l. On March 6, the protege of the Moscow Tsar flees from Kazan to Russia, as his place is captured by the Astrakhan prince Ediger. At the end of March-April, siege weapons, ammunition and food were sent to Sviyazhsk. An army of 150 thousand was assembled in Moscow (the number of troops that participated in the Battle of Borodino). But the army moved forward only after the defeat on June 26 of the horde of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Khadzhi - Girey near Tula. On June 3, a hike to Kazan itself begins. Covering 25 kilometers a day per day (the speed of the Spartans, which so amazed opponents), the Russian army on August 13 approached the capital of the Kazan Khanate. Before the start of the siege, Russian troops defeated the enemy's field army, depriving the city of outside help. The Tatars make the same mistakes as the Russian troops during the invasion of the Mughals: they met the enemy in an open field, and lost the general battle,deprived of the army and the opportunity to help the city. The tsar personally participates in the campaign against the Tatars. Vyrodkov in one night erects a 13-meter tower under the wall of Kazan, in which 10 guns and 50 squeaks were placed. This made it possible to keep the city under fire through the fortress wall. Undermining and laying of powder bombs are being made. On October 2, Kazan fell after a bloody battle. The capture of Kazan ends with the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to Russia. For the Tatars themselves, this war is something like a civil war, since almost half of the Russian army is Tatars. From the defenders of Kazan, about 1.5 thousand Russians. The Kazan Khanate was formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde and the first khan of Kazan was Mahmud (Mahmutek), the son of Ulu-Muhammad. In the summer of 1487, Kazan was captured by Russian troops and Ali Khan was overthrown, and his place was taken by Mukhamed-Emin,concluded a peace agreement with the Grand Duke Ivan III. He ruled until the summer of 1518.
Tsar John IV has a son - Tsarevich Dmitry Ioannovich.
Died Basil the Blessed, nicknamed Nagoya. (1464-1552 l). Buried at the Church of the Holy Trinity, which is "on the ditch". Metropolitan Macarius himself performed the funeral service for the holy fool. Later, on the site of the cemetery, the Intercession Cathedral was erected in honor of the capture of Kazan in 1552 years. In 1588 the relics of St. Basil the Blessed were discovered and his church veneration was established. By order of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, a church was built over the tomb of St. Basil the Blessed, later connected with the Intercession Cathedral and became a special Vasilyevsky limit of the cathedral.
1553 summer the tsar announces that he is very ill and requires the boyars to take an oath to his young son Dmitry. Among the boyars, feuds arise, in which the cousin of the tsar, Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, takes part. The boyars do not want to strengthen the Zakharyin family, the relatives of the prince. As soon as the oath was pronounced, John Vasilyevich recovers and continues his reign. But feuds revealed a conspiracy among the boyars in favor of Vladimir Staritsky. The tsar is burdened by the discussion of his actions by the "Chosen Rada" and the boyars. The very young son of the tsar from Anastasia Romanova Zakharyina-Yuryeva drowned in the lake, during the pilgrimage of the royal family to the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery.
The beginning of book printing in Russia.
1554 summer. After the death of the infant Dmitry - the firstborn of John, the tsar has a second son - Ivan Ioannovich (03.03.1554 -19.11.1581 years), the eldest now heir to the throne. From this year, John IV Vasilyevich leaves Moscow and settles in the Alexandrian freedom until 1565 years. Since the summer of 1560, Ivan has had his own small courtyard. In the summer of 1579 he personally wrote the canon to St. Anthony of Syria and revised his Life. In the summer of 1571, the king chooses his first wife.
After the construction of the Sviyazhsk fortress by the Russians and the transition of the Kazan Khanate to vassal dependence on the Russian tsar, Khan Yamgurchey recognizes the power of Moscow, but this year he robbed the Russian embassy and attacks the nomad camps of the Nogai Horde. Murza Nagaya appeal to Moscow for support, nominating Prince Dervish-Ali as a contender for the khan's throne. On June 2, the Russian army occupied Haji-Tarkhan without a fight, establishing Dervish-Ali as a new khan, who freed all Russian prisoners. This is followed by a tribute to the Moscow tsar of 40 thousand altyns and 3 thousand (?) Volzh fish. But he immediately turned for help to the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey (reign 1551-1577 y.). After that, a detachment of 700 Crimean Tatars and 300 Turkish Janissaries comes to Khadzhi-Tarkhan. But this army will not be enough against the troops of the governor I. Cheremesinov and M. Kolupaev.
1555 summer. September. Parts of the Swedish army and navy under the command of Admiral Jacob Bagge attack the Oreshek fortress to launch an offensive against Novgorod. Troops of princes A. I. Nogteva, Z. I. Pleshcheev and P. P. Golovin, which was joined by the Novgorod garrison under the command of S. V. Sheremetyev. The Swedes lift the siege of Nut and go back.
1556 l. January 20th. The troops of the princes P. M. Shchenyateva and D. F. Paletsky crossed the Swedish line near the settlements of Smolin and Lebyazhya, and began an offensive against Vyborg. For only three days, the Russian troops kept the Vyborg garrison in the fortress, but they inflict huge damage on the lands of Finland and this forces Gustav IVaza to propose to conclude a peace treaty. And already in February, the Swedish embassy arrived in Moscow, when the border was established at the old borders, which returned to Russia its lands and prisoners of past wars. They received a ransom for the Swedish prisoners. See summer 1567.
The conquest of the Astrakhan Khanate and the city of Haji-Tarkhan by the governors I Cheremisin and M. Kolupaev. Khan Dervish-Ali fled and his khanate was liquidated, lands in the Volga delta were included in the Russian state.
John IV Vasilyevich sent the Nizhny Novgorod authorities an instruction not to return the captured craftsmen to Germany and Lithuania for the ransom, but to send them to Moscow. Those guilty of violating the order should be taken into custody until further notice. See 1567 p.
