Our star belongs to the spectral class G (yellow dwarfs) among the countless number of the same ordinary stars in the Galaxy. Although, according to the classification, for some reason, the name includes yellow luminosity, in fact, the luminosity color is white (the surface temperature of the sun is 5800 K). The Sun has a yellow color for an observer on the Earth's surface (due to the scattering of part of the spectrum in the atmosphere).
The Sun generates its radiation due to thermonuclear reactions in its core (conversion of hydrogen into helium). Science says so. Every second the Sun loses 4.26 million tons of matter, and the mass of the Sun is 2 * (10 to the 27th power) tons. The reaction is in equilibrium. But once every 11 years, a period of solar flares occurs, when spots appear on the surface of the photosphere and prominences break out of them, the Sun loses even more matter:
Loses 1.34 * 10 to the power of 14 tons per year. For 1 billion years it will consume a mass of 1.34 * 10 to the 23rd power of tons. The amounts are astronomical. But I have not seen any even superficial calculations on this topic in books on astronomy. Only the information that there will be enough hydrogen for the Sun for another 5 billion years (it has been shining for 4.6 billion years), then it will begin to shrink and when a certain diameter is reached, the reaction of synthesis of carbon and other elements from helium will start. In this case, the Sun will begin to expand rapidly, reaching the size of the orbit of the Earth or even Mars.
Then compression starts again. And the final is the discarding of the shell, the explosion of a new one (by classification) A supernova explosion from the Sun will not work (the mass is small). And in the end, there will be a white dwarf, a tiny star. So, in brief, according to the ideas of astronomy, the life of our star will look like.
Astronomers plotted this life path of stars on the so-called Main Sequence or Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
But such explosions of new stars and supernovae at the end of our lives are extremely rare. In 1054, there was such an event: a supernova flared up in the constellation of Taurus, in the place of which is now the Crab Nebula and a pulsar in the center of the nebula:
Promotional video:
Of the total number of stars in our Galaxy, there are very few such events. Either almost all stars are young, or their explosions are of low intensity, or they do not occur. And an explosion, a shell shedding, is an abnormal situation of processes inside a star.
But let's move on to the processes inside the Sun.
Nuclear reactions take place in the nucleus, then the radiation is carried by the radiative transfer zone, then by the convective zone, and radiation in the visible spectrum occurs in the photosphere. This whole model looks strange when you consider that the average density of the Sun is only 1.4 g / cm3 - this is only 1.4 times the density of water. If the entire mass of the Sun is concentrated in the core, then what are its shells? Why do they exist? Why not be attracted to the core or fly away like the matter of prominences?
The photosphere has very interesting processes that have only recently been photographed by spacecraft studying our star:
Granulation in the photosphere Granulation in the photosphere
A static image of the photosphere surface from the Inoue solar telescope, January 2020.
The temperature in the core of the Sun according to astrophysical models is about 7 million K. And on the surface - 5800 K. But in the solar corona it rises to 1-2 million K. And in some places and up to 8-20 million K. There is still a problem in explaining the corona heating mechanism. The main version is heating by shock waves from solar flares of various intensities and magnetic reconnection (collisions of matter at the intersection of magnetic fields). But now they do not exist (minimum solar activity), and such a corona temperature remains, but with a lower intensity of radiation in X-rays.
The sun's surface rotates more slowly than its interior. And rotation at the poles has a higher angular velocity than at the equator.
During solar activity, the surface of the Sun's corona becomes covered with spots, ceases to emit in the X-ray range, and space probes take such a picture.
Another interesting fact:
The sun's magnetic field changes direction every 11 years. And the cycles of solar activity are connected with this. Why exactly 11 years old? Why does the maximum solar activity last 4 years and is dying out? There are no answers to these questions.
At the end of 2019. The Parker solar probe found that the solar wind (particle flux) that revolves around the Sun has a speed much higher than predicted by models and is 30-50 km / s (20 times higher than expected).
At one time, I laid out an article with an alternative view of the structure of planets and stars. For those interested, see here.
There is a model, albeit superficial, in which all cosmic bodies are hollow. This can only be explained by the synthesis of matter and energy in the envelope of stars and planets. And that body, a mini-star in the center of this structure is only a governing one, which has the property of absorbing ether from space. Torsion field models look like this. By some unknown mechanism, all the most interesting happens in the shell of the torus.
Strange, at least optical anomalies associated with the Sun are shown in this video.
Well, and a separate topic related to observing the Sun is the ufological observations of enthusiasts who find a lot of strange things in photos from NASA probes, laid out in the public domain:
An Earth-sized object orbited over the sun's north pole in 2012.
Objects of the same size almost constantly appear in the pictures.
And they even emit either rays or else towards the Sun.
"Recharging" by a certain giant sphere from the Sun.
There are a lot of such anomalies. Look in the section of our website "UFO near the Sun".
Author: sibved