According to A. A. Kuru, the reports of the Surozh and Amastrid hagiographic legends about the forays of Rus on the Black Sea coast in the first half of the 9th century, Byzantine and eastern evidence of the campaigns of Rus in the second half of the 9th century. and the first half of the 10th century. along the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas, as well as evidence of the connection of the Rus with the Caucasus and its peoples, indicate the existence of southeastern Azov Rus, which was there since ancient times, starting with the news of the Ants in the 6th-7th centuries, located north of the Azov seas. Only Primorskaya Rus could make frequent campaigns with large forces, dangerous for the inhabitants of the Black and Caspian Seas and Constantinople itself.
According to Leo the Deacon of Caesarea, Russia, after the campaigns against Byzantium, returned to the Kerch Strait "Bosporus Cimmerian". Constantine Porphyrogenitus, listing the tribes, identifies the glades with the Rus who made sea raids. According to Greek sources and our chronicle in the IX-XII centuries. in the south from the Azov and Black Seas to Kiev, the state of Rus existed.
In ancient sources (before Vladimir Monomakh), the list of princes begins with Oleg (Oleg the Prophet) and emphasizes that he is a Russian prince, and the authors explain what they say about the Russian prince who was sitting in Kiev. This indicates that there was some other prince Oleg, and he was not a Russian prince. In the "Tale of Bygone Years" by Sylvester under the year 6387 (879), it is said that the future prince of Kiev Oleg "is from the Rurik clan", that is, he is of the Varangian family, and in the Novgorod Chronicle of the younger exodus Oleg is called "the governor of Rurik" and is not called a prince. From Sylvester, Oleg, recruiting soldiers from different tribes, moves from the north to Smolensk and Lyubich on boats and, approaching Kiev, first takes the Ugrian fortification, which is located south of Kiev and covers it, although the city is not defended from the north. Oleg's army consisted of the Varangians, Chudi, Slovens, Mary, Krivichi,and in Kiev Askold and Dir are sitting with a small squad. It is clear that Sylvester, talking about the capture of Kiev by Oleg, was mistaken, taking material from an older source, recording the reliable fact of the capture of Kiev from the south, and not from the north. This changes the whole meaning of the story and shows that it is a reworking of another text, where Oleg moves from the south, takes first the Ugorsk fortification, then Kiev, declares himself the prince of Kiev and the Russian Land, gathers forces. Then he moves to Lyubich, Smolensk, takes them, knocks out the Varangians from Novgorod, imposes a tribute on the Novgorodians, annexes the city to his possessions and returns to Kiev.that he is a rework of another text, where Oleg moves from the south, takes first the Ugorsk fortification, then Kiev, declares himself the prince of Kiev and the Russian Land, gathers forces. Then he moves to Lyubich, Smolensk, takes them, knocks out the Varangians from Novgorod, imposes a tribute on the Novgorodians, annexes the city to his possessions and returns to Kiev.that he is a reworking of another text, where Oleg moves from the south, takes first the Ugrian fortification, then Kiev, declares himself the prince of Kiev and the Russian Land, gathers forces. Then he moves to Lyubich, Smolensk, takes them, knocks out the Varangians from Novgorod, imposes tribute on the Novgorodians, annexes the city to his possessions and returns to Kiev.
Oleg is a historical person, the Greeks knew him, entered into agreements with him, conducted trade. In Oleg's agreement with Byzantium, he is a Russian prince, speaks Russian, swears by Perun, Veles. His main agreement with the Greeks was written in Russian by the clerk Ivan "Ivan's Scripture" … and signed by the Emperor Leo and the Caesars Alexander and Constantine with the date in Greek "September 2, indict 15", which the chronicler noted as the year 6420, i.e. e. 912
Oleg is also known to the Khazars, with whom he waged a war and, in the end, defeated and expelled them from the Crimea, and maybe from Taman.
In 1912, an American Miner revealed an ancient Jewish document - letters from the Khazar Kagan to the Seville nobleman, the Jew Shaprut and his reply. This document mentions the king of Russia Khalgu. Scientists consider him to be our chronicle Prophetic Oleg. It talks about the alliance of Oleg with the Byzantine emperor Roman (Lacapenus 919 - 944) and about the message of great gifts to Oleg.
