History textbooks are full of chapters about the "ancient Mediterranean". "And what was happening in Russia at that time?" - any sane person will reasonably ask a question. Science says that “nothing happened. Wild barbarians, second-class people were sitting in the pits. " Is it so? Obviously not. Let's try to understand this issue.
The fact that a huge amount of evidence relating to the history of Great Tartary, which was left to us by travelers, writers, poets and historians, is attributed by modern science to the history of China, is no longer in doubt. And often, in order to be convinced of this, nothing is required except for an independent study of the sources. They, in the overwhelming majority, have traces of falsifications, with which the initial versions have overgrown over the centuries, like a snowball, multiple corrections, speculation, numerous inaccuracies as a result of translations from one language to another and outright falsifications. Even so, much of the evidence continues to be unique. It is best to use publications in Russian, which were published at the dawn of the mass distribution of book printing, i.e. at the end of the eighteenth century.
The second criterion in the selection of sources is the field of their authors. By the level of reliability, fictional works, without a doubt, are an order of magnitude higher than the works written by professional historians. However, it would be surprising if the poets were lying and the scientists were sincere. History is an instrument in the hands of politicians, and politics is the “art of lying,” as you know. Therefore, I propose to return to the history of the campaigns of the troops of Alexander the Great on the example of "ancient" authors.
Arrian (Ancient Greek geographer 92-175 AD) writes:
Where exactly was the land of the parapamisades, the city of Cofen and the aforementioned Alexandria, is not known for certain. But a lot of information about Bactria has been preserved. This kingdom existed in the adjacent territories of present-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. And then a reasonable question arises about how it was possible to "cross" the Caucasus and end up in Bactria, which is more than three thousand kilometers from the Caucasus? Who the singers are is also unknown today, but the decision to send troops to the Indus from Uzbekistan looks like sheer tyranny. Even today, this is a very difficult task for foot and horse warriors, despite the fact that roads and tunnels were built through the Hindu Kush, and in the wild, the passage through the mountains to India was simply impossible.
Consequently, this passage is not about that Caucasus, and not about that Indus, which are known to us today. But further, in the description of the famous battle at the River Hydasp, a hint follows:
I draw your attention to the fact of mentioning some mullahs. Descriptions of Indian Macedonian campaigns are replete with forgotten names of rivers, cities, countries and peoples, and probably for this reason no one pays attention to some kind of malls. I would not have paid attention, too, if not for one trifle. Guillaume de Rubruck, in his reports sent to Louis IX, called Mogulls mulla! So Arrian also wrote about them. And he wrote about the "India Superior", which existed in a place that was later called Katai. Those. in Siberia.
In addition, in the description of this event by the Roman biographer of Macedon, Quintus Curtius Rufus, a fiery speech is mentioned, with which Alexander addressed his army. The soldiers were extremely exhausted by the long march and began to express their dissatisfaction louder and louder, and demanded from their commanders to be released home. At the beginning of the campaign, the army had about 15,000 soldiers, but after the conquest of Natolia (Turkey), the army increased to one hundred and twenty thousand soldiers and officers, of which about a third were cavalry. So, Alexander, inspiring the soldiers, said that it would be even more difficult ahead, because India is a northern country, very cold, where there are impenetrable forests, rocks and deep snow.
Again we see the selective blindness and deafness of historians: "I see here, but I don't see here." Who, tell me, would think of calling India a northern country? Meanwhile, even the Tuvans have preserved legends about the passage of the troops of Alexander the Great through the Tunkinskaya valley. Today there is a hiking trail known as the Genghis Khan Trail. So, it turns out that this is not an invention of marketers from tour operator companies, but this path is in fact just one of the sections of the ancient road along which troops, merchants, ambassadors and travelers moved from Katay to Europe and back.
The real Chinggis Khan Road existed in reality and connected Kara-Kurum with Olvia - an ancient city on the Black Sea coast (now the village of Parutino, Ochakovsky district, Nikolaev region). Travelers who arrived by sea or by land across the Danube to Olbia and set off for Tartaria, then waited for a way along the road, through the lands of the Goths, then Cherkasy, Turkomans, and then through Tuva, past the Por-Bazhyn fortress through the mountains, deep into Turan.