1557 summer. By decree of Tsar Ivan IV, construction of a city and a harbor began at the mouth of the Narova River below Ivangorod, "for a ship shelter." Engineer Vyrodkov I. G. in 3 months builds a sea fortress at the mouth of the Narva River. The beginning of the war with the Livonian Order, which ended in the summer of 1582.
1558 l. The tsar starts a war against the Livonian Order, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland, which in 1569 united in the Rzeczpospolita in order to return the Baltic lands, which had been taken away earlier, to Russia. The reason for the war was the non-payment by the Livonian Order of St. George's tribute, which was paid for the right to settle on the Polotsk land along the Western Dvina. Later, this tribute passed to the city of Yuryev (Dorpat). So figure it out here, the invaders pay tribute for the conquered cities. The city of Narva was returned to Russia, through which Russia again gets access to the Baltic Sea. The beginning of the creation of a navy for the protection of sea communications. See 1570 p.
Vyrodkov becomes the governor of Astrakhan.
1558 -1583 liters l. The Livonian War ended unsuccessfully for Russia. A large number of Cossacks are participating in this war. The first chronicle mention of the Cossacks dates back to 1444. Free Cossacks appear on the Don, Yaik (Ural), in Zaporozhye in the 15th century and along the borders of the Moscow state, they are more and more associated with the defense of the borders. If at first the Cossacks appeared with news of the movement of the Tatar hordes and individual detachments, for which they received money and gifts, then at the end of the 16th century, the royal salary was sent to the Don to "atamans and Cossacks" from food, but also the main gunpowder and lead for the Cossacks.
In the Solovetsky Monastery, the construction of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery begins, which by 1566 surpassed the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin in height.
1559 summer. Considering its position in Livonia strong enough, the Russian government agreed to conclude an armistice. The Order, taking advantage of the respite, calls for help from Lithuania, Denmark and Sweden, and in February 1560 breaks the truce. Now a united coalition is opposing the Russian troops.
On August 18, on the eleventh day after the death of the first wife of John IV Vasilyevich Anastasia Romanovna from the Zakharyin-Yuryev family, the boyars ask the thirty-year-old tsar to marry again the daughter of the Circassian prince Temryuk - Kucheny, who was baptized with the name Maria and on August 21, 1561, she married Tsar John.
Russian troops took Marienburg and Fellin. The troops of the Order tried to block the path to Fellin and were defeated at Ermes. Following this, the "Livonian Order" disintegrated, and its lands passed to Denmark, Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian state.
The figures of the "Chosen Rada" fall into disgrace.
Death of the Tsar's wife Anastasia Romanovna.
1561 l. John IV Vasilyevich marries Maria Temryukovna Cherkassk son Vasily dies from this marriage in childhood.
1562 summer. The Livonian Order disintegrated and was liquidated. On its territory, the Duchy of Courland and the Duchy of Za-Dvina were created (since 1566 as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania). The rest goes to Sweden and Denmark. Russia is forced to wage war against the Polish-Lithuanian state and Sweden.
Ivan Vasilievich is preparing a new campaign against Polotsk, which is located on the Western Dvina, having a direct connection with Riga. The city also covered Livonia from the south.
1563 summer. Russian troops initially demonstrate strength and capture one of the towers and withdraw. The calculation was that most of the city's population does not want to storm and ruin the city and its own property. Negotiations for peace begin and in a week of negotiations, Ivan Vasilyevich promotes trenches and siege towers in the very walls of the city and the gates. John Vasilyevich refuses to stop siege operations during negotiations. Fighting resumed on February 9 and Russian troops took the posad. After a three-week siege, the city of Polotsk was taken, the entire garrison was captured. Relying on the experience of the capture of Kazan, Ivan Vasilyevich does little blood for his troops. Reports of attacks by Crimean Tatars and conspiracies in Moscow against his rule force the tsar to leave the troops and go to the capital.
Supporters of the "Chosen Rada" are under attack from the king. Metropolitan Macarius dies. John Vasilievich renounces the throne, leaves Moscow, settling in Alexandrova freedom. He takes away from Moscow the most revered lists of icons and the treasury. Letters are spread throughout the country, where he explains that boyar intrigues and clergy forced him to leave the throne, which more than once demanded that the tsar transfer the throne to the church. The diplomas force the boyars, fearing a popular revolt, to ask the tsar to return. The king bargains for himself the right to execute the traitors at will. Immediately introduces "Oprichnina" (special, outside). The state is divided into two parts: oprichnina and zemstvo. The king himself controls the oprichnina land. The oprichnina had its own army, its own duma, clerical courts and the royal oprichnina court. In Alexander's freedom, life is likened to a monastery, the tsar himself plays the role of hegumen.
And here we see that, as in the Novgorod Republic, the autocracy until 1563 was neither perfect nor despotic, in my opinion this proves that the name "republic" for Novgorod is far-fetched by "hysterics from politics."
Tsar John IV Vasilyevich "makes a new folding seal:" a double-headed eagle, and the middle man on a horse, and on the other side a double-headed eagle, his unicorn ripened. " Since that time, the seal with a double-headed eagle has prevailed. "Rider" is a symbol of the Moscow Grand Duchy.
1563 l. The Printing House was opened in Moscow, where in 1564 the deacon of one of the Kremlin churches Ivan Fedorov and his assistant Pyotr Mstislavich published The Apostle - the first dated printed book in Russia.
1564 summer. On January 26, in the battle on the Ula River, Russian troops are defeated. John worked for the glory of the Fatherland, striving to create a great Orthodox power, but betrayal nestled among the inner circle, among the nobles, by their very origin destined to take care of the welfare of the state. The king suffered: “I waited for someone to grieve with me, and no one appeared; I did not find any consolators - they paid me with evil for good, with hatred for love."
On July 2, the battle of Orsha was lost. Prince Kurbsky flees to Lithuania and now takes part in the war on the side of the enemy. The situation is complicated by the raids of the Crimean Tatars in the southern regions of Russia.
The Moscow Printing House publishes the printed book "Apostle" Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavtsev.
In autumn, Khan Devlet-Girey strikes at Ryazan.
