Tsarist Russia in the 16th - 18th centuries was a great Empire, surpassing all other countries in its wealth and power.
In 1719 Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov was sent to London to get acquainted with English technique and to invite English masters. From London, the Nartov wrote to the Tsar that there were NO masters in England who could surpass the Russian masters. Nartov also visited Paris. There he shared some of the secrets of turning with the Duke of Orleans, who considered himself an amateur turner, but he was not going to fully disclose all the secrets.
Back in the 17th century, all over the world, except Russia, while working on a lathe, the master held a chisel in his hand, leading it to a rotating object being processed. In order to prevent the turner's hand from getting tired and not trembling, a handyman was arranged on the machine bed. In Russia, there was a very important unit in the design of machine tools - a movable support with a cutter attached to it.
In the "Literaturnaya Gazeta" No. 142 (3015) from 25 November. 1952 there was a message about being in the GPB im. ME Saltykov-Shchedrin in Leningrad of the manuscript book of A. K. Nartov entitled "Theatrum mechanrum or a clear sight of machines." The book was written in 1755. It contains a description of 26 original designs of metalworking machines. The book tells about the creation in Russia for the first time in the world of a mechanical support for machine tools.
Under Peter I, the factories already used a cylindrical-bevel gear in the work of mechanisms. In the USA, it was patented only two hundred and twenty years later.
Karman William in his work on the history of weapons wrote: “It is said that August Cotter or Cater of Nuremberg made rifled barrels as early as 1520, but since one of the Paris museums contains rifled guns from 1616, marked with the same name, it is quite possible that there was some kind of misunderstanding in this matter”[Karman William. The History of Firearms: From Ancient Times to the 20th Century. A History of Firearms: From Earliest Times to 1914. Centropolygraph, 2006]. Thus, rifled weapons appeared in Western Europe only in the 17th century.
"Screw squeaks", as they were sometimes called in the inventory of armory chambers, appeared in Russia in the middle of the 16th century. They were in service with the archers. Russian horsemen already in the 16th century began to use hand-held firearms - "hand arms".
The representative of Vienna, John Cobenzl, wrote to Emperor Maximian II: “The Russians always have at least 2,000 of all kinds of weapons ready. I was assured by oath that, in addition to others, in only two places are two thousand guns with a multitude of different machines stored. Some of these guns are so large, wide and deep that a tall man in full armor, standing at the bottom of the gun, cannot reach its upper part”[I. Kobenzl's letters about Muscovy. ZhMNP No. 9. 1842. Dept. 2. S. 150].
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The cannons cast by A. Chokhov were used during the Great Northern War of 1700-1721, as they were very durable [A. Volkov, Russian artillery (late 15th-first half of the 17th centuries), electronic version].
Russian gunsmiths were the first in the world to apply spiral rifling to the inner barrel of a gun. The pishchal of 1615 with ten grooves has survived to this day, but, apparently, rifled guns with fewer grooves began to be made in Russia already in the 16th century. In Western Europe, rifled guns appeared only at the end of the 17th century.
In 1880, the German gunsmith F. Krupp conceived to patent the wedge breech that he invented, but when he saw a 17th-century pishchal with a wedge breech in the Artillery Museum of St. several centuries.
In the French Encyclopedic Dictionary of 1777 (volume 1) in the article "Artillery" it is said that muskets were invented by the Muscovites (R. 129, penultimate paragraph):
Les Moscovites ont invente le mousquet: les Arabes la carabine;, les Italiens de Pistoie en Toscane le Pistolet, & depuis 1630, sous Louis XIII, les Francois ont invente le fusil, qui est le dernier effort de l'artillerie.
BLACK TRANSLATION:
The Muscovites invented the musket, the Arabs invented the carbine, the Italians in the pistol, the Tuscans in the pistol, and after 1630, during the reign of Louis XIII, the French invented the fusée, which is the last achievement of artillery (see Fig. 1).
However, what is called a musket in the dictionary was a rifled small arms.
Fig. 1. Read the penultimate paragraph.
The English admiral and naval historian Fred Thomas Jane wrote: “The Russian fleet, which is considered a relatively late institution founded by Peter the Great, actually has more rights to antiquity than the British fleet. A century before Alfred the Great, who reigned from 870 to 901, built British ships, Russian ships fought in sea battles. The first sailors of their time were they - Russians”(Jane, Fred T. Imperial Russian navy: its past, present, and future. - L., W. Thacker & Co, 1899. - P. 23).
Novgorodians and Pomors built their excellent ships that took part in military operations. So, when the Novgorod troops liberated the Oreshek fortress in 1349, ships with guns were used.
The main flow of goods in Russia passed along the Volga. It was along this road that goods from the East went. It was down the Volga that goods from the West were transported to Persia. The one who controlled the trade on the Volga ruled the whole world. Russia had the most powerful river fleet.
Fig. 2. The Russian fleet is mentioned.