Genghis Khan road (Scythian road). Tunkinskaya valley. Tuva.
And this fortress, most likely, was, in fact, a customs house, where coins and goods taken from merchant caravans were kept as customs duty - tamga (the word "customs" itself comes from the word "tamga". But tamga is not only fiscal collection, but also a special seal, which was put on bales of goods to certify that the duty has already been taken).
Fortress Por-Bazhyn. Tuva.
Of course, this was not the only road to Turan (Scythia along Strabo), de Rubruk followed to Kara-Kurum through the southern Urals. Both of these routes from Turkestan to Katay are indicated on the map compiled by Strabo:
And according to the reconstruction of N. S. Novgorodov in his book "The Siberian Campaign of Alexander the Great", and the Chinggis Khan Road had branches, allowing you to get to different provinces of Kataya:
Now a quote from the Macedonian address to his generals Hephaestion, Craterus and Erygius, quoted by Curtius Rufus:
Well … Let some historian at least try to find a reasonable explanation for the fact that there is only one river between Bactria (read Turkestan) and Europe, and this river is Tanais, i.e. Don. But what about the Urals? And the Volga? Could Alexander, who possesses secret knowledge (I have already said that he was a participant in the Mysteries, i.e. meetings of the Freemasons), could know geography so poorly? Hardly. In my opinion, it is obvious that we are talking about the Urals, which separates Europe from Asia. But this is not the most interesting thing. The main thing for us is the irrefutable fact of the Macedonian campaign against the Scythians. Here is an extremely curious moment in the work of Curtius Rufus:
Epistle of the Scythians to Alexander the Great
A completely unique document, thanks to which the whole picture of history, which belongs to the period of antiquity, is seen in a completely different way. And I have at least two reasons to recognize the authenticity of the Scythian message. First, in it, as nowhere else, the worldview of the Russians is fully and accurately described. It is impossible to doubt that we are talking about the Russians. This is understandable to every Russian. And secondly, if Curtius Rufus had decided to lie, he would have exposed the Scythians in the most unfavorable light, as well as other "barbarians". However, the opposite is true here. Macedonian is not presented in a very attractive form, and the Scythians teach him to mind reason, like a boy, and even unambiguously threaten him. And the Macedonian swallows all this without frowning.
Well, and it would be nice to hang this message in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington. So that our "partners" learn it by heart, because the message has not lost its meaning in our days. And it is possible that it has become even more relevant.
As for which river ancient historians called Tanais, the situation here is simply anecdotal. Without a doubt, according to the meaning of the texts, this is the Urals. But orthodox scholars, with perseverance worthy of a better application, continue to assert that the ancient authors meant the Oks River (Amu Darya) by Tanais. Along the way, I note that Oaks, translated from Turkish means "sour" (sour river), which means the Greek "ksino" and Latin "oxy", which also mean "sour", have a single linguistic base. This is how the word "oxygen" (oxygen) appeared.
And on the Ural River, which the Scythians called Yaksart, and the Macedonians, as it turned out, Tanais, had seven large cities. Alexander did not heed the wise instructions of the Scythian ambassadors and completely ruined them. During the siege of one of them, he was seriously wounded in the neck, and became so furious that he ordered to cut down the civilian population. In total, according to historians, up to one hundred and twenty thousand people were killed. However, they always very much embellished the victories of Macedon, and they preferred not to mention his despicable deeds at all.
And, as I showed above on Strabo's map, the Macedonian strove to go to India (India Superior) along the western route, through the southern Urals, just as Guillaume de Rubruck later got there.
But not only was India actually in Siberia, but also the Indus River existed there, and the Ganges too.
Fragment of the map of Claudius Ptolemy. 2nd century AD
India Superior means "India is the most ancient, primordial".