December 3rd. At the height of the Nativity Fast, Ioann Vasilievich, together with his family and courtyard, leaves Moscow and passes through the village of Kolomenskoye, the Trinity-Sergievsky Monastery and stops at Alexander's freedom, which has been turned into a military monastery camp. From there he sends letters where he denounces the traitor-boyars.
At the end of 1564, exhausted by endless intrigues, John resigned from himself the royal crown and left the capital, accompanied by noblemen elected throughout the state, children of boyars and orderly people. Staying in the Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, he sent two letters to Moscow in January 1565, in which he reported that he had no anger against ordinary subjects, but that he was scorched by the courtiers and nobles, who were attacking him and did not want him to reign. Therefore, the king renounces power and dwells "where God will indicate." The people were horrified by the possibility of losing their legitimate sovereign and unanimously demanded that the boyars and the metropolitan return John to the throne, promising that he himself would "destroy the rascals and traitors."
It took Grozny a month to make a decision. It was not easy for him. Earlier it was said about the desire of the appanage-princely party to limit the autocratic power in its favor. In practice, this meant the implementation of anarchist ideals, disastrous for the state. John saw this danger and was forced to take a series of decisive measures to destroy the political and economic significance of the appanage princes. On February 2, 1565, returning to Moscow, the tsar again assumed power and announced the creation of the oprichnina.
For many historians, the time of the oprichnina is a “kingdom of terror”, a product of a “crazy” person, which has neither sense nor justification, “an orgy of executions, murders … tens of thousands of innocent people.” Metropolitan John of Ladoga was of the opposite opinion: “The establishment of the oprichnina was a turning point in the reign of John IV.
1565 summer. In early February, the tsar returned to Moscow. John IV Vasilievich divides his kingdom into "oprichnina" and "zemstvo". Oprichnina - about 20 richest cities and most of Moscow's streets. The rest - "Zemshchina" gives to the boyarshchyna. There are two Dumas, each with officials and troops. Moscow became the capital of Zemshchina, and Aleksandrovskaya freedom became the capital of Oprichnina. The results of the "Oprichnina" strengthening of the royal power and the weakening of the boyars, unable to govern the state.
1566 l. Philip (in the world Fyodor Stepanovich Kolychev is an old boyar clan, descended from the boyar Andrei Kobyla), Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia from 1566-1568 years. Orthodox saint. From 1548 summer hegumen of the Solovetsky monastery. This year hegumen Fyodor is invited to the throne of the metropolitan, but he puts forward a condition: to cancel the oprichnina. What should be the cry of the king, not to interfere in the king's affairs! But then the tsar makes a concession, and the new metropolitan receives the right of an adviser to the sovereign and intercessor for the disgraced. See 1568 summer.
The Zemsky Sobor decides to continue the Livonian War.
Zasechnaya strips, which existed earlier from the tops down in the direction of possible raids, and in open places consisting of earthen ramparts and ditches, were equipped up to the “Zasechnaya line” from Zhizdra to Pereyaslavl-Ryazan. Fortifications were built in four places. During the Time of Troubles, the Tatars took advantage of the absence of Russian troops and destroyed the Zasechnye Strips. In 1635/38 Zaseki was restored on the southern borders. The main features were:
1 / Large notch line 1521 -1566 l.
2 / Front notch line 1571 HP
3 / Belgorod notch line 1635-1646 p.
4 / Simbirsk notch line 1648-1656 p.
5 / Za-Kama serif line 1653-02 -1656 y.
6 / Izium zasechnaya line 1679-1680 y.
7 / Syzran notch line 1683-1684 p.
8 / Isetskaya serif line 1658 p.
In June, an embassy from Lithuania arrives in Moscow with a proposal to partition Livonia on the basis of the actual situation. The Zemsky Sobor supports the tsar's intention to wage war until the capture of Riga.
By this year, the Ottoman Empire reached the pinnacle of glory and power under Sultan I Kenuni the Legislator, whose state extended from Belgorod, taken in 1521 to Baghdad.
1567 summer. In February, Tsar John IV and Eric XIV conclude an alliance treaty, according to which Russia recognizes the annexation of the Northern Baltic to Sweden. But as a result of a government coup, Johan III comes to power in Sweden. The results of the treaty have not been ratified. The new Russian-Swedish war takes place during the years of the Livonian War 1558-1583. Because of the war with Denmark, Sweden does not go to war with Russia since the start of the Livonian War. Military clashes continued until the summer of 1583.
John IV Vasilievich summons doctors, pharmacists, engineers with assistants, goldsmiths and other specialists from England to Moscow.
1567 summer Tsar John Vasilyevich, ambassador of 17 years of service to the Russian Tsar, places Tsarevich Sain-Bulat, son of the Horde prince Bek-Bulat, on the throne of the Kasimov kingdom. See 1573 summer.
1568 summer. Metropolitan Philip calls on the tsar to abandon terror and change his mind. On March 22, Metropolitan Philip publicly, during a service in the Assumption Cathedral, denounced the sovereign of his iniquities and refused him a blessing. He did this twice. On November 4, a trial took place and Metropolitan Philip (Fyodor Kolychev) was dethroned and sentenced to death by burning. The Tsar replaces the execution with eternal imprisonment in the Epiphany Monastery, then in the Staronikolsky Monastery and in the Tver Otrochesky Monastery.
The printers of the printing house moved to the then Orthodox Lithuania.
1569 l. According to the Union of Lublin, the activity of Russian printers ceased and Fedorov moved to Lvov, where in 1574 he prints the first " Letter r".
After the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates to Russia, the first conflict occurred with the Ottoman Empire, which wished to return these khanates under its protection.
Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey takes part in the campaign of Turkish troops to Astrakhan.
Poland and Lithuania conclude the Union of Lublin, uniting into a single state, which dramatically affected the success of the Russian state. The government of the Rzeczpospolita called only the registered Cossacks, wishing to "enslave" the rest. The unauthorized Cossacks chose the islands beyond the Dnieper rapids as their center, and two decades later the Zaporizhzhya Sich (sich = forest felling) was fully organized. Now they are fighting the Crimean Tatars, they themselves are raiding Crimea and Turkish territory on the Black Sea coast, flesh to Istanbul. The Zaporozhye Sich was liquidated in 1775 summer.
