The Sumerians were "black-headed". This people, which appeared in the south of Mesopotamia in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, from nowhere, is now called "the progenitor of modern civilization", and after all, until the middle of the 19th century, no one even suspected about it. Time erased Sumer from the annals of history and, if not for linguists, perhaps we would never have known about Sumer.
But I will probably start from 1778, when the Dane Carsten Niebuhr, who led the expedition to Mesopotamia in 1761, published copies of the cuneiform imperial inscription from Persepolis. He was the first to suggest that the 3 columns in the inscription are three different types of cuneiform, containing the same text.
In 1798, another Dane, Friedrich Christian Munter, hypothesized that the letters of the 1st class are alphabetic Old Persian writing (42 characters), 2nd class is syllabic writing, and the 3rd is ideographic signs. But the first to read the text was not a Dane, but a German, a Latin teacher in Göttingen, Grotenfend. A group of seven cuneiform signs caught his attention. Grotenfend suggested that this word is King, and the rest of the signs were selected based on historical and linguistic analogies. Ultimately Grotenfend made the following translation:
Xerxes, king of the great, king of kings Darius, king, son, Achaemenides.
However, only 30 years later, the Frenchman Eugene Burnouf and the Norwegian Christian Lassen found the correct equivalents for almost all cuneiform signs of the 1st group. In 1835, a second multilingual inscription was found on a rock in Behistun, and in 1855 Edwin Norris managed to decipher the 2nd type of writing, which consisted of hundreds of syllabic characters. The inscription turned out to be in the Elamite language (nomadic tribes are called Amorites or Amoritians in the Bible).
Type 3 turned out to be even more difficult. It was a completely forgotten language. One sign there could mean both a syllable and a whole word. The consonants appeared only as part of the syllable, while the vowels could also appear as separate signs. For example, the sound "p" could be conveyed in six different characters, depending on the context. On January 17, 1869, linguist Jules Oppert declared that the language of the 3rd group is … Sumerian … So there must be a Sumerian people … But there was also a theory that it was only artificial - the "sacred language" of the priests of Babylon. In 1871, Archibald Says pulsed the first Sumerian text, the royal inscription of Shulga. But it wasn't until 1889 that the definition of Sumerian was widely accepted.
SUMMARY: What we now call the Sumerian language is actually an artificial construction built on analogies with the inscriptions of peoples who adopted the Sumerian cuneiform - Elamite, Akkadian and Old Persian texts. Now remember how the ancient Greeks distorted foreign names and appreciate the possible reliability of the sound of the "restored Sumerian". Strange, but the Sumerian language has neither ancestors nor descendants. Sometimes Sumerian is called "the Latin of ancient Babylon" - but one must be aware that Sumerian did not become the progenitor of a powerful language group, only the roots of several dozen words remained from it.
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The emergence of the Sumerians
I must say that southern Mesopotamia is not the best place in the world. Complete absence of forests and minerals. Swampiness, frequent flooding accompanied by a change in the course of the Euphrates due to low banks and, as a result, a complete lack of roads. The only thing there was in abundance was reeds, clay and water. However, in combination with the fertile soil fertilized by floods, this was enough for the first city-states of ancient Sumer to flourish there at the very end of the 3rd millennium BC.
We do not know where the Sumerians came from, but when they appeared in Mesopotamia, people were already living there. The tribes that inhabited Mesopotamia in ancient times lived on the islands, towering among the swamps. They built their settlements on artificial earth embankments. By draining the surrounding swamps, they created the oldest artificial irrigation system. As the finds at Kish indicate, they used microlithic tools.
The earliest settlement discovered in southern Mesopotamia was near El Obeid (near Ur), on a river island that towered over a swampy plain. The population who lived here was engaged in hunting and fishing, but was already moving to more progressive types of economy: to cattle breeding and agriculture.
El Obeid culture has existed for a very long time. It is rooted in the ancient local cultures of Upper Mesopotamia. However, the first elements of the Sumerian culture are already appearing.
From the skulls from the burials, it was determined that the Sumerians were not a one-racial ethnic group: there are also brachycephalic ("round-headed") and dolichocephalic ("long-headed"). However, this could also be the result of mixing with the local population. So we can’t even relate them to a specific ethnic group with complete certainty. At present, it can only be asserted with some certainty that the Semites of Akkad and the Sumerians of Southern Mesopotamia differed sharply from each other both in their appearance and in language.
