At the end of the last century, the great Nikola Tesla demonstrated to the whole world the transmission of electricity through one open and ungrounded wire. It so happened that the essence of this phenomenon remains unclear today. It is also known that engineer Stanislav Avramenko successfully tried to repeat the famous experiment. But as far as we know, the physical essence of this phenomenon is not mentioned anywhere …
Here we will try to understand in an accessible form how "this" can be arranged.
You can start with the fact that in the origins of knowledge about electricity, the idea arose of the existence of an electric fluid that can flow from body to body under certain conditions. To be in abundance and lack. B. Franklin once introduced the concept of positive and negative electricity. DK Maxwell in his theoretical research used a direct analogy between the motion of a fluid and the motion of electricity.
Now, of course, we know that electric current is the movement of electrons (in this case, in a metal), which move when a potential difference arises. How can you explain the movement of electrons in one wire?
Let's take a well-known garden watering hose as an example. The conditions are as follows: there is water inside it, and the ends are plugged with plugs. How to make the liquid move in it. Yes, not how, unless you twist the liquid from one end, so that its rotation is transmitted to the other end in the hose. So, in order to make the water "move" in the hose, you need to move it not in one direction, but alternately, in one direction or the other, that is, to create an alternating current of fluid in the hose.
But since in this case the water in the hose will not move along ours, then, on reflection, we will understand that it is necessary to attach a container on both sides to the ends of the hose (after removing the plugs). Let them be in the form of cylinders. It is clear to everyone that these are communicating vessels. If we put a piston in one container, then by moving it down we force water from the first container to flow through the hose to a distant container. If we now lift the piston up, then due to the wetting (sticking) of the piston and water, we move the water back into the container with the pump through a hose from a distant volume.
If the described manipulation is continued, then a fluid flow alternating in direction will appear in the hose. If we manage to put a spinner with blades (propeller) in the hose, in any place of it (let it be transparent), then it will start spinning in one direction, then in the other. Confirming that a moving fluid carries energy in itself. With this it is clear, but what about the wire, perhaps someone will ask? Let's answer: everything is the same.
Let's remember what an electroscope is? Let's remember - this is an elementary device for detecting charge. In its simplest form, it is a glass jar with a plastic lid (insulator). The lid closes the jar. A metal rod is threaded through the lid in its middle, a ball of the same material as the rod remains above the lid, on the other side of the rod at the bottom, light foil petals hang opposite each other in the jar, they can move freely from each other and back. Let us recall that if you rub an ebonite stick with a piece of wool, as a result of which it is charged, and then bring it to the top of the electroscope - a ball, then the leaves of the electroscope in the bank will immediately disperse to a certain angle, confirming that the electroscope is charged.
Promotional video:
After this procedure, we will place the second uncharged (with drooping petals) electroscope at a distance of three meters from the first one. Let's connect both electroscope with bare wire, holding on to its middle insulated part with our fingers. The moment the wire touches the upper balls of both electroscope, we will see that the second uncharged electroscope will immediately come to life - its leaves will disperse at an angle smaller than that of the first one, and in the original electroscope they will slightly fall off. Now the electroscope shows that both have charges, they have flowed from the first ball-capacity to the ball-capacity of the second electroscope. The charges of both electroscopes became equal to each other. Here it becomes clear to us that electrons have flowed - an instantaneous current has arisen in the wire. If now we organize the charging and then the discharge of the first electroscope from one end in a constant mode,then it is quite clear that an alternating electric current will flow through the wire between the electroscopes. To this we add that the first electroscope must be charged with one sign and discharged with another.
If we pick up any detailed physics course, we will see that everything is described there. Except that such a process can be made permanent and there is also no mention of its applicability. Quite strange, since such a task baffles many of us.
Continuing this topic, we can say that it can be argued that the well-known method of electrostatic induction (influence through the field) can achieve the same continuous process, that is, the excitation of an alternating electric current through one conductor. If you act with a charged body on a nearby ball or sphere from one edge, for example, with a rubbed ebony stick, in a variable way and without touching it, then bringing the stick closer to the sphere-ball, then removing it.
In principle, nothing will change if we rotate, for example, using a motor, two diametrically located electret balls of opposite charge near a nearby sphere and a ball. The current will run from our ball along the conductor to the remote ball-capacity and back.