December 23 to the monastery. where the former Metropolitan Philip was kept, Malyuta Skuratov arrives, with a demand from the tsar to bless the campaign against Novgorod. After Philip Malyut's refusal to strangle Philip with a pillow in anger, he announced to the monastery inhabitants that Philip had died of stinging. See summer 1591.
1570 summer. January 2, Monday, on the day of memory of the holy father of our Seliverstra - the Pope of Rome. The pious sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke John Vasilyevich, autocrat of all Russia, went with anger at Veliky Novgorod and at Archbishop Pimen, and at his ruling boyars and at his best eminent people, and at all city residents. By visiting both the will and punishment of the Almighty Lord God and our Savior Jesus Christ, for the multiplication of our lawlessness and the godless sins of opposition, which multiplied the great sinful malice in people: brotherly hatred, any crime, enmity, hatred, theft, unrighteousness - for all unpleasant deeds and iniquity, according to the prophetic scripture, comes from Heaven the wrath of God against the sons of disobedience and all dishonor. For in every possible way the all-generous Man-lover Lord God punishes us with his bounty and mercy,sometimes by hunger and disease - that is, by a mortal pestilence, sometimes by fire, sometimes by godless foes with terrible raids. Bitter than all is the internecine warfare and bloodshed in much of the living human race. To the holy churches of God, from slandering God, impoverishment and contempt, desolation of a gray dwelling for the living …
John Vasilyevich of All Russia, the Autocrat, sends to Veliky Novgorod in front of himself, in a quick march, an advanced regiment of his sovereign boyars, governors, princes and nobles with boyar children, and all kinds of military people are great and countless.
At the age of forty, on October 28, Ivan Vasilyevich marries the noblewoman Martha Sobakina, a relative of Malyuta Skuratov, who, upon leaving the wedding, became ill and, without leaving the disease, dies after half a month, remaining a virgin. See 1572 p.
In March, the Danish sailor Carsten Rode receives a letter from the king to conduct military operations against Swedish and Polish ships. This year a flotilla of 6 Russian marque seizes 22 Swedish and Polish ships with goods. After an attempt by Swedish ships to attack the “order captain's” parking lot near the island of Bornholm, Captain Carsten Rode takes his ships to Copenhagen. However, on the second attempt he was overtaken and defeated. The surviving privateer ships were captured by the Danes in October 1570. See 1667 p.
1571 summer. The tsar marries Martha Sobakina, who dies 15 days later. In the same year, he selects his first wife, his son Ivan Ivanovich, Evdokia Saburov, who in the same year was tonsured as a nun. See 1574 p.
The oprichnina regiments played a significant role in repelling the raids of Devlet-Giray in 1571 and 1572, with the help of the oprichniks, conspiracies in Novgorod and Pskov were discovered and neutralized, which aimed at separating from Russia under the rule of Lithuania …
Russia has finally and irrevocably embarked on the path of service, cleansed and renewed by the oprichnina.”And yet, science did not unequivocally solve the question of the historical role of the oprichnina. You can have different points of view on this phenomenon, you can, and maybe it is necessary, to be biased, defending your opinion, not "listening indifferently to good and evil", but one cannot hush up some historical facts and deliberately emphasize others, one cannot slander and commit forgery. And all this, unfortunately, took place in the historiography of the reign of Grozny. And yet, what was the oprichnina in reality: the whim of a madman, an instrument of terror, or an instrument for transforming Great Russia?
A 40,000-strong army of the Crimean Tatars under the command of Devlet-Giray approached Moscow. Crossing the Oka River and burning the suburbs of Moscow. Boyar children, watchmen, leaders (guides) were summoned to Moscow from southern cities to the Discharge Order, where they were asked about the service and the stories were entered into the Watch Book. After that, Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky spoke to everyone, who began to create a watchdog and stanitsa service. He gathered about 20 thousand people, about seven thousand mercenaries from Germany and units of the Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks. The borders of the Russian state with the Crimean Khanates passed along watersheds and had three steppe roads: Muravskaya, Izyumskaya and Kalmiuskaya. Voronezh was built to prevent nomads, Tambov was built in the 17th century, Kozlov - now Michurinsk and Usman. Back in the middle of the 16th century, stanitsas were sent to the steppe - mobile and mobile detachments to burn out the steppe, in order to deprive the Tatar horses of food during their campaigns against Russia. Now it was decided to create four watchmen: on the right bank of the Volga they served from April 1, "on the Don and Vyoshek" (now Vyoshenskaya, the birthplace of the writer Sholokhov) from April 15, on the Oskol River at the confluence of the Ublya tributary from May 1, on the Seim River into the mouth of the Khona river from 15 May. After Vorotynsky, boyar Nikita Yuriev commanded the guard service. For the organization of the watchdog service, a special Ukrainian category was formed, a kind of military department, with its center in the city of Tula. The main striking force of the Moscow army is considered to be the local cavalry of noble children and boyars, from the age of 15 they were registered not serving in the "tenth", receiving for this a land allotment and a monetary salary. For every 100 people of the granted estate (50 hectares), a serviceman must provide one warrior on horseback in full armor. By the end of the 16th century, the "local army" numbered about 25 thousand people. The core of the army was the Tsar's regiment. Since the summer of 1550, a "rifle army" with firearms has been formed, which existed in small numbers at the beginning of the century. See 1510 summer.
1571 summer. The 120,000-strong Crimean army under the command of Devlet-Khadzhi-Girey broke through to the Oka River and reached Moscow with the help of traitors. During the invasion, 36 Russian cities were affected. During the siege of Moscow, the Tatars burned the city, but did not take the Kremlin. Against the raids of the Crimean Khanate on Russia, "notch lines" are being built on the southern borders.
