How the Parthenon was built and what technologies were used.
From Wikipedia:
“The Parthenon (ancient Greek Παρθενών - virgin; clean) is an ancient architectural monument, an ancient Greek temple located on the Athenian Acropolis, the main temple in ancient Athens, dedicated to the patroness of this city and all of Attica, the goddess Athena the Virgin (Ἀθηνᾶ Παρθένος). Built in 447-438 BC e. architect Callicrates according to the project of Iktin and decorated in 438-431 BC. e. under the leadership of Phidias under the reign of Pericles.
The temple was built entirely from Pentelian marble quarried nearby. During extraction, it is white, but under the influence of the sun's rays it turns yellow. The northern side of the building is exposed to less radiation - and therefore the stone there has received a grayish-ash tint, while the southern blocks are given in a golden yellowish color. The roof tiles and stylobate are also made of this marble. The columns are made up of drums fastened together with wooden plugs and pins.
The laying was carried out without any mortars or cement, that is, it was dry. The blocks were regular squares. They were carefully ground around the edges and fitted to each other in size. The interior remained roughly finished, saving time and reducing labor costs. At the very bottom lay the orthostats - large quadras, on which much smaller stones are already located, making up a regular masonry. The blocks were connected horizontally with iron clips inserted into the grooves and filled with lead. Vertically, communication was carried out using iron pins.
The floors were made of wood. The ceilings inside, apparently, were cassette, since it is believed that the outside - stone - imitate the inside.
After examining the Parthenon, it became interesting how it was built and what technologies were used. The guards are not allowed to get close to the stones, but they managed to photograph something interesting.
The columns are made of massive blocks.
Promotional video:
The accuracy of vertical lines and sampling, the gap between blocks is surprising.
Column block. Absolutely flat polished surface on which rough notches are made with a chisel. Hole in the center of the block! What for? If you fasten the blocks together and prevent shifts, then the rod should be made of good alloy steel. Wikipedia says about wooden corks and corks:-)
An amazing stone, older than Lego. The marble round pins protrude 5 cm. How many hours does it take to create such a structure, and most importantly why. This can be done if it does not pose a technological problem, for example, by casting or on a CNC machine.
Also Lego.
Apparently for the builders, the use of such grooves was not something unique.
Choose 4-5 sq. meters of surface for several grooves, easily. I believe it was done by hand by slaves:-)
Square notches on the column and notches on the block on the right.
Base block cutout. Why is it so hard?
Did the slaves have a lot of free time?
Another column element with a hole exactly in the center.
Wow! The hole is square. To clamp the workpiece into an ancient marble-working lathe? It is not suitable for positioning blocks relative to each other, if only a square spike is inserted into the lower block with a square hole in the lower part and a block with a round hole is placed with a round one at the top and top. The next questions are "Why" and "How".
These are the samples on the column, supposedly made by hand.
Decor element. If cast into stone in a mold, then a logical design, if you cut a stone from the entire surface for the sake of one element, then there are simply no words.
Old and new stones. Cutting on the upper stone with a cutter?
Square groove in the center and round on the side. What would not be confused when assembling? I really wanted to measure the size of the decorations on the column with a tape measure, how much they coincide with each other. The guard followed and drove away from the stones.
Putting the guard to sleep:-)
Column tops.
Such a block will definitely not fit in an unnecessary place.
How accurately do the slabs need to be manually processed for joining with such grooves?
Protruding spikes on wall blocks.
Square beam holes? What were the logs sawed with? Wouldn't it be easier to make a round hole in the stone and turn a wooden beam? Ancient builders thought differently.
Accuracy of fitting wall blocks.
Wall block. Were they also connected with thorns?
How was the Parthenon built by the ancient Greeks? A search on the Internet led to a very interesting assumption:
“As a result of the study of famous architectural structures: the Pyramids, the Baalbek Temple, the Colosseum, the Pantheon, the Parthenon … we come to unexpected conclusions:
The official history of the ancient world is the “anthill under the tank” ©.
The greatness of ancient civilizations turned into the greatness of alien expeditions … ©"