Part 1
Around the end of the 18th century, after the Great Tartary was defeated in the World War, known to us from the school history course as the "Pugachev Uprising" of 1773-1775, this name on the maps was gradually replaced by the Russian Empire, however, Independent and Chinese Tartaria were still displayed until the early 19th century. After this time, the word Tartary disappears from the cards altogether and is replaced by other names. For example, Chinese Tartary began to be called Manchuria. All of the above applies to foreign cards. In the Russian language, however, there are only a tiny amount of maps with Tartary, at least in the public domain. For example, there is a 1707 map by V. Kiprianov "Image of the Earth's Globe" and a map of Asia from 1745. This state of affairs suggests that information about the Great Empire of the Rus was carefully hidden.
However, something still remained and finally reached the broad masses. One of the most significant works is the books and maps of the outstanding Russian cartographer and chronicler of Siberia Semyon Remezov. In 1696, Remezov was entrusted with drawing up a drawing of the entire Siberian land. This activity laid the foundation for unique studies that have come down to us in the form of geographical atlases "Chorographic drawing book" (1697-1711), "Drawing book of Siberia" (1699-1701) and "Service drawing book of Siberia" (1702), as well as chronicles the books "Chronicle of Siberian Short Kungurskaya" and "History of Siberia" and ethnographic works "Description of the Siberian peoples and the faces of their lands."
Geographical Atlases, which were compiled by Remezov, simply boggle the imagination by the coverage of territories that were subject to careful study. But this happened at a time when from the "high-speed" means of transportation people had only a horse. In addition, Remezov's materials amaze with a variety of information about the culture, economy, customs and customs of the peoples of Siberia. And they are decorated with great artistic taste and contain sumptuous illustrations. The "Drawing Book of Siberia" by Semyon Remezov and his three sons can be safely called the first Russian geographical atlas. It consists of a preface and 23 large-format maps covering the entire territory of Siberia and differing in the abundance and detail of information. The book contains handwritten drawings of the lands: the City of Tobolsk and posadov with streets, the Tobolsk city, the Tara city, the Tyumen city,Ostrog Turin, Vekhotursky city, Pelym city, and other cities and surroundings.
In the absence of a meridian grid, Remezov linked his cartographic images to a network of river and land routes. He obtained information on his "business trips", questioned other service people, local residents and travelers. According to his own testimony from such inquiries, he learned "the measure of the land and the distance of the path of cities, their villages and volosts, he learned about rivers, rivers and lakes and about the Pomor coast, lips and islands, and sea crafts and about all sorts of natural boundaries." On the maps, he marked in detail all the rivers and rivers of Siberia from the tops to the estuaries, together with their tributaries, as well as oxbows, reaches, islands, fords, shoals, transports, portages, mills, bridges, docks for ships, wells, swamps, lakes. He drew the land summer and winter roads with a dotted line, and marked the drags for days: “We were dragging along the reindeer for four days, and up the Chyudskoye letter,copied from the Irbit written stone. I have been running for two weeks.” Remezov also used the original system of symbols, including: a city, a Russian village, yurts, ulus, mosque, winter quarters, cemetery, prayer, barrows, guard, pillars (rocky figures of weathering). In general, the array of information collected by three generations of the Remezovs is incredibly huge.
Unfortunately, it took as long as 300 years for the descendants to see the work of life of these Russian people. The last entry in it was made in 1730, after which it disappeared from sight. It is known that the next time she was seen in 1764 in the personal library of Catherine II. Then it migrated to the Hermitage, and in the middle of the 19th century it was transferred to the Public Library of St. Petersburg. And since then only very narrow specialists knew about it. Another work by Remezov, "Chorographic drawing book" (primary drawing materials), ended up overseas. In 1919, she was taken out by an emigrant - the historian of cartography L. S. Bagrov. It surfaced in 1958 and is now in the library of Harvard University in Cambridge (USA) in the Goofton Library.
Let's try to summarize the above. Great Tartary, a huge country that occupied almost the entire Eurasian continent and existed at the end of the 18th century, was precisely a country, not a territory, as some "researchers" try to imagine. They argue their point of view by the fact that the English word country means both a country and a territory, which means that Great Tartary was just a territory, and not a country. However, this approach to the topic of the existence or non-existence of a huge power on the Eurasian continent raises several questions.
First, why do critics of the existence of the state of Great Tartary take English as their basis? Indeed, a large number of encyclopedias in the 17-18 centuries were published in French, which was international at that time, and only then they were translated into English. The first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica came out only at the end of the 18th century - in 1771. And in the French encyclopedias, which appeared at the beginning of the 18th century, Great Tartary was named precisely by the country - PaÏs in Middle French, and this word has one meaning - country.