In Europe, the Battle of Lepanto. The victory of the fleet of the Holy League, which stood up for the Christians of Cyprus, put an end to the Ottoman naval domination of the Mediterranean.
1572 summer. The tsar marries for the fourth time on April 28 to Anna Koltovskaya, who in the same year was forcibly trimmed as a nun under the name of Daria and taken to an underground cell for many years. Cancellation of the oprichnina and the return of the tsar to Moscow.
July 27. Taking advantage of the fact that Russian troops were involved in the Livonian War, the Crimean army of Devlet-Khadzhi-Girey, defeating a small detachment of the barrage, crossed the Oka River in two places. Devlet-Girey dreams of wresting Kazan and Astrakhan from the power of the Moscow state by undertaking his first campaign against Astrakhan in 1569. Second in 1551 summer. Now the Russian army was awaiting the arrival of the Crimean and Turkish troops. The Moscow government, in the absence of Tsar John IV, was after the 1571 raid in Novgorod and prepared for the invasion, and placed almost all of its weapons at the Oka crossings. On July 26, the army of Devlet-Giray, with the help of traitors, bypassed the positions of the Russian troops and, defeating the governor Nikita Odoevsky, moved on to Moscow. Vorotynsky, left stationary positions, rushes after Devlet-Giray. The first to catch up with the Tatars is a detachment of the young commander Dmitry Khvorostinin and almost completely destroys the rearguard of the khan's army. This forces Devlet-Giray to turn to face the overtaking army. Vorotynsky is building on a hill near Molodya, which is 50 km from Moscow, "gulyay-gorod" - a mobile field fortification made of carts with wooden shields installed on them. Khvorostini with his squad goes to the mobile fortification. 12 thousand Tatars are persecuting him. The first attack fights back easily. And on July 31, the Tatars are trying to give a general battle - by storming the Russian fortifications. After this attack, the Russians captured the right hand of Devlet-Gireya, apparently a relative, Devlet-Murza. On August 1, the Tatar cavalry was thrown against the "Gulyai-Polye", which crashed into a 3-thousandth detachment of archers, inflicting huge losses, but as a result was defeated. Khan sends dismounted Tatars into battle and this became a fatal decision for Devlet-Girey. Vorotynsky, unnoticed by the Tatars, leads a large detachment from behind the "walk-field" and enters the rear of the attackers along the bottom of the hollow. At the same time Khvorostinin, under the cover of artillery, attacks from the front. In this battle, the entire detachment of Turkish Janissaries is exterminated. The son, son-in-law and grandson of Devlet-Girey perish. Almost half of the Tatars perish. Everything plundered by the Tatars goes to the Russians, as well as horses and weapons. After this defeat, the Crimean Tatars could not make campaigns against Russia for almost 20 years. Russia's borders are now changing dramatically. Calmness on the southern borders allows the Russian tsar to focus his attention on the northern borders. Not everything went well there, but the calm in the south made it possible to avoid more.
The dispersal of the Oprichnina, some of which were executed, as well as some of the clergy were executed.
1573 summer. The hero of the Battle of Molodi, Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky, dies. Prince Andrei Kurbsky claimed that Vorotynsky was accused of an attempt on the life of John IV Vasilyevich, but Vorotynsky's eldest son became the governor of Muromsky in the same summer. And here there is a question: how can the son of a "traitor" become a voivode under the rule of the "tyrant" Ioann Vasilyevich? Vorotynskie blood relatives of the Rurikovichs. Dmitry Khvorostinin remains in the military for a long time and leads a number of successful operations against the Lithuanian army and the Swedes. Under his leadership, the first years of service passed ataman Ermak Timofeevich - the conqueror of Siberia. See summer 1590.
Ivan IV Vasilievich intends to take the Polish throne.
During the summer 1573/76, Russian troops stormed Weissenstein and forced the surrender of Pern. And by the summer of 1576, everything had been seized on the coast, except for Riga and Reval.
1573 summer Sain-Bulat, Prince of the Horde, adopts Orthodoxy, being the ruler of the Kasimov kingdom (Ryazan region), takes the name Simeon, son of Bek-Bulat (Bek-Bulatovich) and marries Anastasia, the daughter of boyar I. F. Mstislavsky.
1575 summer. John Vasilievich again abdicates the throne and puts at the head of the country the baptized Tatar Simeon Bek-Bulatovich, the ruler of the Kasimov Khanate (Ryazan) from the Chingizid family, who, when crowned, takes the name Ivan. Simeon Bek-Bulatovich is a prince for Europe, which means that the throne of John Vasilyevich becomes not a Grand Ducal for Europe, but a royal one. John Vasilievich himself retains the title of Prince John of Moscow for a year. John Vasilyevich himself writes letters to the Grand Duke Simeon: "To the Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon Bek-Bulatovich of All Russia, Ivanets Vasilyev (son) with his children - Ivanets, and Fyodor, beats with his forehead." This year, former guardsmen are under repression.
1576 l. The tsar returns to the throne, but now tsar. After the return of the throne, Tsarevich Simeon Bek-Bulatovich becomes the Grand Duke of Tver and Torzhok. Princes from the royal family up to the fifth generation are heirs to the throne, in the fifth generation the princes receive the title of baron, which speaks of the royal family, but is not the heir to the throne. Probably because of this, under Boris Godunov, who was blind by age, Simeon was deprived of his title and land holdings, and under False Dmitry I, he was forcibly tonsured in the Kirillo-Beloozersky monastery, under the name of Stephen, under Vasily IV Shuisky was in exile for some time in the Solovetsky monastery. Towards the end of his life he finds himself in Moscow where he dies. He was buried in the Moscow Simonov Monastery. All this shows that not only Europe,but all the kings after John Vasilievich see him as the legitimate heir to the throne and feared him as well as other pretenders to the throne.
At that time, more than 2 thousand guns of different calibers were in service with fortresses and in arsenals. There were also 4,300 mercenaries in the army: 4,000 Zaporozhye Cossacks and 300 foreigners.