A recognized authority in science, Indian historian, writer and Sanskitologist Rahul Sanskrityan claims that until 1770 the Tom River was Poros (aka Khoi), and the city of Tomsk was called Sadina. The Ob was called the Indus, and the Angara-Yenisei-Changara Ganges. It was then that the last Indo-Aryans completed the exodus from Hyperborea to the territory of modern India. But they did not take all the toponyms and hydronyms with them forever. In the northeast of Yakutia there is the Indigirka River! Translated from Hindi, the word "gir" means "mountain". However, translation is not required here, for the Russian ear these words sound identical. And it turns out that Indigirka is simply "Indian Mountains". Like this!
It is curious that such hydronyms as Angara and Changara are also full of meaning for the Hindus. Translated from Sanskrit, changara is a shed with a high roof, in which grain is sieved. Now the etymology of the word hangar is clear. Right? It seems that the origin of the place names Angora and Angkor Wat are also directly related in meaning to the words Changara and Angara.
Arsa (Arza) - the capital of Russia, according to many sources, on the map of G. Sanson in 1688. Presumably, now it is the city of Kamen-na-Obi, in the Altai Territory.
Macedonians in Hyperborea
Confirmation that Macedonian was in high latitudes is the mention of Aristobulus (king of Judea in the II century BC) that near the confluence of Aksin with Giarotida there are trees of such height that fifty horsemen can take refuge in the shade of one tree. and this shadow is five stages long. It should be noted here that in those days, travelers always tried to notice the length of the shadow on the day of the solstice. There was simply no other way to calculate the latitude at which they are. And there is no doubt that by indicating the length of the shadow of almost one kilometer, Aristobulus wanted to emphasize how far the Macedonians wandered. If we were talking about India, then only a tree with a height of at least seven hundred meters could give a shadow of this length, which is impossible, as we know. But at the latitude of Surgut,Twenty-meter tall larch gives shade nine hundred meters long on the winter solstice. It all fits!
No less valuable is the testimony of Diodorus (Sicilian historian of the 1st century BC). He writes that this winter 330-329. BC, Alexander opposed the Parapemesads. Their country lies in the far north, all covered with snow and inaccessible to all peoples due to extreme cold weather. Most of it is a treeless plain, where in the villages the roofs of houses are covered with tiles and have a sharp ridge with a hole for smoke to escape. The inhabitants spend most of the time inside their homes, and they add earth to the vines and fruit trees for the winter. The country lies in "the sparkling whiteness of snow and frozen ice." Here the Macedonian lost most of his troops. The soldiers froze in the snow and were blinded by the intolerable glow of the Sun reflected by the snow. Now they call it snow blindnessand I partly had to experience this phenomenon myself when I went in for skiing in late March - early April in Kolyma.
Other authors also wrote about these events, including Strabo and Quintus Curtius Rufus. I see no reason to quote everyone, but everyone can check it on their own. Only the orthodox from history do not notice this evidence, as they stubbornly ignore the fact that absolutely all authors mention that in winter during the Macedonian campaign the Sun rose above the horizon for only a short time, and some period was marked by complete darkness for many days … This could only be in high arctic latitudes. But, in general, there were practically no questions left, with the exception of one: what the Macedonian army was dressed in, what the soldiers ate, and what the horses were fed with.
To the mouth of the Ob, they traveled on ships, where they had to get up for the winter, and it was there that they had to burn them, because in winter there is simply nowhere to get firewood in the tundra. And then what? After all, most likely, they also ate horses, well, or most of them. Therefore, one can only sympathize with the fate of the invaders. And everyone who reads the works of Curtius Rufus understands this. Only historians do not understand.
Tribes of Hyperborea
Arimasps were among the first on the Macedonian route. But Aristeus (Greek mathematician of the 1st century BC) in his treatise "Arimaspeia", and later Aeschylus, Herodotus and Pausanias, wrote about the Arimasps as a people living in Hyperborea. It was the Arimasps who were blamed for pushing the Scythians, and they, in turn, squeezed out the Cimmerians, who were forced to flee to the Iberian peninsula (Spain), and later to the islands of foggy Albion. The next were the Indians, about whom Arrian writes: “They are tall, some of them five cubits (190-230cm), or slightly shorter. These are the tallest people in Asia."