In the earliest communities of southern Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC. e. almost all the products produced here were consumed locally and subsistence farming prevailed. Clay and reed were widely used. In ancient times, vessels were molded from clay - first by hand, and later on a special potter's wheel. Finally, a large amount of the most important building material was made from clay - brick, which was prepared with an admixture of reeds and straw. This brick was sometimes dried in the sun and sometimes fired in a special oven. By the beginning of the third millennium BC. e., include the most ancient buildings, built of a kind of large bricks, one side of which forms a flat surface, and the other is convex. The discovery of metals made a major revolution in technology. One of the first metals known to the peoples of southern Mesopotamia,there was copper, the name of which is found in both the Sumerian and Akkadian languages. A little later, bronze appeared, which was made from an alloy of copper with lead, and later - with tin. Recent archaeological discoveries indicate that already in the middle of the third millennium BC. e. in Mesopotamia iron was known, apparently meteorite.
The next period of the Sumerian archaic is called the Uruk period after the most important excavations. This era is characterized by a new type of pottery. The earthenware vessels, equipped with high handles and a long spout, probably reproduce an ancient metal prototype. The vessels are made on a potter's wheel; however, in their ornamentation they are much more modest than the painted pottery of the time of El-Obeid. However, economic life and culture received their further development in this era. There is a need to draw up documents. In this regard, a primitive pictorial (pictographic) writing system arises, traces of which have been preserved on cylindrical seals of that time. The inscriptions have a total of 1,500 pictorial characters, from which the ancient Sumerian writing gradually grew.
After the Sumerians, a huge number of clay cuneiform tablets remained. Perhaps it was the first bureaucracy in the world. The earliest inscriptions date back to 2900 BC. and contain business records. Researchers complain that the Sumerians left behind a huge amount of "household" records and "lists of gods" but never bothered to write down the "philosophical basis" of their belief system. Therefore, our knowledge is only an interpretation of "cuneiform" sources, mostly translated and rewritten by the priests of later cultures, for example the Epic of Gilgamesh or the poem "Enuma Elish" dating from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. So, perhaps we are reading a kind of digest, similar to the adaptive version of the Bible for modern children. Especially consideringthat most of the texts are compiled from several separate sources (due to poor preservation).
The property stratification that took place within rural communities led to a gradual disintegration of the communal system. The growth of productive forces, the development of trade and slavery, and finally, predatory wars contributed to the separation of a small group of the slave-owning aristocracy from the entire mass of communes. The aristocrats who owned slaves and partly the land are called "big people" (lugal), who are opposed by "small people", that is, free poor members of rural communities.
The oldest indications of the existence of slave states on the territory of Mesopotamia date back to the beginning of the third millennium BC. e. Judging by the documents of this era, these were very small states, or rather, primary state formations, headed by tsars. The principalities that lost their independence were ruled by the highest representatives of the slave-owning aristocracy, who bore the ancient semi-Greek title "tsateshi" (epsi). The economic basis of these ancient slaveholding states was the country's land fund, centralized in the hands of the state. The communal lands cultivated by free peasants were considered the property of the state, and their population was obliged to bear all kinds of obligations in favor of the latter.
The disunity of the city-states created a problem with the exact dating of events in Ancient Sumer. The fact is that each city-state had its own chronicles. And the lists of kings that have come down to us are mainly written not earlier than the Akkadian period and are a mixture of scraps of various "temple lists" that led to confusion and errors. But in general, everything looks like this:
2900 - 2316 BC - the heyday of the Sumerian city-states
2316 - 2200 BC - the unification of the Sumerian under the rule of the Akkadian dynasty (the Semitic tribes of the northern part of the Southern Mesopotamia adopted the Sumerian culture)
2200 - 2112 BC - Interregnum. Period of fragmentation and invasions of nomads - Kutii
2112 - 2003 BC - Sumerian Renaissance, culture flourishing
2003 BC - the fall of Sumer and Akkad under the onslaught of the Amorites (Elamites). Anarchy
1792 - the rise of Babylon at Hammurabi (Old Babylonian kingdom)
After their fall, the Sumerians left what was taken up by many other peoples who came to this land - Religion.