Sylvester did not include in his chronicle treaties 907 and 912. These agreements, as well as the details of Oleg's campaign against Constantinople, were included in the "Tale of Bygone Years" during the reign of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, after 1118, when what was excluded by Sylvester was being restored. Sylvester also did not place Igor the Old's treaties with the Greeks. Oleg's treaties with the Greeks in 907 and 912. show that Oleg is a Russian prince and the oldest, and everyone is subordinate to him. He is the master of the Russian Land, not Igor, whom Sylvester calls the son of Rurik and who should be the master. Oleg's contracts do not say anything about Igor. In addition, Igor is subordinate to Oleg, and not Oleg to Igor. Oleg's treaties prove the brutal defeat of Byzantium, which surrendered to the mercy of the victor Oleg. Sylvester could not report this,he was subordinate to the Greek Metropolitan of Kiev and did not want to incite him against himself. The same reasons did not allow him to place Igor's contracts. The agreement of 944 clearly states that Igor had a large family. He had two brothers - the elder, who died before 944, and the younger, who also died. This contradicts the information of Sylvester, who says that Igor is the only son of Rurik. Igor had the nickname Old, in order to distinguish himself from another Igor (Small), who was the son of Igor Old's older brother. Knowing that in those days in Russia there was a law of "ladder ascent", according to which the ruling prince is inherited not by the son, but by the next brother, we immediately recognize in Oleg the Prophet the elder brother of Igor the Old. This is proved by the forgery of Sylvester, who called Igor the son of Rurik, and Oleg his relative. This is done in order to prove the origin of Vladimir Monomakh from Rurik and to legitimize the seizure of power in Kiev.
Oleg and Igor, according to the latest data, were Antic princes. According to all the data of medieval authors - Latin, Byzantine, Arab and partly Persian and Khorezm - South Russia was located somewhere around the city of Rosia, which stood at the mouth of the Don. Captured first by the Goths, then by the Huns, then by the Khazars, the city lost its significance and disappeared from history. By this time, another ancient city began to rise - New City (Crimean), better known in the history of Crimea as Naples, although the Scythians - Taurus continued to call it by the ancient name Kirchadash, which means New City (kir-city, chadash-new). Oleg and Igor left this city, as Khazar letters to the Spanish Jew Shaprut point to this city. From these sources it becomes known that Oleg, at the instigation of Roman from Constanta (Constantinople), attacked the Khazar city of Smbray,for what the Khazar "Pesach", i.e. a military leader named Badshvdy suddenly attacked Greek cities and destroyed them, recaptured his city and forced Oleg to peace. Then the Khagan of Russia Oleg, in alliance with the Khazars, began a war against Roman. The events described in the Khazar document are the reason for Oleg's war with Byzantium in 906-907.
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Oleg the Prophet at this time was already the Great Kiev Prince, who created a powerful state, with which all neighbors, including Byzantium, reckon. It is dangerous for Byzantium, since its possessions extend to the Crimea, where the southern coast from Kerkunituda to Sugdeya belonged to Byzantium and was a colony with the city of Chersonesos (Korsun).