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Secondly, in the same British Encyclopedia, in the "Geography" section, there is a table in which the authors of the encyclopedia listed all the countries known to them and indicated their areas and capitals. And the capitals of Tartary are named there, but, as we understand, the territory of the capital cannot be. So, according to the compilers of the encyclopedia, there are three Tartaria in Asia. Moscow with its capital in Tobolsk - an area of 3,050,000 square miles (three times more than the state of Russia with its capital in St. Petersburg - 1,103,485 square miles). Independent Tartary, with its capital in Samarkand and an area of 778,290 square miles, and Chinese Tartaria, with its capital in Chinuan, with an area of 644,000 square miles. The authors of the British Encyclopedia could not say anything about the states located east of Moscow Tartary, but they were,and this is mentioned in passing in French encyclopedias.
Another example. Here is what is said about the Great Tartary in the Dutch encyclopedia in French from 7 volumes "Historical Atlas or a new introduction to history, chronology and geography, ancient and modern …" Henri Abraham Chatelain (1684-1743), first published in Amsterdam 1705. It presents new maps of that time, articles about the history of the emergence of states and empires of the world, their ups and downs and their rulers. In the fifth volume of this encyclopedia, on page 87, there is a map of Great Tartary with explanations in the upper right corner that read: “This Tartary is called Great in order to distinguish it from Minor, which is part of Europe. Its size is significant if we take from the border of Circassia (Circassie) to the channel or the Picko strait, which, based on the observations made by the Jesuits sent to Siam,is at a longitude much less than the 69 to 192 degrees at which it is usually placed. There are very few people living in this country in proportion to its vast [territory]: there are few cities and many deserts. In very many places the land is uncultivated and only closer to the center it produces the best rhubarb in the world. There are many polar bears, ermines and sables, whose fur forms the basis of the country's trade."
And further: “Tartary, which until now was a completely unknown country, both for geographers and for historians, is represented here exactly in its natural boundaries thanks to the efforts of the famous Mr. Witsen, who gave us an accurate map, from which an accurate copy. The famous 400 league wall that separates it from China failed to stop tartare from invading and, to the chagrin of the Chinese, becoming masters of their country in 1645. Nevertheless, in Tartary there are many more rulers, whose names or places of residence are still unknown. In the center of this vast country are free peoples who do not have a permanent place of residence, but who live in open areas on carts and tents. These people are distributed into troops called Hordes."
Ibid: “It is believed that Tartaria consists of several kingdoms and it is said that more than a thousand years ago, typographic art was invented in the kingdom of Tangut. It is difficult to say exactly when the tartars became the masters of the entire country, which is located between Tanais and Borisfen and which is today called Little Tartaria. But as for China, the war that the Tartars waged with this country began 2341 BC. According to the Jesuit Father Mareny, who, in 1655, argued that the Tartars had been at war with the Chinese for 4,000 years. In 1280, the Tartars became the masters of China and then the Iven clan began to rule there for 89 years. Until 1369, the Chinese drove out tartare and the throne was taken by rulers by nationality and from the Mim clan. In 1645, the Tartars, under the leadership of King Xunchi, who is called the Great Khan,re-captured the Chinese Empire. The clan of the Tartar prince reigns there to this day …"
In general, it should be noted that the listed historical information for the most part leaves us in some bewilderment with their fragmentary, superficial and, in general, ignorance of the description of a huge rich country, and give rise to more questions than they give answers. Yes, and more and more is being said about China than about Tartary, but still there are some interesting points. It speaks of the existence of several Tartar rulers, which means, possibly, states, but who they are and what kind of states they are, what are the relations between them and the metropolis where their capitals are located, the authors do not know for the above reason. Therefore, in the notes, we are talking more and more about China, which in the 17th century was flooded by the Jesuits and who could receive information both about China's relations with its northern neighbor, and some crumbs about its northernmost neighbor. Although these crumbs are surprising.
The information about the war of tartare with the Chinese, which lasted not even decades - millennia, is striking! It lasted even after the hard war with China, which took place more than 7000 years ago and in honor of the victory in which our ancestors introduced a new calendar - the countdown from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple (see footnote about SMZH). It is possible that the Jesuit did not mean full-scale hostilities, but some conflicts and skirmishes, but constant and over such a long period. Alas, the authors of the encyclopedia did not bother to name the reason why the tartars had been in conflict with the Chinese for so long and so stubbornly sought to conquer them. Most likely, they did not know, and perhaps even then they began to create the image of a “terrible northern totalitarian monster” that attacks “little proud birds”. The mention of typography in Tangut is surprising, as we understandone of the provinces of Tartary, 1000 years ago. It is a pity that no details were given either.