1577 summer. An attempt was made to take Revel. Under the leadership of the tsar himself, Russian troops invade Livonia and seize the fortress of Verdun, but lost it in 1578 years.
1579/80 l. Russian troops suffer a number of defeats in the Livonian War, and to end the war, John IV contacted Pope Gregory XIII. The last tsarina became Maria Feodorovna Nagaya, who gave birth to the tsar's son Dmitry Ioannovich. (1582-1591 L)
1580 summer. Horsey Jerome (Eremey Ulyanov), an English nobleman who runs the Moscow Company, delivers gunpowder, saltpeter, copper and other supplies to Moscow for operations in the Livonian War. In 1585 he was sent to England with the news of the accession of Fyodor Ioannovich. In 1587, he was accused in England by the management of the Moscow Company of abuses and secretly left for Russia. In 1589 he was exiled to England.
1581 l. During the Livonian War, Ivangorod was captured by the Swedes under the command of Pontus De la Gardie.
The Polish king of the Commonwealth and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stefan Batory goes on the offensive and captures Polotsk, then Velikiye Luki. In August, Batory's army approached Pskov, which ensured control over Livonia, and after a five-month siege was forced to negotiate peace. The main Pskov voivode I. P. Shein, having learned about the approach of the 50 thousandth army to the city, repairs the walls of the Pskov fortress and burns out the surroundings around the city. This did not give the Poles building materials, shelter and food. Cannons are installed on the walls of the city. Two large guns "Bars" and "Treskotukha" fired at a distance of more than a mile. (in 1812, the "Unicorns" fired 4 versts). 16 thousand people are under the command of Shein. On August 18, Batory's army stopped three cannon shots from the fortress. On August 26, the army tried to approach Pskov, but was thrown back by gunfire. In autumn and winter, the Poles tried 31 times to storm the fortress with the help of trenches, but were thrown back. Five siege towers are under construction. Taking advantage of the fact that the army of Batory was stuck in the siege of Pskov, Ioann Vasilyevich hired the Tatars for a raid on the rear of Batory's army, across the territory of the Commonwealth. During the raid, the Tatars destroy many cities left without troops and leave with large trophies.
On September 8, due to constant shelling, a 50-meter wide breach formed in the wall. During the assault, the Poles capture two more towers. The defenders of the city blow up the tower and buried the attackers under its rubble. A counterattack of the Pskovites follows. On this day 50 thousand Poles and less than a thousand Russian soldiers are killed. Batory is forced to negotiate (although the Poles themselves claim that almost John Vasilyevich himself asked for peace).
To serve the royal family, the first Englishman James French pharmacy was opened in Moscow.
The Tsar's son Ivan Ioannovich falls seriously ill, in the hope of recovery he is sent to the monastery on November 9 for a funeral service, but on the tenth day the prince dies. Keeping "reserved years", during which there was a ban on the transition from one nobleman to another, so far only in some places of Russia. Reason: the ruin of the country's economy from the oprichnina and the Livonian War (1558 - 1583 y.)
1582 summer 15 January. The Yam-Zapolsk truce was signed between Russia and the Commonwealth for a period of 10 years. Batory concedes the captured Velikiye Luki, Zavolochye, Nevel, Kholm and Sebezh. The Livonian lands, Velizh and Polotsk are assigned to the Commonwealth.
On February 4, the last Polish troops left the Pskov lands.
But the war continued with Sweden, whose troops took the cities of Narva, Koporye, Yam, Ivan-gorod, Korela.
A Cossack squad under the command of Ermak (Yermolai) Timofeevich (Christian name Vasily) of up to 500 people is hired by merchants Stroganovs to protect Chusov towns from attacks by the Siberian Khan Kuchum. Yermolai's father Timofey moved from Suzdal to the abundance of the Urals and had two sons, Rodion and Vasily. It is not clear from what word the ataman's nickname came from (Yermak is the old Russian name for a boiler for cooking food, Tatar “erma” is a ditch washed with water, Turkic “ermek” = fun, fun). The Tatar Khan Kuchum, taking advantage of the fact that the Russian troops were occupied by the western direction, stopped paying tribute with junk (furs) and began to raid the Russian Urals. Ermak's guards repulsed the raids for two months and went on the offensive. Liberated by the tyranny of Kuchum, the aborigines of Siberia Ostyaki and Voguly (now the Khanty and Mansi) reached out to Yermak, and Ermak's detachment grew to 1650 people, which was ten times less than that of Khan Kuchum, but surpassed the Khan's army in manual and cannon fire. The detachment went along the Chusovaya and Serebryanaya rivers to the drag on the Kama and Ob, where they stopped for the winter.
Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich, the son of John Vasilyevich IV and his wife Maria Nagoya, is born.
John IV compiles the "Synodicus" - a memorial list of those executed, for whose souls all monasteries and churches were supposed to pray.
1582 summer Cossacks beat the Tatars on Tura, Tavda and on the banks of Tobol. After the retreat, Kuchum was defeated already on the Chuvash Cape on the Irtysh River and leaving the capital of the Khanate, Siberia, and fled to the steppe region of Ishim. Khanty, Mansi and Tatars with rich gifts were drawn to Siberia, occupied by Ermak. After the capture of settlements along the Irtysh and Ob, and the capture of the city of the warlike Khanty Nazym. Ermak sends Ivan the Ring to the tsar with a report, which brings Ermak a royal gift - two chain mail, one of which belonged to Peter Shuisky, who distinguished himself during the capture of Kazan. In 1883, Ermak loses Nikita Pan, Bogdan Bryazga, Ivan Koltso and Yakov Mikhailov. Ermak got caught on a false report about the attack of the Tatars, but without meeting anyone, he stopped for the night, where he was attacked by the Tatars at night. Ermaka dragged chain mail to the bottom of the river. The body fell into the net of the Tatar Yanysh, the grandson of Begich. All the khans of Kuchum gathered to look at the body of the ataman, who feasted for several days and shot the body of Ermak from bows. Having amused, the Tatars buried Yermak's body with honors. Ataman Meshcheryak, who took command, decides to retreat to Russia. Siberia for a whole year came under the rule of Kuchum, who came from the Sheibanid clan, the son of Murtaza. In 1563, the summer seized power in the Siberian Khanate, killing Khan Ediger Taybugid, a tributary of the Moscow kingdom. Until 1573, Kuchum maintained friendly relations with Moscow, but then moved on to raids on the Russian lands. The Siberian Khanate or Tmen Khanate is a state formation between Tobol and Irtysh. It arose at the beginning of 1420 after the collapse of the Golden Horde, separating from the Abulkhair ulus. In the summer of 1555, Khan Ediger of the Taibugi clan recognized his vassal dependence on the Moscow sovereign,but in the summer of 1563 Kuchum seizes power.
