“Moscow is golden-domed, bells ringing,” but in Alekseev's paintings, commissioned by Tsar Paul the First, Moscow looks extremely unpresentable - trees and bushes grow on the walls of the Kremlin and even on cathedrals. Very unusual views.
Red Square in Moscow. 1801.81.3 x 110.5, oil, canvas, State Tretyakov Gallery.
View of Red Square. 1802 Oil on canvas. The walls of the Kremlin in this place were built in the 15th and early 16th centuries. The towers were built with tents at the end of the 17th century. At the same time, a small “Tsar's” turret was built on columns with a tent. Along the walls there is a wide moat; on the bridge of the Spasskaya (Frolovskaya) tower, books are traditionally traded! Characteristic features: to the left are stone shopping arcades built at the end of the 16th century by order of Boris Godunov. along the walls, there are temporary shops and rows. The square was recently paved with stone, before that it was paved with wood. As you can see, there is still no Gum or a monument to Minin and Pozharsky. But the place of execution is already in its usual place. Before that, it changed its location several times.
Red Square, South part. View of the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed (Intercession on the Moat). Watercolor workshop Alekseev F. Ya.
The Tsar's eagle is clearly visible on the Spasskaya Tower - a symbol of autocracy in Russia. The Church of the Intercession on the Moat is densely built up and looks unusual, and the aesthetics are lame because of these extensions.
Red Square, North part. View of the Resurrection Gate.
Reference: On the left is the building of the Zemsky Prikaz (Office Places), which at different times was occupied by the Main Pharmacy and the first University in the country. Further (almost invisible), attached to the Main Pharmacy 1730 g Drinking house "Kazan Austria". The area in this part is narrow and abuts against the Resurrection Gate (about 1700-1721). On the right - the new building of the Mint, built in the 1730s, later known as the Provincial Board (in particular, Pugachev and Radishchev were held there during the era of Catherine). And finally, the Kazan Cathedral, built at the intersection of Nikolskaya Street and Square.
View of the Tsar's yard and the Church of the Annunciation in Zhitny Dvor1800.
Promotional video:
On the left we see the old building of the Palace, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower and the Annunciation Cathedral. On the left near the wall is the Church of the Annunciation of the Most Holy Mother of God, in the Zhitny Dvor - an Orthodox church that existed on the territory of the Kremlin and is attached to the Annunciation tower. Built in 1731 under Anna Ioavnovna. Further - the Annunciation tower itself. Near the Blagoveshchenskaya tower there was a Portomoyny passage gate, which overlooked the Moscow River. Although the gate was not in the tower itself, it was still considered a pass. Through these gates, the laundresses went out to the river to wash the royal linen. The port-wash gate next to the adjacent Annunciation Kremlin tower was tightly laid in 1831, i.e. after painting. In the 16th century, a prison was built in the tower. Near the tower itself in the Kremlin there was a Zhitny Dvor, where every autumn they brought grain, hay,oats and other supplies from state estates. The rest of the time, “the sovereign's people” gathered at the Zhitny Dvor and received a grain salary.
Alekseev Fedor. View of the Church behind the Gold Lattice and the Terem Palace.
Boyarskaya site. 1810s.
Boyarskaya ground or Bed porch and the Church of the Savior behind the golden bars in the Moscow Kremlin. 1810.81.3 x 110.5, oil, canvas, State Tretyakov Gallery.
Terem and the Church of the Savior in the Kremlin. 1800. Now we cannot see all this because of the construction by Posokhin in the 1960s of a giant glass aquarium for deputies of the CPSU congresses - the so-called. Palace of Congress.
Cathedral Square in the Moscow Kremlin. 81.7 x 112 Oil on canvas, RM.
View of Cathedral Square, drawing by the Hermitage. Cathedral Square has changed little over the past 200 years. From left to right: The Faceted Polata, the Assumption Cathedral, the belfry and the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, the Archangel Cathedral.
Cathedral of the Annunciation and the Palace of Facets 1811. On the left - the Cathedral of the Archangel. And directly we see the Annunciation Cathedral and the Faceted Chamber, and between them the no longer existing palace.