A certain Guthrie William in the middle of the 18th century published a book in which he verbally described the state of Tartary and its parts, as well as a brief history of this state. Part of Great Tartary was conquered by the Russians (Muscovites) at the end of the 15th century. In the 16th century, the Manchus fell away from Tartary. And by the middle of the 18th century, only memories and three parts remain from the huge state: Great, Independent and Chinese Tartary. The capital of Great Tartary was Tobolsk. Everything roughly coincides with Witsen's 1717 map.
After the defeat of Great Tartary in the war of 1773, which was given the name "Pugachev's uprising", the memory of this empire began to be thoroughly erased, but this was not done right away. On the maps of the 18th and sometimes 19th centuries, she, or her provinces, were still reflected, including the Far Eastern ones.
Since the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, on the vast territory of the Urals, research groups, consisting of both scientists and local lore enthusiasts, began to discover ancient megalithic buildings, which allow us to talk about a completely new page not only in the history of our country, but and the whole world. All types of megalithic structures known to science can be found here. These are menhirs or standing stones, dolmens - stone tables and tombs, cromlechs - arched stone structures and geoglyphs, and the remains of stone cities and amphitheaters hidden by earth and vegetation, and giant walls and pyramids.
There is also enough evidence that the Scythians fought with Ancient Egypt, founded powerful states in Mesopotamia, Central Asia, Palestine, India and China, that almost the entire continent of Eurasia, up to the Arctic Circle, was occupied 5 thousand years ago by a huge empire - Great Scythia. Relatively recently, people knew that in ancient times the Arctic Ocean was called the Scythian. For example, on the map of Scythia and Seriki by Christopherus Cellarius, published in 1703 in Germany, which also shows the ancient name of the Volga river - RA (Rha) on the left and the Hyperborean or Scythian ocean at the top. In addition, the results of archaeological excavations have now become widely available, and we can now see the appearance of the Scythians and see with our own eyes that there is nothing Iranian, read eastern, in their appearance and not close.
The fact that the Great Scythia - a huge Eurasian empire is the empire of the Rus, the successor of which was the Great Tartary, and later the Russian Empire, is written in the excellent book by Yu. D. Petukhov and N. I. Vasilyeva "The Eurasian History of the Scythians". It notes, among other things:
- skills of iron processing, alphabetical writing, plots of the Homeric epic were brought to the Greeks by the Scythians in the 9th century BC, that Spartak was by origin a Scythian - a Bosporan prince from the Spartacid dynasty, which explains the extraordinary success of his uprising and the fact that at one time his troops controlled all of Italy, with the exception of Rome;
- in the 8th century BC the "Greek" city of Scythopolis flourished on the territory of Palestine;
- Russian chronicles tell about ancestors, brothers Scythian and Zardan, who went to war on the "land of Egypt";
- evidence of the treaty with Alexander survived in the Russian annals. It says that San, Velikosan, Avelgasan - the princes of "the brave people of Slovenia, the most glorious and noble Russian tribe" and Alexander the Great delimited spheres of influence, pledging not to enter foreign lands. All lands lying from the Baltic to the Caspian were recognized as the territory of the Russians (that is, the Scythians);
- Parthia was created by the Scythians. As a result of the excavations of the city of Nisa (near Ashgabat), the capital of the first Arshakids, it was discovered that a fortress was built in the city "according to the latest technology" of the then technology, and palaces filled with outstanding works of art: marble and clay statues, bas-reliefs, paintings, products in the Scythian animal style;
- The "Tatar-Mongol" invasion was the invasion of the Scythian-Siberian pagan Rus, who pulled into their mighty "ninth wave" the pagan Tatars, the pagan Polovtsians, the Rusovalans, the secondary pagan Rus of Central Asia … Christians of the “feudal-fragmented” Great Vladimir-Suzdal and Kievan Rus.
- The original Russian chronicles, which have not been edited, said the same thing as foreign sources of today. In the Joachim Chronicle, preserved in Tatishchev's transmission, it is directly stated that the Russians descended from two brothers, Sloven and Scyth. "Slovenian id by midnight and the great city was created, and Scythian remained to live in the same place, near Pontus and Meotis";
- The ancestors of the Russians at Tatishchev are directly named the Scythians.
