reference
The mammoth is a large herd animal from the elephant family. The height of the body at the withers is 3-4 meters, weight is 5-6 tons. The reddish-brown hair was up to 1.2 meters. Skin up to 2 cm thick and long hair with a thick soft undercoat. The tusks of older individuals grew up to 4 meters and weighed over 100 kg. The mammoth is a herbivore, eating up to half a tone of plant food per day. The life span of a mammoth is 70-80 years. The fertility of this mammal was very low, maturity was reached by the age of 11-15 years. The range of mammoths and mammoth fauna (bison, woolly rhinoceros, musk ox, etc.) was extremely extensive. Bone remains of these representatives of ancient animals are found almost throughout the northern hemisphere of the Earth. Finds that are especially frequent and in good condition are characteristic of Eastern Siberia. This is due to the cold climatic conditions and such a natural phenomenon of these places as permafrost (which bound the bowels of the earth for hundreds of meters).
So, the first point of view: Gradual cooling
Africa is considered the ancestral home of mammoths. Researchers have found that the ancestors of the mammoth and its accompanying fauna appeared in the north more than a million years ago and existed throughout the entire Ice Age. At the beginning, the climate was moderately cold, and permafrost was forming. Then, throughout the entire period, a gradual cooling occurs, interrupted by short periods of interglacial warming. About 20 thousand years ago, during the next glaciation, a very cold, sharply continental climate was established, tundra-steppes with abundant herbal vegetation developed. Mammoths and mammoth fauna adapt well to such extreme natural conditions, reaching their greatest development of modern mammals during this period.
Result: Gradual cooling, prolonged formation of a cold climate. In this process of cooling, mammoths, like other animals, gradually adapt to new cold living conditions.
Second point of view: A sharp cooling in the polar regions and the sudden extinction of mammoths.
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Dome theory easily solves mammoth extinction
Finds of freshly frozen mammoths are not uncommon in the north of Siberia. The problem with the extinction of mammoths is that now in the north of Siberia there is not that huge amount of food that is necessary for the life of a mammoth - a mammoth needs more food than an elephant. And in the north of Siberia there is such a strong frost (from –40ºC to –60ºC) that neither mammoths nor elephants can adapt to such low temperatures. With a very short summer and low solar radiation, the possibility of growing plants suitable for food for such giants is simply negligible. Suggestions that mammoths were able to adapt to moss, lichens and dwarf plants are also dubious. In addition, extinct praslons are found in the mouth with flowers that now simply do not grow there. So, since now mammoths do not live in the Arctic regions and there is no food for them, it can be assumed thatthat once a warm climate reigned in the early Arctic with an abundance of food for mammoths.
Mammoths are found "freshly frozen", sometimes with gladiolus flowers in their mouths, such as the mammoth from Berezovka (Yakutsk). Gladiolus is not growing in Yakutsk now.
We dare to assert that mammoths were buried with lightning speed …
It is believed that fat and wool protected mammoths from the cold, which supposedly was then. As for the layer of fat, there are the following objections: However, they still had nothing to eat in the north of Siberia, and even more so on the New Siberian Islands, since this is generally a polar desert. A 9 cm layer of fat in a mammoth indicates the abundance of food and the simplicity of its extraction.
A severe frost would just cause a rapid burning of fat to maintain body temperature. This is why northern animals like deer have very little fat. This means that the mammoths were clearly not living in the cold.
Like mammoths, modern tropical rhinos also have a large layer of subcutaneous fat - precisely due to the absence of frost and an abundance of food.
The Nenets and other northern peoples perfectly protect themselves from frost with the help of reindeer skins, which have a particularly low thermal conductivity and therefore very strongly protects from the cold. The fat layer does not play any role here.
So the 9 cm layer of fat in mammoths does not at all indicate protection from frost, but rather a very warm climate, an abundance of food and the simplicity of its extraction.
Just as the large amount of wool in the Malaysian elephant does not refute the fact of the hot climate in Malaysia (at the equator), so the large amount of wool in the mammoth does not refute the fact that Siberia used to have a warm climate. As a result of a comparative study of the skin of a mammoth and an Indian elephant, their complete identity in thickness and structure was demonstrated.