Chudov Monastery and Ivan the Great Bell Tower 1800. From left to right: Archalgel Cathedral, the Faceted Chamber, the bell tower and the belfry, the last, to the right, the building of the Chudov Monastery.
The Miracle Monastery was completely destroyed (demolished) and liquidated. So now it is impossible to see where Grishka Otrepiev (False Dmitry I) lived, who did so many troubles in times of trouble. It was destroyed along with the frescoes; on the day of the demolition of P. D. Baranorvsky - the last person who saw the interiors of the Chudov Monastery - only managed to take the shrine of St. Alexia. The Miracle Monastery was destroyed in 1930. The cathedral church in honor of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael in Khonekh was destroyed on the night of December 17, 1929 - a place was required to house a military school. The surviving fragments of the frescoes are on display at the State Tretyakov Gallery (State Tretyakov Gallery), the Historical Museum and the Andrei Rublev Museum.
Church of John the Baptist, Borovitskaya Tower and Konyushenny Prikaz. 1800. From left to right:
Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist. Built in 1509 by the court Kremlin architect-Italian Aleviz Fryazin and demolished during the construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace in 1846 on the personal order of Emperor Nicholas I.
Borovitskaya Tower was built by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari during the renovation of the Kremlin in 1490, by order of Vasily III (the architect arrived from Milan in 1490)..
Stable Prikaz - at the end of the 17th century, a special building was built for the Konyushenny Prikaz in the Kremlin near the Borovitsky Gate. It existed until the middle of the 19th century, when the building of the Armory Museum was built in its place. In the 18th century, the Konyushennaya order was transformed into the Konyushennaya chancellery and office, and the values of the Konyushennaya
treasury in 1736 transferred to the Armory.
Arsenal, Nikolsky Gate and Senate, in the Kremlin, 1800.
Arsenal (Tseikhgauz) is the administrative building of the Commandant's Service of the Moscow Kremlin in the northern part of the Kremlin territory between the Troitskaya and Nikolskaya towers.
It has the shape of an elongated trapezoid with a large courtyard, the north-western and north-eastern sides of the building are closely adjacent to the Kremlin fortress wall. The construction of the Arsenal began in 1702 by order of Peter I, the construction was completed in 1786-1796 by Matvey Kazakov. Before the retreat of Apoleon's troops from Moscow in 1812, the Arsenal was blown up, the north-eastern end was destroyed to the foundation, the rest of the building was damaged. Restoration works designed by architects A. Bakarev, I. Mironovsky, I. Tamansky and E.
Tyurin began in 1814 and ended in 1828. Now the building looks almost the same in comparison with 1800, only it has lost its triangular pediment. The towers along the arsenal are called Arsenals.
The Nikolskaya Gate was also destroyed and the Nikolskaya Tower acquired its present appearance later. The Senate building was designed by Matvey Kazakov in 1776-1787. commissioned by Catherine II.
This is a view of the Spasskaya Tower from the Kremlin.
Left - Ascension Monastery: Ascension Cathedral, Catherine Church; church of st. Mikhail Malein. The Ascension Convent stood in the Kremlin for about six centuries. Founded by the Grand Duchess Evdokia at the end of the 14th century in memory of the Battle of Kulikovo, he lived with Moscow the most glorious and difficult pages of its history. In the same 1929, the Ascension Monastery was blown up. Experts say that it was then that dynamite was first used to destroy temples. All his churches perished, including the Catherine Church, which remained the only surviving creation of Carl Rossi in Moscow. In place of the monastery, architect I. Rerberg built a bulky building, awkwardly stylized as Kremlin classicism, so that it would be in harmony with the neighboring Senate and Arsenal. Later the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR worked in this building.
View of the Spassky Gate in the Kremlin. 1800-1802.
Resurrection gate.
Named after the Resurrection Monastery located behind the Kremlin wall.
View of the Resurrection and Nikolsky Gates. 1800.
View of the Resurrection and Nikolsky Gates, and the Neglinny Bridge from Tverskaya Street in Moscow. 1811 Oil on canvas. 78 X 110.5 State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow.
Road to Red Square from Tverskaya Street.