Religion of Ancient Sumer
Let's touch on the Sumerian Religion. It seems that in Sumer the origins of religion were purely materialistic, not "ethical" roots. The cult of the Gods was not aimed at "purification and holiness" but was intended to ensure a good harvest, military successes, etc. … The most ancient of the Sumerian Gods, mentioned in the oldest tablets "with lists of gods" (mid-3rd millennium BC.), personified the forces of nature - the sky, sea, sun, moon, wind, etc., then the gods appeared - the patrons of cities, farmers, shepherds, etc. The Sumerians argued that everything in the world belongs to the gods - the temples were not the place where the gods were obliged to take care of people, but the granary of the gods - the barns.
The main deities of the Sumerian Pantheon were AN (heaven - masculine) and KI (earth - feminine). Both of these beginnings arose from the primordial ocean that gave birth to the mountain, from the firmly connected heaven and earth.
On the mountain of heaven and earth, An conceived [the gods] of the Anunnaki. From this union was born the god of air - Enlil, who divided heaven and earth.
There is a hypothesis that in the beginning the maintenance of order in the world was the function of Enki, the god of wisdom and the sea. But then, as the city-state of Nippur rose, whose god Enlil was considered to be, it was he who took the leading place among the gods.
Unfortunately, not a single Sumerian myth about the creation of the world has come down to us. The course of events presented in the Akkadian myth "Enuma Elish", according to researchers, does not correspond to the concept of the Sumerians, despite the fact that most of the gods and plots in it are borrowed from the Sumerian beliefs. More details >>>
At first it was hard for the gods, everything had to be done by ourselves, there was no one to serve them. Then they created people to serve themselves Read more >>>
It would seem that An, like other creator gods, should have had a leading role in Sumerian mythology. And, indeed, he was revered, though most likely symbolically. His temple in Ur was called E. ANNA - "House of AN". The first kingdom was called the "Kingdom of Anu." However, according to the ideas of the Sumerians, An practically does not interfere in the affairs of people and therefore the main role in "everyday life" has passed to other gods, led by Enlil. However, Enlil was not omnipotent, because the supreme power belonged to a council of fifty main gods, among which the seven main gods "deciding fate" stood out.
It is believed that the structure of the council of gods repeated the "earthly hierarchy" - where the rulers, ensi, ruled together with the "council of elders", in which a group of the most worthy stood out …
One of the foundations of Sumerian mythology, the exact meaning of which has not been established, is the "ME" that played a huge role in the Sumerian religious and ethical system. In one of the myths, more than a hundred "ME" are named, of which less than half were read and deciphered. Here are such concepts as justice, kindness, peace, victory, lies, fear, crafts, etc., everything in one way or another connected with social life. Some researchers believe that "me" are the prototypes of all living things, emitted by gods and temples, " Divine rules”.
In general, in Sumer, the Gods were like People. In their relationship there are matchmaking and war, rape and love, deception and anger. There is even a myth about a man who possessed the goddess Inanna in a dream. Remarkably, the whole myth is imbued with sympathy for a person.
It is interesting that the Sumerian paradise is not intended for people - it is the abode of the gods, where sadness, old age, illness and death are unknown and the only problem that worries the gods is the problem of fresh water. By the way, in Ancient Egypt there was no concept of paradise at all. Sumerian hell - Kur - a gloomy dark underworld, where three servants stood on the way - "door man", "underground river man", "carrier". Reminds of the ancient Greek Hades and Sheol of the ancient Jews. This empty space separating the earth from the primeval ocean is filled with the shadows of the dead, wandering with no hope of return and demons.
In general, the views of the Sumerians were reflected in many later religions. (more >>>) but now we are much more interested in their contribution to the technical side of the development of modern civilization.
The story begins in Sumer
One of the largest experts on Sumer, Professor Samuel Noah Kramer, in his book "History Begins in Sumer", listed 39 subjects in which the Sumerians were pioneers. In addition to the first writing system, which we have already spoken about, he included the wheel, the first schools, the first bicameral parliament, the first historians, the first "almanac of the farmer" in this list; in Sumer, cosmogony and cosmology first appeared, the first collection of proverbs and aphorisms appeared, literary debates were first conducted; the image of "Noah" was first created; here the first book catalog appeared, the first money was circulated (silver shekels in the form of "bars by weight"), taxes were introduced for the first time, the first laws were adopted and social reforms were carried out, medicine appeared, and for the first time attempts were made to achieve peace and harmony in society.