Peace treaties signed with Poland and Sweden. A peace treaty with Sweden was signed on the Plusa River. According to the treaty of Sweden, the Russian fortresses Ivan-gorod, Yam and Koporye with districts were withdrawn. See 1590 p.
1584 summer. By decree of Tsar John IV Vasilyevich, the city of the fortress Novye Kholmogory was founded on Cape Pur-Navolok to protect the Archangel Michael Monastery and the nearest settlement.
At the age of 53, Ioann Vasilyevich IV suddenly died while playing chess. John IV Vasilievich left several literary works, he was also the author of several church stichera and hymns.
During his reign, St. Tsar Ivan the Terrible erected more than 40 stone churches of unprecedented beauty at that time, founded over 60 monasteries, 39 Russian saints were glorified (previously 22 were honored), among them St. Prince Alexander Nevsky, 155 fortresses and 300 new cities were built, the population of Russia grew from 2.5 million to 4.5 million people.
During the reign of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible, the state territory of Russia almost doubled, the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian kingdoms, as well as Nagaya and part of the northern Caucasus were annexed to Russia. The Russian state became larger in size than the rest of Europe, and a strong peace was established along all Russia's borders with enormous potential for Russia. An attempt was made to create the first Russian fleet. Judicial and administrative reforms were carried out, which had no equal then in the whole world. A network of educational institutions has been organized. The Book of Degree was published; Obverse Chronicle Code; Code of Law; Stoglav; Chetya-Menaion; Domostroy; Church Councils were convened in 1547, 1549, 1551, 1553, 1562. They laid the foundations for the Church and Sovereign building of Holy Russia as the Third Rome and the Second Jerusalem.
"This sovereign is my example and model" Peter the Great.
The Zemsky Sobor approved the accession of the son of John IV Vasilyevich = Fyodor Ioannovich. May 31 Fyodor Ioannovich is crowned with the kingdom. The wedding ceremony was added by the "great exit" of the tsar and his retinue to the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Introduced "power" - a golden apple or a sovereign apple, with a pommel in the form of a cross. By order of the new Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, the young Tsarevich Dmitry Ioannovich was sent to the Ugletsk inheritance, along with his mother and a large retinue. The Orthodox Church recognizes only three marriages in one person, and the prince was from the fifth or sixth marriage. According to church canons, he was illegitimate. The ruler of the court in Uglich was Fyodor's messenger Mikhail Bityagovsky. There is a report that one of the nannies, having tried the concoctions intended for Dmitry, was poisoned and died. Foreign nationals in Russia, note,that Dmitry is a real tsarevich, it means that there were rumors about a "not real" tsarevich.
From 1584 to 1598, the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich and the first years of the reign of Boris Godunov.
1585 summer. On August 6, ataman Yermak dies in a surprise attack. A pier, Gostiny Dvor, warehouses in Novye Kholmogory were built. Since 1613, the Arkhangelsk town has been called.
1587 summer. The power in the country is taken by the boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov, whose sister Irina was married to the heir to the throne Fedor Ioannovich. During the years of the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich, the country's economy received a recovery in economic life. Godunov's government introduces "forbidden summers".
1589 summer. Establishment of the patriarchate.
1590-1593 hp Russia starts a war with Sweden for the return of lands taken in the Livonian War. Russia is returning a number of towns in the Novgorod region and the Ivangorod fortress on the border river Narva. Trade with England and France is developing. The annexation of Siberia was completed. The results of the war in the summer of 1595.
1591 summer. The relics of Philip, the former hegumen of the Solovetsky Monastery and the Metropolitan of Moscow, who was killed by Malyuta Skuratov in 1569, are transferred to the Solovetsky Monastery. And in the summer of 1652 under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich the relics of St. Philip were transferred to the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Memorial Day 9 (January 22), July 3 (16).
1598 summer complete defeat of the troops of Khan Kuchum by voevoda A. Voeikov, the khan's family was captured, he himself sailed down the Ob River. Killed in the Nogai Horde.
1598 - 1605 summer in Moscow ruled for Fyodor Ioannovich Boris Godunov, who at the wedding to the throne used an unconventional oath, promising to share the last shirt with his subjects if he did not manage to end poverty in the country. Under Godunov, urban construction was resumed. Walls and towers of the White City were built along the line of the modern Boulevard Ring. Posad, spread beyond the White City and was fortified by an earthen rampart with wooden walls and 50 towers along the Garden Ring line: Skorodom or Wooden, and later Earthen City.
1590 summer. The hero of the Battle of Molodya inflicts a painful defeat on the Swedish troops. After his last victory and the signing of a truce, he takes monastic vows and dies a year later at the Trinity-Sergius monastery. Everything is like that of the best princes of Russia.