View of the Nikolskaya Tower and the gates of the Moscow Kremlin (right) and a moat at the site of a modern cemetery near the Kremlin wall and (partially) Red Square. Watercolor. 1800
Nikolskaya Tower of the Kremlin and Aleviz Moat (on the site of the modern necropolis near the Kremlin wall). Watercolor by F. Ya. Alekseev, around 1800-1802.
Kremlin wall, Troitsky bridge, Troitskaya and Kutafya towers. On the right is the Church of St. Nicholas in Sapozhka. 1800s
Troitsky Bridge was rebuilt several times. It was about 1793 for the last time. Some of the bridge spans were non-flowing and created a dam on the Neglinnaya River, so there was a pond above the Trinity Bridge (similarly, upstream there was a pond created by a dam near the Voskresensky Bridge). The dams on the Neglinnaya River were used for fortification purposes. According to the Moscow historian I. E. Zabelina, the first stone Trinity Bridge, was probably built already in 1367, at the same time as the stone walls of the Kremlin were erected.
Trinity Tower is the tallest tower in the Kremlin. Built in 1495-1499 by the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin.
The Kutafya Tower was built in 1516 under the direction of the Milanese architect Aleviz Fryazin. Low, surrounded by a moat and the Neglinnaya river, with the only gates, which in moments of danger were tightly closed by the lifting part of the bridge, the tower was a formidable barrier for those who besieged the fortress. It had loopholes for the plantar battle and loopholes for vertical shelling of the enemy storming the wall, throwing stones at him, etc. In the XVI-XVII centuries, the water level in the Neglinnaya River was raised high by dams, so that the water surrounded the tower from all sides. Its original height above ground level was 18 meters. It was possible to enter the tower from the city side only by an inclined bridge. There are two versions of the origin of the name "Kutafya": from the word "kut" - a shelter, a corner, or from the word "kutafya", meaning a plump, clumsy woman. The Kutafya tower has never been covered. In 1685 it was crowned with an openwork "crown" with white stone details.
The Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Sapozhka (in Sapozhki) is the destroyed temple of the White City. It was located until 1838 on a small square - Sapozhkova (named after the church), Built in 1648. The church got its name in Sapozhka (in Sapozhki) after the temple icon of Nicholas in silver gilded boots. In 1837 Nicholas I ordered to dismantle this church. The bricks were ordered to be used for the construction of a new house of St. Nicholas Church in a semicircular extension to the Manezh. The Manezhnaya Nikolskaya Church was consecrated in 1843 and destroyed in 1930.
View of St. Basil's Cathedral. 1800-02.
View of St. Basil's Cathedral from st. Barbarian.
The street is named after St. Barbara. The Church of St. Barbara the Great Martyr was built in Moscow in 1514 by the architect Aleviz Fryazin not far from the Kremlin. The order for the construction of the church was received from wealthy merchants-surozhan, as in the old days the city of Sudak was called. The chronicle says that the church was erected "behind the bargaining, opposite the Pansky court." It is not known exactly what the Pansky Dvor is, perhaps Poles lived in this place, or, as another, less reliable version says, just rich people lived. In the church there was a miraculous image of Barbara the Great Martyr, which they began to revere during the time of Ivan the Terrible. After some time, the Church of St. Barbara the Great Martyr gained great popularity in Moscow. By the name of the church, they began to call the street on which it was located, as well as the corner tower of Kitay-gorod. In 1796, on the basis of the old foundation and several lower rows of masonry, they began to build a new church according to the project of the architect Rodion Kazakov - the namesake and disciple of the famous Moscow architect. It still exists today.
View of the Church of Nikola Great Cross on Ilyinka 1800.
Ilyinka Street is one of the three main streets located on the territory of Kitay-gorod, which have survived since the time of ancient Moscow. In the 14-15th centuries, the street was called Dmitrovka (Dmitrievka) after the church of Dmitry Solunsky, located on the site of the Exchange, and in the period from 1935 to 1990 it was renamed in honor of Kuibyshev. Ilyinka Street began to be called in the 16th century after the Ilyinsky Monastery with the Church of Elijah the Prophet (survived to this day), located on the Dmitrovsky Sacrum. In 1812, Ilyinka burned out in a fire, and the old shopping arcade was additionally damaged by a mine planted in the Kremlin. Instead of them, according to the project of Osip Bove, new shopping arcades were built in the Empire style. In 1839, the church of Dmitry Solunsky was demolished, and in its place the building of the Stock Exchange was erected, which in 1875 was replaced by the current one.