In the field of medicine, the Sumerians had very high standards from the very beginning. The Ashurbanipal library found by Layard in Nineveh had a clear order, it had a large medical department, in which there were thousands of clay tablets. All medical terms were based on words borrowed from the Sumerian language. Medical procedures were described in special reference books, which contained information about hygiene rules, about operations, for example, about cataract removal, about the use of alcohol for disinfection during surgical operations. Sumerian medicine was distinguished by a scientific approach to the diagnosis and prescription of a course of treatment, both therapeutic and surgical.
The Sumerians were excellent travelers and explorers - they are also credited with the invention of the world's first ships. One Akkadian dictionary of Sumerian words contained at least 105 designations for various types of ships - according to their size, purpose and type of cargo. One inscription excavated at Lagash talks about the possibilities of repairing ships and lists the types of materials that the local ruler of Gudea brought to build the temple of his god Ninurta in about 2200 BC. The breadth of the assortment of these products is amazing - from gold, silver, copper - to diorite, carnelian and cedar. In some cases, these materials have been transported over thousands of miles.
The first brick kiln was also built in Sumer. The use of such a large kiln made it possible to bake clay products, which gave them special strength due to internal stress, without air poisoning with pills and ash. The same technology was used to smelt metals from ore, such as copper, by heating the ore to temperatures in excess of 1500 degrees Fahrenheit in a closed furnace with low oxygen supply. This process, called smelting, became necessary in the early stages, as soon as the supply of natural native copper was exhausted. Researchers in ancient metallurgy were extremely surprised at how quickly the Sumerians learned the methods of ore beneficiation, metal smelting and casting. These advanced technologies were mastered by them only a few centuries after the emergence of the Sumerian civilization.
Even more astounding, the Sumerians mastered alloys - the process by which different metals are chemically combined when heated in a furnace. The Sumerians learned how to make bronze - a hard but workable metal that changed the entire course of human history. The ability to fuse copper with tin was the greatest achievement for three reasons. First, it was necessary to select a very precise ratio of copper and tin (analysis of Sumerian bronze showed the optimal ratio - 85% copper to 15% tin). Secondly, there was no tin at all in Mesopotamia. (In contrast, for example, from Tiahuanaco) Thirdly, tin does not occur naturally in nature at all. To extract it from the ore - tin stone - requires a rather complicated process. This is not a case that can be opened by accident. The Sumerians had about thirty words for various types of copper of different qualities, while for tin they used the word AN. NA, which literally means "Heavenly Stone" - which many consider to indicate that Sumerian technology was a gift from the gods.
Thousands of clay tablets have been found containing hundreds of astronomical terms. Some of these tablets contained mathematical formulas and astronomical tables with which the Sumerians could predict a solar eclipse, various phases of the moon and the trajectories of planetary motion. The study of ancient astronomy has revealed the remarkable accuracy of these tables (known as ephemeris). Nobody knows how they were calculated, but we can ask ourselves - why was it necessary?
“The Sumerians measured the rising and setting of the visible planets and stars relative to the earth's horizon using the same heliocentric system that is used today. We also adopted from them the division of the celestial sphere into three segments - northern, central and southern (respectively, from the ancient Sumerians - the "path of Enlil", "the path of Anu" and "the path of Ea"). In essence, all modern concepts of spherical astronomy, including the complete a spherical circle of 360 degrees, the zenith, the horizon, the axes of the celestial sphere, the poles, the ecliptic, the equinox, etc. - all of this suddenly appeared in Sumer.
All the knowledge of the Sumerians regarding the movement of the Sun and the Earth was combined in the first calendar in the world created in the city of Nippur, a solar-lunar calendar that began in 3760 BC … The Sumerians counted 12 lunar months, which were approximately 354 days, and then added 11 extra days to get a full solar year. This procedure, called intercalation, was performed annually until, 19 years later, the solar and lunar calendars were aligned. The Sumerian calendar was compiled very precisely so that key days (for example, New Year always falls on the vernal equinox). It is surprising that such a developed astronomical science was not at all necessary for this newly born society.
In general, the mathematics of the Sumerians had "geometric" roots and is very unusual. Personally, I do not understand at all how such a number system could have originated among primitive peoples. But you better judge it for yourself … (Details).