Plutarch (Greek writer II century BC) clarifies that the height of the king of the Indians Pora was four cubits and one inch (220 cm), and that he, sitting on an elephant on horseback, looked like a horse rider, although the elephant was the largest under him. It's funny, but it turns out that Russia is actually the "homeland of elephants", only the remains of those elephants were called mammoths by scientists, and they invented that they were covered with thick wool, despite the fact that not a single frozen mammoth carcass that would have thick hair has yet to be found.
And Alexander himself wrote about the Scythians that "they are so strong and grown that the little Macedonians will not be up to their shoulders."
Well, and finally, a very funny fact. According to the testimony of ancient authors, Macedonian met a tribe of Sibs on its way … Diodorus claims that the Sibs reminded Alexander that he was one of the descendants of their tribe. It is obvious that the Sibs were Slavs, since the Macedonians also had Slavic roots. Some authors call the Sibs sabaraks, but most of us understand that "sabarak" is a Siberian.
Curtius Rufus, mentioning the Sibs, says that where Gidasp merges with Akesin (Gidasp is the Irtysh, and Akesin is the former name of Ishim), the possessions of the Sibs begin. The Sibs consider as their ancestors the companions of Hercules, who on the way from Hyperborea weakened from the disease, and left him behind, settling forever.
Arrian and Plutarch, referring to the Sibs, argue that they did not have kings, and all state issues were adopted by a general meeting - veche.
Fauna of ancient Siberia
The main trump card in the arguments of the defenders of the version of the Macedonian campaign on the Indian subcontinent is the preserved description of the Indian troops who used war elephants as heavy offensive weapons. Again, we are faced with the selective thinking of historians: "I remember here, but I don't remember here." And what about the multitude of medieval maps, which depicted the appearance of peoples inhabiting a particular territory, attractions, and animals inhabiting this area?
Today, many are surprised how the camel ended up on the emblem of Chelyabinsk:
And only a few people know that in Chelyabinsk until 1941 it was the most common animal-drawn animal (after the start of the Great Patriotic War, all camels were mobilized for the needs of the Red Army).
Stalingrad.
North Caucasus.
Orenburg.
The same story happened with the Siberian elephants, which science called mammoths. Describing Kaplai Khan's palace in Kambala, Marco Polo wrote the following:
Information about the world's first arboretum is, of course, priceless, but more importantly, Polo talks about elephants in the Khabarovsk Territory as casually as we talk about buying a bottle of milk in a store. Elephants in the north were a common sight that surprised no one. This was the norm for the inhabitants of Tartaria. But it seems incredible to us. And if you think about it, what's so surprising? After all, for example, if we had not saved the Amur tiger from extinction, then our closest descendants would have read texts containing references to it in the Khabarovsk Territory and in the south of the Magadan Region with the same distrust as we read about Siberian elephants.
But that's not all. It turned out that the allegedly mythical "priest John" (Ivan Tsar, who ruled in the three Indies) left quite material evidence of his existence. His letter to the Byzantine emperor Manuel Comnenus (XII century AD) is known, in which he writes:
Mammoth and Metagalinarius. Paleontological reconstruction.
The mention of some creatures that are unknown to science is considered proof of the existence of conjectures that abound in the life of Alexander the Great. Meanwhile, most of them are no longer considered mythical. If griffins were characters in fairy tales, then they would hardly become part of the state symbols of Great Tartary. And if the metagalinaries were an invention, then they would hardly have become a symbol of the court of Tsar Smaragd, who went down in history under the name of Ivan the Terrible. The fact that he was later called the unicorn and ranked among the equine family of equids does not mean anything.
Well, many sources tell about "corcodiles" quite casually. As if they were cats or stray dogs. They are mentioned in the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle, in the PSRL for 1582. about the invasion of Korkodil in Novgorod, and even in the newspaper "Pskovskie vedomosti" at the end of the nineteenth century, which says that a host of Korkodilians crawled out of the Velikaya River, and devoured many dogs and cats, as well as "humans suffered at that."
Author: kadykchanskiy