The Church of Nicholas The Grand Cross, a temple erected in the 1680s with a magnificent stone "carving" of the then fashionable baroque decor, had an undoubted influence on the composition of this style in Moscow architecture. The emphasized vertical composition of the church, standing on the basement (in the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century, it served as a warehouse for a trading company), confirmed its role as the spatial dominant of Ilyinka. A stunning heartbreaking poem "to the death" of the famous Church of St. Nicholas at the Ilyinsky Gate (popularly - Nikola "Big Cross"), mercilessly and senselessly demolished in 1933 - after all, in addition to the destroyed churches (in the overwhelming majority of architectural monuments), there were also not broken ones.
The poems were written at the same time (naturally, “on the table”) by a Moscow scholar, an eyewitness to the demolition of the temple, Yu. K. Efremov:
“There was a church yesterday. La Gorda, five-head.
Azure kopas bloomed in the corners.
Not surrendering gold for remelting, Star burnt placers on the domes.
And now - "Khodynka" … Stingy on spectacles
Weeks and months of everyday life.
And someone on the regal star-shaped dome
He put on the loop of the fourth lasso.
The lasso rope will finish off, canal.
And the dome will give way, round, full bosom …
The faces are stretched. Hugged and driven
No, we are again crowding ourselves against the stone heaps …
… Lump. Breaking down. Crochet. Hemming -
Picks and crowbars are beaten, dirty and executed.
Oh, how the blue head groaned!
How painful she was! The rope is pulled
Again! - The head moved, staggered, A cross shining with gold swung
And the crackle, like a scream, rolled along the streets
And the echo of the answer sobbed around.
And torn out by the roots, torn off with meat, The mute chapter fell backwards, "And-ah"! - swept through the strained masses, Hearing pain and forgetting words …
View of the Vladimir (Nikolsky) gates of Kitay-Gorod. 1800.
Kitay-gorod is an area inside the Kitay-town fortress wall, built in 1538 to the corner towers of the Kremlin - Beklemishevskaya and Arsenalnaya. After the destruction in Soviet times, only small sections of the ancient wall of Kitay-gorod have survived. China-gorod begins from Red Square, borders in the north with Okhotny Ryad, Teatralny Proezd, in the east with Lubyanka and Staraya Square, in the south with the Moskva River. In the spring of 1535 … a new moat was dug, already protecting a large area, and all Muscovites, except the most noble and prominent, participated in the work. On May 16, 1535, the solemn laying of the stone wall took place, the construction of the wall was supervised by the Italian Petrok Maly Fryazin, who built it according to the latest word of the fortification science of the time, designed for the developed artillery, which is especially striking when compared with the Kremlin fortifications:the walls of Kitai-Gorod were lower, but thicker, with platforms designed for gun carriages. The wall, completed in 1538, had a length of 2,567 m and 12 towers. Initially, four gates were built, which bore the names: Sretensky (since they went to Sretenka street, later Lubyanka), Troitsky (from Troitskaya street, the last, in turn, along the Trinity church on Old Fields; since the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, the street - Ilyinka, gates - Ilyinsky), All Saints (at the Church of All Saints on Kulishki, later Barbarian) and Kosmodemyanskie. The latter were led to Zaryadye from the direction of Vorontsov Meadow, that is, the Orphanage (Artillery Academy) built later. Initially, four gates were built, which bore the names: Sretensky (since they went out to Sretenka street, later Lubyanka), Troitsky (from Troitskaya street, the latter, in turn, along the Trinity church on Old Fields; since the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, the street - Ilyinka, gates - Ilyinsky), All Saints (at the Church of All Saints on Kulishki, later Barbarian) and Kosmodemyanskie. The latter were led to Zaryadye from the direction of Vorontsov Meadow, that is, the Orphanage (Artillery Academy) built later. Initially, four gates were built, which bore the names: Sretensky (since they went out to Sretenka street, later Lubyanka), Troitsky (from Troitskaya street, the latter, in turn, along the Trinity church on Old Fields; since the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, the street - Ilyinka, gates - Ilyinsky), All Saints (at the Church of All Saints on Kulishki, later Barbarian) and Kosmodemyanskie. The latter were led to Zaryadye from the direction of Vorontsov Meadow, that is, the Orphanage (Artillery Academy) built later. The latter were led to Zaryadye from the direction of Vorontsov Meadow, that is, the Orphanage (Artillery Academy) built later. The latter were led to Zaryadye from the direction of Vorontsov Meadow, that is, the Orphanage (Artillery Academy) built later.