1591 summer. Tsarevich Dmitry dies from being stabbed in the throat with a knife, the exact causes of death remain unknown. Maria blames the death of the tsarevich Bityagovsky's son - Danila, Osip - the son of Volokhov and another boy. The crowd tears Mikhail Bityagovsky on the spot with his own son. In Uglich, riots begin and a commission comes to sort it out with Vasily Shuisky - who was not the direct heir of Rurik, the okolnich Andrey Kleshnin - a relative of Godunov and Fyodor Ivanovich's educator, clerk Elizar Vyluzgin and Metropolitan Gelasiy. All of them are ordered to stop rumors about the premeditated death of Tsarevich Dmitry. There is also a version that the dummy boy was killed, and the real tsarevich was hidden from Boris Godunov. The version that he stabbed himself in a seizure of epilepsy is also doubtful,since in this state the affected person is not able to hold anything in his hands. The question arises: why, with a huge number of "witnesses", no one helped him during the attack. The murder of the "guilty" in the death of the prince also causes. One solicitor Yudin out of 152 respondents said that he had seen everything from afar. In Russia, there were indirect heirs of Rurik: Shuisky, Trubetskoy, Dolgoruky and others. Sigismund Polsky was Rurikovich by blood for more than half. It is noted that Dmitry's mother Maria does not make funeral contributions about Dmitry's soul. Dolgoruky and others. Sigismund Polsky was Rurikovich by blood for more than half. It is noted that Dmitry's mother Maria does not make funeral contributions about Dmitry's soul. Dolgoruky and others. Sigismund Polsky was Rurikovich by blood for more than half. It is noted that Dmitry's mother Maria does not make funeral contributions about Dmitry's soul.
1594 summer. In Europe, a new idea of a route to Asia through the ice of the Arctic Ocean is being put forward. The idea is proposed by the famous cartographer and traveler from Amsterdam Peter Planzius. Merchants interested in a new route to Indian goods donate money for the expedition. On July 5, forty-three-year-old Wilhelm Barentsz leaves the harbor on the Mercury, accompanied by two small ships commanded by Brother Tetgales, who had already sailed in the White Sea, and Cornelis Nye. On June 22, at the island of Kildin, the Dutch met the Russians and the Lapps, the indigenous inhabitants. Here the expedition split up: Barents sets off to the north of Novaya Zemlya, and two ships set off for the Yugorsky Shar Strait. Too late the expedition set out, and barely reached Novaya Zemlya when frosts struck.
1595 summer. Plancius convinces the merchants and they give money for the new expedition of Barents. And again, only in June, the ships set off on a new expedition. The two ships collided in the fog and several sailors drowned. On the island of Vaygach, the sailors, contrary to the ban, began to plunder the warehouses of Russian pomors with skins of polar foxes and walrus tusks. The two marauders were severely punished. In keeping with the indigenous peoples and Pomors, the Dutch refused to give them the goods prepared for India, thus insulting the locals. Barents comes back again. On the island of Vaygach, they discovered an ancient sanctuary of 400 statues made of wood and stone, which was destroyed by Christian missionaries, who had already burned musical instruments from buffoons and ordinary Russian people.
1595 summer. Despite the failed assaults on Narva, according to the terms of the Tyavzin peace treaty, it is possible to return all their old possessions: Ivangorod, Koporye and Yam.
Posad man from "Salt" Kamskoy Artemy Safonovich Babinov volunteered to lay a tract in the upper reaches of the Tura River, where tribute-yasaks to Moscow were collected from the Voguls, Ostyaks and Tatars. With 42 peasant assistants, having received money, he began the construction of a highway to Siberia. His predecessors suffered setbacks because of the direct action of their own, who were quietly opposed by the Voguls and Tatars. Babinov sends spies for the Voguls, who went with a sacrifice to the Cherdyn Cave, on the European side of the Ural Mountains. This is how the shortest road of 260 miles was determined. The townspeople and exiles are settled on the graveyards to guard the road. The town of Verkhneturye with customs control was founded in Nerom-Kar. With the "death of the sacred path" Voguls change their place of residence.
1597 summer. To complete the construction of the road from the highway to Pelym, exiled 50 residents of Uglich are sent, who have not examined Tsarevich Dmitry. Only in the 1600s it became clear that none of the exiles and the guards reached Pelym, although the road was almost built, interrupted in one passage by a temporary camp. So in the future, it is not known where the carts and people on the Babinsky tract disappeared. In the summer of 1649 the Tsar's envoy of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich disappeared without a trace. A detachment of 12 people passed the Rastessky guard and disappeared. See 1735.
1596 summer. The last journey of the Barents began on 16 May. In June, Bear Island will be opened for Europe. After that, the shores of Spitsbergen are mistaken for Greenland. Once again the ships are separated, and Barents goes to the north of Novaya Zemlya. But he did not have time to turn east, as his ship gets up for the winter on September 11. Barents measures temperatures, wind speed and direction, and for the first time observes Novaya Zemlynaya Bor (a streaming storm associated with the collapse of cold air from the mountains.
07.12 pm. Birth of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who rose to reign in 1613.
On June 14, 1597, Barents sets off back in boats, since it was impossible to repair the ship. On June 20, Barents died of scurvy. The boats went to the Kostin Shar Strait, where they met Russian sailors, who fed them and transported them to the Kola land. There they were put on a Dutch ship.
1598 summer. Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich dies, with whom the direct connection with the Rurik family ended. The Zemsky Sobor elevates Boris Godunov to the throne, whose sister was the wife of Tsar Fedor and therefore Boris Godunov ruled the country during the Tsar's lifetime. At the same time, the country was developing, because all this was covered by Tsar Fyodor - the son of John IV Vasilyevich. Therefore, no one disputed the right to the throne. But under the direct rule of Boris, some doubts arose about the legality. At the same time, a streak of bad luck begins for the new king: a three-year famine. It should be noted that despite the far-fetched accusation of the Holodomor, critics show illiteracy in the history of the country. An annual drought led to three or four years of famine, not the "famine of 1921," when there was a summer drought, but until late autumn, the peasants still had food from the 1920 harvest. And only by winter did the real famine begin, during which the sowing stocks were eaten up and with the arrival of the new summer there was nothing to plant. Without government support, it took peasants two to three years to fully recover, although the drought was ending. Details about this situation in the history of the USSR.
So here too, the way out of hunger, despite all the efforts of Godunov, stretched out for three years and passed into the next century.
Author: Pavel Shasherin