So, mammoths are related to thermophilic elephants, which are now found in such hot regions as India and Africa, and mammoths were most likely as thermophilic as elephants. This means that there was once a very warm climate in northern Siberia. And this is also explainable by the greenhouse effect caused by the steam-water dome: due to the dome, the Arctic had a warm climate, so there was abundant vegetation on which the North Siberian mammoths fed. And that is why in the tundra of Alaska they find the remains of lions and camels - heat-loving animals, as well as dinosaurs - warm-blooded reptiles. In regions where no trees grow at all, large trees have been found along with the remains of horses and mammoths.
The steam-water dome theory may explain the disappearance of dinosaurs and mammoths, but for uniformitarian geochronology (i.e. no catastrophes) this is inexplicable. When the asteroid fell to the Earth, which split the former single continent, water vapor over the Earth's atmosphere condensed and fell in the form of a powerful rainstorm, 12 meters of precipitation fell. This downpour also made a partial contribution to the mud flows that washed away the animals and formed stratigraphic layers. With the destruction of the dome, the greenhouse effect on Earth also disappeared and, as a consequence, the cooling. Since then, the Arctic and Antarctic have been covered with snow and ice. Therefore, this is what happened to the North Siberian mammoths: during the era of the dome, the Arctic had a warm climate, so there was abundant vegetation that mammoths ate, and then a powerful downpour and arctic cold fell on them. As a result, mammoths were buried with lightning speed (the effect of "fresh frozen") in the formed permafrost.
So, the only solution to the riddle of the existence and disappearance of mammoths in northern Siberia is a catastrophe and a breakthrough of the dome.
Afterword
The northern regions of Alaska and Siberia seem to have suffered the most from the devastating cataclysms 13,000 to 11,000 years ago. As if death had waved a scythe along the Arctic Circle - the remains of a myriad of large animals were found there, including a large number of carcasses with intact soft tissues, and an incredible number of perfectly preserved mammoth tusks.
The permafrost in which the remains of these animals are buried in Alaska is like fine, dark gray sand. Professor Hibben from the University of New Mexico states that: “… parts of animals and trees, interspersed with layers of ice, layers of peat and moss, lie twisted … Bison, horses, wolves, bears, lions … Whole herds of animals, apparently, died together, slain by some common evil force … Such heaps of bodies of animals and people under normal conditions are not formed … . Remember the monstrous photos after the tsunami in Malaysia …
At different terrestrial levels, it was possible to find stone tools frozen at a considerable depth next to the remains of the Ice Age fauna; this confirms that humans were contemporaries of the extinct animals in Alaska. In the permafrost of Alaska, you can also find “… evidence of atmospheric disturbances of incomparable power. Mammoths and bison were torn to pieces and twisted as if some cosmic hands of the gods were acting in rage. In one place we found the front leg and shoulder of a mammoth; the blackened bones still retained the remnants of soft tissues adjacent to the spine, along with tendons and ligaments, and the chitinous membrane of the tusks was not damaged. No traces of dismemberment of the carcasses with a knife or other instrument were found (as would be the case if hunters were involved in dismemberment). The animals were simply torn apart and scattered over the area,like wickerwork, although some of them weighed several tons. Mixed with the accumulations of bones are trees, also torn, twisted and entangled; all this is covered with fine-grained quicksand, subsequently frozen firmly."
… According to the descriptions of the researchers who discovered the New Siberian Islands, which lie beyond the Arctic Circle, they almost entirely consist of the bones and tusks of mammoths. The only logical conclusion, as pointed out by the French zoologist Georges Cuvier, may be that “permafrost did not previously exist where animals were frozen, because at such a temperature they would not have survived. The country where they lived froze at the same moment when these creatures lost their lives.
Mammoths died suddenly, during a sharp cold snap, and in large numbers. Death came so quickly that the swallowed vegetation remained undigested … Grasses, bells, buttercups, sedges and wild legumes were found in their mouths and stomachs, which remained quite recognizable.
And then paleoclimatologists appeared on the scene, who were absolutely indifferent to what linguists, anthropologists, and culturologists think about this … According to drilling data, they found out that from 130 to 70 thousand years ago the northern territories between 55 and 70 degrees were located in optimal climatic conditions. The average winter temperatures here were 12 degrees higher than now, and the average summer temperatures were 8. This means that in those days there was the same climate as we have now in southern France or northern Spain! The climatic zones were then located differently than they are now - the farther south, the warmer, then it was warmer to the east, closer to the Urals.
Tatiana Sosykina