F. Ya. Alekseev. View of the Orphanage in Moscow.
In the 19th century, these gates were named, respectively, Nikolsky, Ilyinsky and Varvarsky (according to the streets overlooking them); Kosmodemyanskie were laid down under Sophia, at the end of the 17th century. Nikolsky Gates also acquired the name Vladimirsky, after the church of the icon of Our Lady of Vladimir standing behind them. In the Kitay-Gorod wall there were also double gates - Spassky (Water) on the bank of the Moskva River (from which Vasilievsky descent began); symmetrically to them on the northern side of the fortifications - Voskresenskie, which were first called Neglinny, Kuryatnye (along the Kuryatny row) or Lion's (along the Lion's yard, where lions were kept under Ivan the Terrible), and received their present name at the beginning of the 18th century; they were also known as the Iberian ones, after the chapel of the Iberian Mother of God attached to them from 1669. In 1871 the last breach gate was made,decorated with a tower - Tretyakovsky passage. The wall (except for small sections) was demolished in 1934. The China-city walls played a combat function twice: in 1572 when defending against Davlet-Girey and in 1611-1612 when the Poles defended Moscow from the Russian militias of Trubetskoy and Minin and Pozharsky. In the 18th century, they lost their military significance, and already under Alexander I, plans arose to demolish them, to which the tsar himself, however, did not give his consent..
View from Lubyanka Square to the Vladimir Gate of Kitay-Gorod, watercolor.
The Vladimir gates of Kitai-Gorod have not survived, like the rest depicted here by F. Ya. Alekseev.
View from the Lubyanka to the Vladimir Gate. Oil.
View of the Moscow Kremlin from the Stone Bridge.
So our excursion is over. It remains to introduce you to the famous EXCURSIST - Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev {1753 (4?) -1824}, who, on the instructions of Paul I, created a cycle of these watercolors, drawings and paintings. And this is a portrait of our wonderful guide !!! In 1800 he was sent to Moscow "to take pictures", where he spent a year and a half and brought "a complete portfolio of watercolors, handwritten and made by students." The Moscow suite includes views of streets, squares, monasteries, but most of all it contains images of the Kremlin: "View of the Kremlin and the Stone Bridge from the Moskva River embankment", "View of the Moscow Kremlin". Brought up on the landscapes of coastal cities, in Moscow the artist found himself in an unfamiliar environment: he was surrounded by squat, crowded buildings, crushed by isolation, lack of perspective. In the image of Moscow architecture ("Cathedral Square in the Kremlin with the Pomegranate Chamber" 1800, "Red Square in Moscow" 1801, "Parade in the Moscow Kremlin. Cathedral Square" 1810, "View of the Resurrection and Nikolsky Gates from Tverskaya Street" 1811 and etc.), the artist made large-scale miscalculations and distortions. And yet, despite the shortcomings, the images of Moscow brought the artist real recognition. His paintings are highly regarded. Among the buyers are Princess Golitsyna, Count Orlov, members of the imperial family and Alexander 1 himself. His paintings are highly regarded. Among the buyers are Princess Golitsyna, Count Orlov, members of the imperial family and Alexander 1 himself. His paintings are highly regarded. Among the buyers are Princess Golitsyna, Count Orlov, members of the imperial family and Alexander 1 himself.
Terebenev Mikhail Ivanovich. Portrait of the artist and teacher of the Academy of Arts Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev.