People write history, but people tend to make mistakes, as well as fantasize and make forgeries. Hence, historical falsifications arise, which for a while even become "mainstream" in the perception of history.
Konstantinov's gift
The most famous historical falsification is the so-called "Konstantin's gift". This document allegedly confirmed the Pope's right to own the western part of the Roman Empire. As historians have found out, this falsification was "worked" by Pepin III the Short, and the papal court. The first serious study to dress falsification was the treatise by Lorenzo Valla, written in 1440. Valla convincingly proved the unreliability of "Konstantin's Gift". The author of the treatise points out the absence of numismatic evidence; the silence of all historians about this fact; on the legal illegality of the document.
Facial vault
The understanding that history can be rewritten to meet the needs of the political situation has appeared long ago. The first Russian document with elements of historical falsification is the "Facial vault", created during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. In it, the opponents of the sovereign are presented from the most unseemly side, which indirectly justifies the actions of the king.
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Scientists acknowledge the fact of falsification of history that the boyar rebellion of 1533 was mentioned in the "Observatory". There is not a word about this event in any other historical document, but, as the ancients said, “what is written remains,” and therefore the “resistance” invented by the king was to be received “according to its merits”.
Spawning gruck
In the Russian history of the exploration of airspace, the famous history hoaxer Alexander Sulakadzev recorded an event that allegedly occurred in Ryazan in 1731. This falsification went down in history according to the "unique" edition "On aerial flying in Russia from 906 AD", which narrates: "… the clerk, a nereztian grunt Furvin, made like a big ball, blew out foul and smelly smoke, made a noose from him, sat on it, and the evil spirits lifted him higher than the birch, and then hit the bell tower, but he clung to the rope than ringing, and remained alive. He was kicked out of the city, he went to Moscow and wanted to bury him alive in the ground or burn him. " …
Only in the XX century it was found out that the details of this flight were pure falsification (in which many still believe). Examinations, for example, photoanalysis showed that initially in the text instead of "nerechtets" it read "German", instead of "Kryakutnaya" - "baptized" (that is, baptized), instead of "furvin" - "Furzel".
It turned out that the original entry had a completely different meaning: a certain baptized German, named Furzel, ascended in Ryazan in a balloon filled with smoke. Nevertheless, the story of the spawning gruck was taken by many as the pure truth, and in 1956 a postage stamp was even issued with the mention of this event. However, the existence of Furzel also has no documentary confirmation, and scientists consider the story of this aeronautical "experience" a falsification of Sulakadzev.
Velesov book
A lot of people still believe in the authenticity of the "Veles Book". By and large, this is due to the desire to consider their history more ancient than it really is. It's nice to believe: according to the Veles Book, the history of the Russians begins in the 9th century. BC e. from the forefather Bohumir. The study of the "Veles Book" in Ukraine is even included in the school curriculum. This is, to put it mildly, amazing, since the authenticity of this text is not recognized by the academic community even more than completely.
Firstly, there are many errors and inaccuracies in the chronology, and secondly, the inconsistency of the language and graphics with the declared era. Finally, there is simply no primary source (wooden tablets).
According to serious scientists, the "Velesov Book" is a hoax. The famous philologist Anatoly Alekseev expressed the general point of view of science when he wrote: “The question of the authenticity of the Veles book is solved simply and unambiguously: it is a primitive forgery. There is not a single argument in defense of its authenticity, many arguments have been brought against its authenticity. " Of course, it would be nice to have the "Slavic Vedas", but only genuine, and not written by falsifiers.
Secret Protocol to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact is a well-known and historically valuable document, but some historians argue that in addition to it, there is also a certain "secret protocol" that supplements this treaty and confirms the territorial claims of the USSR in the Baltic States and Bessarabia. For the first time publicly, the "secret protocol" was mentioned only at the Nurembern trial, on which the line of defense of the accused was largely built. The "secret protocol" was published in the US in 1948, but historians still doubt its authenticity.
First, the existence of this document was never confirmed by Molotov, in his conversations with the writer Chuev, he openly called this "addition" a fake. Secondly, a graphological examination confirms that Molotov's signature on this document does not correspond to the original. Thirdly, the document was compiled with gross spelling errors.
The "secret protocol" thus refers to historical falsifications. He was "thrown" into the information field with a clear and obvious goal - to present the USSR as an aggressor and revise the history of World War II.