"Soon you will see forty (ships) and no worse than these (twenty)." This is an excerpt from the book "Notes on Russia" by the Englishman Jerome Horsey (Jerome Horsey, Notes on Russia. XVI-early 17th century. M, from two Moscow State University, 1990. p. 44). Gorsey's "Notes" are one of the most authoritative sources of knowledge about the Muscovite kingdom of the 16th century. Jerome Horsey was an agent for an English trading company, he knew Russia very well (see ill. 2).
The Russian navy was mentioned in 1559. The Tsar's steward Daniil Adashev, under whose command there was an eight-thousandth expeditionary force, built ships at the mouth of the Dnieper and went out to the Russian Sea. Emiddio Dortelli D 'Ascoli, the Genoese trade representative in Cafe (now Feodosia), who coordinated the activities of slave traders on the outskirts of Russia, writes about Russian frigates: “They are oblong, similar to our frigates, they can accommodate 50 people, go on oars and sail. The Black Sea has always been angry, now it is even blacker and more terrible in connection with the Muscovites …"
The Black Sea navy under the command of Adashev gave battle to the Turkish flotilla. About a dozen Turkish ships were burned, two ships were captured. Further pitiful attempts by the Turkish fleet to defeat our fleet were unsuccessful. The Crimean Khanate, it seemed, was living out its last days: the Russians for three weeks devastated the Karaite settlements, which brought considerable income to the Sultan's treasury.
The Baltic navy also managed to prove itself quite well. In 1656 the Tsar moved to liberate the entire Baltic coast from the Swede. Patriarch Nikon blessed the “naval commander, voivode Pyotr Potemkin” “to go beyond the Sveisky border, to the Varangian Sea, to Stekolna and beyond” (to London? - author). The corps of midshipmen numbered 1,570 people. On July 22, 1656, the "sea voivode" Potemkin undertook a military expedition. He went to the island of Kotlin, where he discovered the Swedes. He reported to the Tsar about the result of the naval battle: “They took the semi-robber and the Svei people were beaten, and the captain Irek Dalsfir, and the outfit, and the banners were taken, and on the Kotlin Island the Latvian villages were carved and burned out”. He left no mentions of Estonians … Do you not guess why?
During the Russian-Turkish War of 1672-1681. a squadron under the command of Grigory Kosagov entered the sea. The ships for this "sea voivode" were built by the Russian design Yakov Poluektov. The French envoy to the court of Sultan Magomed IV wrote about this squadron: "On his Majesty (Sultan), several Muscovite ships that have appeared near Istanbul produce more fear than the plague epidemic."
So, we see that Russia had a fleet from time immemorial. So why is Tsar Peter I still considered the creator of the Russian fleet?
II
Western Europeans admired the greatness of both Russia itself and its Tsars. Thus, the British ambassador K. Adams wrote: “Entering the audience hall, the British were blinded by the splendor that surrounded the Emperor. He sat on an exalted throne, wearing a golden diadem and rich porphyry that burned with gold; in his right hand he had a golden scepter, showered with precious stones; his face shone with majesty worthy of an Emperor”[Clement Adams. The first trip of the British to Russia in 1553 // Journal of the Ministry of Public Education. No. 10. 1838].
Patrick Gordon reports: "I am in the service of the Emperor" [Patrick Gordon. Diary 1677-1678. - M.: Nauka, 2005].
In the preface to the London edition of 1671 of Samuel Collins's book it is written: “In Russia, he held an honorary position for nine years under the Great Emperour” [Samuel Collins. Preface to the London edition of The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London, Written by an Eminent Person residing at the Great Tzars Court at Mosco for the space of nine years. Illustrated with many Copper Plates. London, Printed by John Winter for Dorman Newman at the Kings Arms in the Poultry. AD 1671]. In the book of Giles Fletcher "Of the Russe Common Wealth" ("On the Russian State"), published in London in 1591, it is indicated that the title of the Russian Tsar contains the words "King of the whole world".
In the treaty between Basil III and the ruler of Vienna, Maximilian of 1514, the first one was called "by God's mercy Caesar", that is, the Emperor. Other "Caesars" of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin Pope, and also the kings of Spain, France, Denmark, England [Russian vivliofika. Part 4. - M.: Comp. Typograficheskaya, 1788. - P. 64] Peter I knew about this contract and ordered to publish it in 1718 …
In the article list of the embassy of the clerk Vladimir Plemyannikov, sent by Tsar Vasily Ivanovich to the "Tsar" Maximilian (Ivan the Terrible was not the first Russian Tsar), it is indicated that the "Tsar" considered himself a vassal of the Tsar - Emperor of the world: "Caesar to the Grand Duke named after a cap filmed”[Russian vivliofika. Part 4. - S. 2]. The Russian Tsar would never have done such a thing when mentioning the rulers of countries … Western European monarchs greeted our ambassadors standing and taking off their hats.