Sumerian mathematics
The Sumerians used the sexagesimal number system. To represent numbers, only two signs were used: "wedge" meant 1; 60; 3600 and further degrees from 60; "Hook" - 10; 60 x 10; 3600 x 10, etc. The digital notation was based on the positional principle, but if you think that numbers in Sumeria were displayed as powers of 60, based on the base of notation, you are wrong.
The base in the Sumerian system is not taken 10, but 60, but then this base is strangely replaced by the number 10, then 6, and then again by 10, etc. And thus, the positional numbers line up in the following row:
1, 10, 60, 600, 3600, 36,000, 216,000, 2,160,000, 12,960,000.
This cumbersome sexagesimal system allowed the Sumerians to calculate fractions and multiply numbers to millions, root and exponentiate. In many ways, this system is even superior to the decimal system we currently use. Firstly, 60 has ten prime divisors, while 100 has only 7. Secondly, it is the only system that is ideal for geometric calculations, and this is why it continues to be used in our time from here, for example, dividing a circle by 360 degrees.
We rarely realize that not only for our geometry, but also for the modern way of reckoning time, we owe the Sumerian number system with a sixagesimal base. The division of the hour into 60 seconds was not at all arbitrary - it is based on the sexagesimal system. Echoes of the Sumerian number system persisted in the division of the day by 24 hours, the year by 12 months, the foot by 12 inches, and in the existence of the dozen as a measure of quantity. They are also found in the modern counting system, in which the numbers from 1 to 12 are distinguished separately, and then numbers like 10 + 3, 10 + 4, etc. follow.
Now we should no longer be surprised that the zodiac was also another invention of the Sumerians, an invention that was later adopted by other civilizations. But the Sumerians did not use the signs of the zodiac, tying them to each month, as we do now in horoscopes. They used them in a purely astronomical sense - in the sense of the deviation of the earth's axis, the movement of which divides the full precession cycle of 25,920 years into 12 periods of 2,160 years. With the twelve-month motion of the Earth in orbit around the Sun, the picture of the starry sky, forming a large sphere of 360 degrees, changes. The concept of the zodiac arose by dividing this circle into 12 equal segments (the sphere of the zodiac) of 30 degrees each. Then the stars in each group were combined into constellations, and each of them received its own name, corresponding to their modern names. In this way,there is no doubt that the concept of the zodiac was first used in Sumer. The outlines of the signs of the zodiac (representing imaginary pictures of the starry sky), as well as their arbitrary division into 12 spheres, prove that the corresponding signs of the zodiac, used in other, later cultures, could not appear as a result of independent development.
Studies of Sumerian mathematics, much to the surprise of scientists, showed that their number system is closely related to the precessional cycle. The unusual movable principle of the Sumerian sexagesimal number system focuses on the number 12,960,000, which is exactly 500 large precessional cycles occurring in 25,920 years. The absence of any other, except astronomical, possible applications for the products of the numbers 25 920 and 2160 can mean only one thing - this system was developed specifically for astronomical purposes.
It seems that scientists are shying away from answering the awkward question, which is this: how could the Sumerians, whose civilization lasted only 2 thousand years, have noticed and recorded a cycle of celestial movements lasting 25,920 years? And why is the beginning of their civilization in the middle of the period between the changes of the zodiac? Does this not indicate that they inherited astronomy from the gods?
Sumerians and aliens
It is interesting that this is not a fairy tale, but completely weighty proof, in the texts of the ancient Sumerians, there is evidence that this people had contact with aliens who came to Earth in the second half of the 4th millennium BC from the planet Niburu. According to the descriptions, this planet has a highly elongated orbit, and every 3600 years it passes within the solar system. In the near future, it will be clear whether this mysterious planet really exists, since according to calculations it should appear soon.
Archaeologists and linguists in the second half of the 20th century made discoveries that make it possible to revise the history of the Earth and ancient civilizations. After studying several thousand texts and astronomical observations of the ancient Sumerian state, scientists managed to obtain sensational information about the intervention of extraterrestrial civilization in the development of mankind and the impact on the evolution and culture of primitive peoples.