The center of Oleg's possessions is Naples (now Simferopol), from it to the Greek possessions it is very close and this worries Byzantium. In addition, Byzantium had another dangerous neighbor - the Khazars, who own the mouth of the Don. In their hands Belaya Vezha (the ancient city of Rosia) and almost the entire northern coast of the Azov Sea and Taman. Caesar Roman Lacapenus decides to weaken both neighbors by setting them against each other. Knowing that Oleg's ancestors lost the northern Azov coast with the city of Rosia, which is now owned by the Khazars, the novel concludes an offensive alliance with Oleg against Khazaria and promises military assistance by the fleet, pushes Oleg to start a war against the Khazars, who were engaged in the war with the Arabs in the Caucasus. For this he promised Oleg Taman, the northern coast of the Azov Sea and Belaya Vezha. Oleg, being in Kiev, gives an order to his younger brother,who lives in Naples and controls Oleg's Crimean possessions, immediately attack the Khazars. With a surprise attack on Taman, the brother occupied the city of Sambray (Russian Tmutarakan) and, defeating the Khazar troops, moved to Belaya Vezha. At the same time, Roman's ambassadors are already with the Khazars, informing them about the attack of Oleg's troops on Taman and offering the Khazars an alliance against Oleg. Learning about the betrayal of the Byzantines, Oleg sends ambassadors to the Khazar kagan, and proposes an alliance for the war with Byzantium, explaining the double game of Byzantium. Kagan accepts Oleg's terms. The war begins. Oleg's brother, whose name has not survived, lets the Khazars through his possessions, and the Khazars ravage the Greek cities on the Crimean coast. At the same time, Russia and the Khazars begin a naval campaign against Constantinople. But the Greek fleet managed to return from the Aegean Sea,met them with "Greek fire" and burned the Rusokhazar ships. Oleg's brother retreats and lands on the Thracian coast near the city of Fera, where he dies in battles with the Greeks. In the summer of 906. Oleg, with a huge fleet of 2,000 ships, sets out on a campaign and defeats the Greeks, who surrender to him, pay a huge indemnity and sign a treaty, now known as the 912 treaty. All this proves the southern origin of Oleg the Prophet and his kind. A. A. Kur (Kurenkov) expresses the idea that the embassy from Naples in 839. from the Tsar of the Rus Chekan to the Greek king it was from the father of Oleg. All this proves the southern origin of Oleg the Prophet and his kind. A. A. Kur (Kurenkov) expresses the idea that the embassy from Naples in 839. from the Tsar of the Rus Chekan to the Greek king it was from the father of Oleg. All this proves the southern origin of Oleg the Prophet and his kind. A. A. Kur (Kurenkov) expresses the idea that the embassy from Naples in 839. from the Tsar of the Rus Chekan to the Greek king it was from the father of Oleg.
Why Oleg, having possessions in the Crimea, suddenly moved north and captured Kiev? In the Synoidal library there was a fragmentary chronicle written in Novgorod and containing a story about the sending of Rus, Slovenes, Krivichs "to Russia, to the Ponetsky sea, to say to Rus" … for help against the "finds", Meram "… The text was marked 6364 (864). The chronicle was parchment and very old. It is indicated here that the ambassadors did not go to Russia "overseas", i.e. not by the Baltic sea, but to the Black Sea, to the Southern Russia of the Black Sea region.
In the middle of the IX century. Russia found itself in a difficult situation. In the south, the Khazars moved from east to west and reached the Dnieper River. In the north, at this time, the Kama-Volga Bulgarians were moving from the east, seizing the Russian tribes on the Volga. From the west, the Varangians move from Europe by land to the mouth of the Western Dvina and by sea along the Varangian Sea (Baltic) across the Neva, Lake Ladoga to Ladoga and along the Svir River to Lake Onega and from it to the south, to the White Lake region. In this way, Rurik came with childbirth. The disaster was terrible. The discoverers robbed, took the inhabitants into slavery, ravaged villages and cities, imposed an unbearable tribute. This happened until the scattered tribes began to unite. The tribes discussed for a long time who to call for help, and decided to turn to Russia for help. Ambassadors arrive at Oleg the Prophet. So A. A. Kur explains Oleg's arrival in Kiev. He expels the Varangians from there, kills the chronicles Askold and Dir. Towns and villages go over to his side. So he takes Lyubich, Smolensk and Novgorod with a fight, where the Vikings of the chronicle Rurik settled. Then it becomes clear why Oleg approached Kiev from the south and first took the Ugorsk fortification. After the death of his brother Oleg the Prophet in Persia, an unsuccessful campaign against Constantinople and the destruction of his fleet by the Greeks, Southern Russia fell under the rule of the Khazars around 920-930. Kievan Rus was not ruled by the Khazars. Sylvester does not speak about Oleg's liberation of the Volga region from the Khazars and Bulgarians. Of the 31 years of the reign of Oleg the Prophetic, Sylvester speaks only of five.where the Varangians of the chronicle Rurik settled. Then it becomes clear why Oleg approached Kiev from the south and first took the Ugorsk fortification. After the death of his brother Oleg the Prophet in Persia, an unsuccessful campaign against Constantinople and the destruction of his fleet by the Greeks, Southern Russia fell under the rule of the Khazars around 920-930. Kievan Rus was not ruled by the Khazars. Sylvester does not speak about Oleg's liberation of the Volga region from the Khazars and Bulgarians. Of the 31 years of the reign of Oleg the Prophetic, Sylvester speaks only of five.where the Varangians of the chronicle Rurik settled. Then it becomes clear why Oleg approached Kiev from the south and first took the Ugrian fortification. After the death of his brother Oleg the Prophet in Persia, an unsuccessful campaign against Constantinople and the destruction of his fleet by the Greeks, Southern Russia fell under the rule of the Khazars around 920-930. Kievan Rus was not ruled by the Khazars. Sylvester does not speak about Oleg's liberation of the Volga region from the Khazars and Bulgarians. Of the 31 years of the reign of Oleg the Prophetic, Sylvester speaks only of five. Sylvester does not speak about Oleg's liberation of the Volga region from the Khazars and Bulgarians. Of the 31 years of the reign of Oleg the Prophetic, Sylvester speaks only of five. Sylvester does not speak about Oleg's liberation of the Volga region from the Khazars and Bulgarians. Of the 31 years of the reign of Oleg the Prophetic, Sylvester speaks only of five.