You can use an electrophore machine (with its help you can separate and accumulate charges of the opposite sign) or an electrostatic generator powered by the network, which plays the same role. If we alternately supply from the electrostatic generator then a plus, then a minus to a closely located ball (you can organize switching using 2 relays or semiconductor keys), then when the plus is connected, the electrons will come running from the remote ball-container through the wire, and when the minus is connected to of the same container-ball, electrons will escape back. Here it is necessary to remember that when a potential difference arises in a conductor, the electric field strength becomes constant in our process. Now that the electrons have where to drain - (into the containers-balls),then the electromagnetic induction method can be used to excite the alternating current. That is, if in any place of the conductor a spiral is twisted from it, then acting alternately dynamically on it with a magnet, we will get the same result. From this it becomes clear that a transformer can also be used for this purpose. The current can also arise from the alternate influence on the opposite balls-capacities - that is, from both ends. To create a large potential of the ball-capacity, through its direct charging or by the method of electrostatic induction, it is possible to apply the well-known principle of the Van de Graaff generator. With the help of such a generator, a potential of millions of volts can be created - hence a relatively high voltage.then acting alternately dynamically on it with a magnet we get the same result. From this it becomes clear that a transformer can also be used for this purpose. The current can also arise from the alternate influence on the opposite balls-capacities - that is, from both ends. To create a large potential of the ball-capacity, through its direct charging or by the method of electrostatic induction, it is possible to apply the well-known principle of the Van de Graaff generator. With the help of such a generator, a potential of millions of volts can be created - hence a relatively high voltage.then acting alternately dynamically on it with a magnet we get the same result. From this it becomes clear that a transformer can also be used for this purpose. The current can also arise from the alternate influence on the opposite balls-capacities - that is, from both ends. To create a large potential of the ball-capacity, through its direct charging or by the method of electrostatic induction, it is possible to apply the well-known principle of the Van de Graaff generator. With the help of such a generator, a potential of millions of volts can be created - hence a relatively high voltage.through direct charging or by electrostatic induction, the well-known principle of the Van de Graaff generator can be applied. With the help of such a generator, a potential of millions of volts can be created - hence a relatively high voltage.through direct charging or by electrostatic induction, the well-known principle of the Van de Graaff generator can be applied. With the help of such a generator, a potential of millions of volts can be created - hence a relatively high voltage.
In addition to the above, let's remember that lightning strikes sometimes from the clouds (from above), and sometimes from the ground upwards, sometimes between thunderclouds. This again indirectly confirms that the transmission of alternating current in the conductor is possible.
It is worth noting that it is always possible to make a current constant in direction from alternating current.
Now, if we install the appropriate (new) generators in power plants, then more power can be transmitted through the old power lines than now, since the same power can be transmitted through fewer wires - the rest will be freed.
The mentioned method of electrostatic induction can transfer electricity in the form of a disturbance of the electric field from “our” side to the opposite point of the planet, since the Earth is a conducting and, moreover, a charged large ball, and the charges can separate - polarize (to opposite). Taking the original signal by the corresponding receiver to the antipodal point, we generally received a method not only for transferring energy, but also information. Since at one point we modulate the signal, at another we demodulate. By the way, the principle of modulation-demodulation is applicable to single-wire communication. It should be noted that the transfer of energy and information to the "other" point of the Earth can be carried out if one influences inductively the magnetic field of the planet from "our" point.
We will not stop on the "torsion" principle of the transmission of electricity through one wire (to rotate the electric field, and with it the electrons from one end, so that the rotation is transferred to the other end in the wire).
With regard to the maximum length of the wire, it depends on the potential on the ball-capacitance. The very same capacity depends on its own radius.
Now let's talk about what N. Tesla may not have been doing. Here the author intends to state one hypothesis, which may turn out to be working, that is, correspond to reality.
Once the author did the following experiment: a permanent cylindrical magnet was suspended from a thread. When he calmed down, another magnet of the same kind was brought up to him at a distance - with the opposite pole so that some deflection of the first occurred. To prevent the suspended (first) magnet from turning on the threads, two flat bonds were imposed on it from its sides, so that it (the first) could move strictly along an arc (depending on the radius of the suspension) in one plane. So, when all this was done, the experimenter sharply hit the field of the third magnet on the field of the second - intermediate and stationary magnet (all magnets were oriented to each other by opposite poles). After a sharp impact by the field of the third on the intermediate magnet, the first one from the other side of the intermediate fixed one also sharply flew to the side. From this, most likelyit follows that the pulse was transmitted through the magnetic field of the interacting magnets. This is the same as in the well-known case when ten contiguous identical balls lie on one line on a smooth horizontal surface. And if now we hit one extreme ball - nine remain in place, as before, and the last ball at the opposite end bounces.
If this is possible with balls, then why is it impossible with a row of oppositely oriented magnets (a special case), which are at a distance from each other and are rigidly attached inside to a flexible tube. If energy is passed through such a new "wire", having acted first from one end of it with a sharp magnetic field pulse, then it can be received at the other end of the wire using a magnetic field receiver. Or if we take a solid iron wire and magnetize it strictly so that the orientation of the field lines is parallel to its axis, then now we will again get a new wire that can also perform the mentioned function, that is, transmit an impulse through the magnetic field of the “wire” with one side to the other.
The same can be said about similarly charged balls, or better about electret balls (of the same name), or about an electret wire (solid). Only in this case it is necessary to "hit" with an electric field from one end, so that the impulse is transmitted to the other.
The implementation of this idea will entail the creation of a new generation of technology.
And, concluding the story, it can be argued that the transfer of non-mechanical energy by new means through one wire is real. It's up to the implementation.
S. Makukhin