According to ancient Sumerian texts, the messengers of another civilization came from a planet that rotates in its star system in a very elongated orbit, and passes close to the solar system every 3600 years. The culture and scientific knowledge of aliens have influenced humanity for several hundred thousand years. And it is thanks to them that humanity owes its appearance on Earth. Much credit belongs to Zachary Sitchin, a specialist in the study of the ancient texts of the Sumerian civilization, Babylon and the Civilization of ancient Egypt, who for 30 years studied and summarized all this sensational information. The Sumerian and Akkadian texts tell of how the gods flew from heaven in their chariots of fire, and could fly anywhere on earth in a short time, and could fly to the stars. They sometimes took with them a select few among people and showed them our Earth from above from space, and sometimes even took them to their home planet. There is a description of how a god in a golden helmet on a "black bird" appeared to the Sumerian ruler of Gudea and gave the order to start building a structure for her. After the completion of construction, other gods guarded the building so that mere mortals would not fall under a stream of fire during the takeoff and landing of this bird.
The Sumerians called "black birds" - MU. The ruler of the Sumerian city of Palash made the following record: "MU, they flew into the sky like lightning, and like a huge fire went into the sky." The images on the Sumerian and Hittite tablets show how objects similar to modern space rockets stand on launch platforms, and are also depicted in flight against the background of the stars. These drawings were even on the seals of the rulers of Crete. During excavations of ancient Canaan, near Jerusalem, they found a tablet with the image of a large rocket, next to which are depicted the symbols of the moon and some constellations.
In one special temple of Ancient Egypt, they worshiped an object in the form of a pyramid, which was called "ben-ben". According to legends, the gods flew on it - the Anunnaki, who were the gods of the lower caste. And the Anunnaki were led by the Nephilim. They gave them orders on Earth, how and where it was necessary to build sites for their spaceships. The ancient peoples of Babylon and Akkad called the ships of the Nephilim NARU, which means “chariots emitting lightning”. According to the Sumerian texts, the ruler of the city of Uruk, Gilgamesh, was only a third man, and two-thirds a god. Once Gilgamesh went on a journey in a "chariot of fire" to the planet of the Nephilim, but when the ship rose high into the sky, and he saw from space how the big sea turned into a small puddle, fear seized him, and he began to beg the Anunnaki to bring him back back to earth,which was done.
Also, during the excavations, tablets were found showing space rockets in the mines. At the top of the rocket is a sphere docked to a cone. The rocket is shown in section, where it is clearly visible that it has a double hull (outer and inner). There are ring bulkheads between the buildings. There are passageways between the compartments of the ship. Figures in one of the compartments in the head part, holding levers in their hands. There is still plenty of evidence that the gods who settled in Sumeria have spaceships. Images on Sumerian clay tablets and explanatory pictograms describe the ships of the gods well. Judging by the Sumerian astronomical tablets, it can be assumed that 4400 BC there were 11 planets in the solar system. Another planet is also depicted next to it - Nibiru - the homeland of the Nephilim and Anunnaki.
The cosmic gods passed on to the ancient Sumerians incredible knowledge about space, about the Earth, about the solar system, as well as about the most important planet - Nibiru - their homeland. The deciphered letters indicate that the gods ruled for 120 balls. One ball equals one revolution of Nibiru around its star. Thus, aliens appeared on our planet 432 thousand years ago. Having arrived on Earth about 100 thousand years ago, the aliens began to conduct a genetic experiment with primitive people. And a new species was obtained, distinguished by the ability for intelligent activity, which was further controlled and directed along the path of evolutionary development. And somewhere around 4000 years old, our civilization began to develop rapidly. The newcomers chose rulers from among the most developed and intelligent people, who in turn deified them.
The Sumerian astronomical term OAK corresponds to a circle of 360 degrees. University of Pennsylvania professor H. Hilprecht discovered that the Sumerians were aware of the great cosmic cycle with a period of 25,920 solar years. In ancient texts, the Sumerians describe how the asteroid belt appeared between Mars and Jupiter. There was a planet that the Sumerians called Tiomat, which was larger than Mars. But 174 thousand great cycles ago the planet Nibiru crossed the orbit of the planet Tiomat and then the Nephilim destroyed it in order to avoid a collision.
Are UFO sightings in our time connected by many eyewitnesses on our planet with aliens from the planet Nibiru, which, according to the texts of the ancient Sumerians, should already appear near our solar system? Are not their ships observed by Earthlings in space in the atmosphere of the earth and underwater? Maybe they are very surprised at the development of our civilization during their absence. And soon unidentified flying objects will cease to be unidentified.