Back in the 17th century in Europe, they knew that in Great Tartary they spoke the Scythian language. In particular, Nicholas Sanson wrote about this in the Atlas of Asia, published in 1653. The Scythians were also the founders and carriers of culture in the Caucasus - from the headwaters of the Kuban River to modern Dagestan in the 12-4th century BC, which researchers call Koban, whose material objects are entirely covered with a swastika pattern. Neither the Scythians nor the Sarmatians have disappeared anywhere, despite the fact that historians constantly repeat about this. In ancient times, the Slavic-Aryan clans were called by the name of their prince: "And from that time, by the names of their princes and their cities, I began to call these people of Slovenia and Rus" (The Legend of Slovenia and Ruse and the City of Slovensk from the Chronograph of 1679) So the people of the prince Rus, Slovenia, Scythian, Sarmat, etc. were called, respectively, Rus, Slovenes, Scythians, Sarmatians. The latter continue to live in the same territory where they lived all this time - on the territory of their once huge Empire, in the place of which modern Russia is located.
Back in 1854, Yegor Klassen, in his work "New materials for the ancient history of the Slavs in general and the Slavic-Russians before Rurik's time, especially with a light sketch of the history of the Russians before the Nativity of Christ," proves that the Scythians and Sarmatians, about which at different times wrote different Western historians call the same people who spoke the same language: “… Anna Komnena, Kinnam and Konstantin Porphyrogenitus call them Scythians, when all other stories are called Russ …
1) The Scythians of Anna Komnenoy, Lev the Deacon and Kinnama spoke Russian.
2) The Tavroscythians of Constantine Porphyrogenitus spoke Russian.
3) The Great Scythians of the Greek writers, according to Nestor, spoke Russian.
4) Sarmatians (Russ) The Chalkocondils spoke Russian.
5) Alana (Rossi) in Georgian history - of course, Russians.
6) The Sarmatians of Pope Sylvester II spoke the Venetian language, and the Venetian language is a Slavic dialect.
7) Sarmatians (Yatsigi and Pannonians) Ammianus Marcelina and blessed. Ioronima spoke Slavic.
8) Sarmatians (Anty), recognized by everyone as Slavs, spoke, of course, the Slavic language.
9) Sarmatians (Serbs) Pliny and Anton now speak Slavic.
10) Sarmatians (Veneds) Procopius and Ptolema, as occupying the same place with the Sarmatians of Pope Sylvester, spoke the same language with the latter, therefore, Slavic.
11) Sarmatians (Slavs) of various historians - Slavic.
12) All in general Sarmatians Apendini - Slavic.
13) Alana (Anty) Slavic.
14) Alana in northern France - Slavic …"
He also wrote that the Scythians-Rus were the most advanced people of the Earth: “… Knowing that the Russ were called Scythians, Troyans and Slavs, we transfer to the first, ie on Russov all those distinctive features that are attested separately for all three relative names by historians of Phrygian, Greek, Roman and German, and from this grouping of properties and development of one and the same people it turns out that the enlightenment of ancient Russ is both older and higher than Greek …"
However, over the past slightly more than 100 years, this has been forgotten, and the Scythians again became a mysterious disappeared people. Here is what Tamara Talbot Rice (1904-1993), née Abelson, who immigrated from Russia in 1917, writes in the book “Scythians: Builders of the Steppe Pyramids”: “The Scythians disappeared from the pages of history as unexpectedly as they appeared, as if they had fallen into a deep well. And although they themselves disappeared, they stirred the waters of history. The waves spread almost throughout Europe, and it is hardly surprising that they had the greatest influence on Russia, where their smooth and moving lines are noticeable even in our time …"
Her book is interesting in that the author analyzed 94 Scythian burials located on a huge territory - in Russia (including the Kuban, Astrakhan, Samara, Ural and Altai), Ukraine, Germany, the Balkans, Romania, Hungary and Mongolia, which she confirmed, although she did not set herself such a goal, the existence of Great Scythia, which once occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia and back in 1771 - the western part of North America, which is confirmed by the map in the first edition of the British Encyclopedia, where for cartographers of that time this territory of Great Tartary (ibid, see the map of the French cartographer Nicholas Sanson in 1691), the successor of Great Scythia, was a solid blank spot, Terra Incognita, just as the lands of the north and east of Eurasia once for Herodotus. Unfortunately, the author did not have archaeological data,to show the territory of the Scythian state further, to the east, and on the American continent.
We managed to collect such information about Great Tartary. There were a lot of them! And this clearly testifies to the fact that such a country was in reality. Our vast territory of Siberia and the Far North remains unexplored yet. And there, it seems, there are enough other facts to support our conclusions. The world's oldest Ural Mountains also keep many more secrets of the ancient history of our Earth and civilizations that preceded today's.
Maksimenko Yuri
ABOUT THE BIRTH OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION
Part 1