Joachim says that Olga-Prekrasa is not a simple title, but from the Gostomyslov clan. Tatishchev in a note clarifies that Olga is the granddaughter of Gostomysl and was born from his eldest daughter somewhere near Izborsk. The typographical record clarifies this point. It directly says that the future princess Olga was the daughter of Oleg the Prophet. If we accept Tatishchev's opinion that Olga is the granddaughter of Gostomysl from his eldest daughter, then it becomes clear that Olga's father is Oleg the Prophet. Hence his right to inherit, according to ladder law, and not Igor's. In the agreement of Oleg with the Greeks from 912. after the capture of Constantinople, Igor Stary is not mentioned. Oleg belongs to the Gostomyslov Novgorod family. The Gostomysl line was passed along the female line.
Oleg is the first true builder of the Russian state. He created a strong state, struck the first blow at the Khazar Kaganate. According to the latest data, the main nucleus of the created state was the glade that lived on the Ros River and called themselves "Rus". Other tribes, uniting, took the name of the leading tribe, and soon all Slavic and Antic tribes on the territory of the Kiev state called themselves Rus and Russians.
Oleg's death is shrouded in an impenetrable mystery, as is his life. The legend of the "coffin snake" is only part of the mystery. Only vipers are found in the Dnieper region, and their bite is not fatal. In the Novgorod First Chronicle of the younger edition, the story of Oleg's death is presented differently. “And nicknamed and Olga the prophetic; and byahu people trash and neveglasi. Ide Oleg to Novgorod, and from there to Ladoga. Druzayut say, as if I am going to him across the sea, and I will bite (bit) a snake in the leg, and from then on I will die: there is a grave of him in Ladoz. " There are many mysteries here. It turns out that Prince Oleg died in Ladoga on the way to Novgorod. In Ladoga and the grave of Oleg, which is shown by the guides.
The Novgorod chronicler does not deny Oleg's death from a snakebite, but makes a clarification that Nestor does not have: the snake bit Oleg not on the Dnieper or Volkhov coast, but “overseas”. The Novgorod Chronicle says that after the bite, Oleg "got sick." From this it is clear that the prince was brought from overseas to the terminally ill, and he wished to die at home. The famous treaty was signed in 912. (in the year of death) in Byzantium. We know that ordinary poison, which was added to food or wine, was the favorite and well-developed tool of the Byzantines to deal with the unwanted. And then everything could be blamed on the snake.
The dates of Oleg's death in the Novgorod and Nesterovskaya chronicles do not coincide. The difference is 10 years. According to Nestor, Oleg died in the summer of 6420 (912), and according to the Novgorod Chronicle in the summer of 6430 (922). The original text in the Nestorovskaya Chronicle in the places concerning Oleg's death has been cleaned up. In place of the erased text, a message is placed that has nothing to do with Russian history - the story of Apolonia the Tyana Hellenic philosopher-Neopythagorean, who lived in the 1st century. AD
Philologists believe that Oleg's nickname - "Prophetic" - at the time of Nestor did not mean "wise", but referred exclusively to his penchant for magic. He served as a priest, sorcerer, magician, sorcerer. Apparently, the lost pages spoke not only of military leadership and management, but also of his priestly activities. The courageous and strong-willed sorcerer, invested with power, apparently, was intolerant of Christian missionaries. There was a reason not to love the Christian censors of Prince Oleg. After the death of Oleg, the process of forming the Rurik state became irreversible.