Ivan Vasilyevich did not consider the Swedish king Gustav Vasu equal to himself and wrote angrily to him: "If the king himself does not know, then let his merchants ask his merchants: Novgorod suburbs - Pskov, Ustyug, tea, know how much each of them is more than Stekolny" [Soloviev S. M. Works. Book. III. - M., 1989. - S. 482]. So only the monarch could communicate with his vassals. The article lists of the embassies sent by the Tsars say that Russian ambassadors always stood in front of the kings and the "tsar" in headdresses, and the rulers of the countries with their retinues received the ambassadors of Russia standing. So, on February 27, the embassy of P. P. Potemkin 1667-1668. arrived in Madrid and on 7 March was received by the 7-year-old king and his mother, Queen Maria Anne of Austria. During the audience, the king stood with his head uncovered, but then put on a headdress. While pronouncing the titles of the Tsar, the king did not take off his headdress and forgot to ask Potemkin about the Tsar's health, which caused a scandal. Potemkin interrupted the reading of the letter and threatened to leave Madrid: "Steward Peter spoke on the order that the king did not take off his hat against our Sovereign, His Imperial Majesty, and did not ask about the health of His Imperial Majesty." The butler Marquis de Aton managed to avoid the conflict: "The royal majesty is not in adulthood." The envoys decided to forgive the king and "inflict on the royal majesty and not a model." The King was prompted to ask about the Tsar's health, after which “the royal majesty asked about the health of the Great Sovereign, and the Messengers spoke about this on behalf of the order” [Russian vivliofica. Part 4. - S. 190-191]. Potemkin interrupted the reading of the letter and threatened to leave Madrid: "Steward Peter spoke on the order that the king did not take off his hat against our Sovereign, His Imperial Majesty, and did not ask about the health of His Imperial Majesty." The butler Marquis de Aton managed to avoid the conflict: "The royal majesty is not in adulthood." The envoys decided to forgive the king and "inflict on the royal majesty and not a model." The King was prompted to ask about the Tsar's health, after which “the royal majesty asked about the health of the Great Sovereign, and the Messengers spoke about this on the order” [Russian vivliofika. Part 4. - S. 190-191]. Potemkin interrupted the reading of the letter and threatened to leave Madrid: "Steward Peter spoke on the order that the king did not take off his hat against our Sovereign, His Imperial Majesty, and did not ask about the health of His Imperial Majesty." The butler Marquis de Aton managed to avoid the conflict: "The royal majesty is not in adulthood." The envoys decided to forgive the king and "inflict on the royal majesty and not as a model." The King was prompted to ask about the Tsar's health, after which “the royal majesty asked about the health of the Great Sovereign, and the Messengers spoke about this on behalf of the order” [Russian vivliofica. Part 4. - S. 190-191]. The butler Marquis de Aton managed to avoid the conflict: "Not in adulthood, the royal majesty." The envoys decided to forgive the king and "inflict on the royal majesty and not as a model." The King was prompted to ask about the Tsar's health, after which “the royal majesty asked about the health of the Great Sovereign, and the Messengers spoke about this on the order” [Russian vivliofika. Part 4. - S. 190-191]. The butler Marquis de Aton managed to avoid the conflict: "The royal majesty is not in adulthood." The envoys decided to forgive the king and "inflict on the royal majesty and not a model." The King was prompted to ask about the Tsar's health, after which “the royal majesty asked about the health of the Great Sovereign, and the Messengers spoke about this on behalf of the order” [Russian vivliofica. Part 4. - S. 190-191].
N. Karamzin in his “History of the Russian State” quotes the words of Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich: “I am not only the Prince, not only the Lord and Tsar, but also the great Emperor in my immeasurable possessions. this title was given to me by God … and do not all European monarchs call me Emperor? "[N. M. Karamzin. History of Russian Goverment. T. XI, Kaluga, 1994, Chapter No. 4]. The Russian Tsars knew that they were the rulers of the world.
In the 17th century, Yuri Krizhanich formed the universal power of the Russian tsar: "There is not and cannot be a single person higher than the Tsar, and no dignity and greatness in the world is higher than the Tsar's dignity and greatness" [Krizhanich Y. Politics / Edition M. N. Tikhomirov, translation by A. L. Goldberg. M., 1965].
The Tsars themselves did not call themselves Rurik, since the Russian Tsars were proud of the fact that they were descendants of the Roman Emperor Augustus, the ancestor of Rurik, and not just Rurik. Orthodox Christians all over the world believed that this Dynasty was never interrupted and will not be interrupted, since even for a short time the Church cannot remain without a Tsar and His descendants: "It is impossible for Christians to have a Church, but not to have a Tsar!" - wrote Patriarch Anthony IV to VK Vasily Dmitrievich [Sokolsky V. Participation of the Russian clergy and monasticism in the development of autocracy and autocracy. Kiev, 1902]. Russian MONARCHES should have inherited the throne only through the male line … If this rule were violated, the dynasty would be interrupted.
Seven years before the death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich in the official authentic document - the letter of the Crimean Khan Gazi Girey - V. K. Boris Fedorovich was called not a boyar, but a Tsar (Collection of Prince Obolensky. Part 1, bundles 1-7. Bm. 1866) … But with the King and the Sovereign alive, they could call another person King only if this person was His heir. This was the custom of the Kings of the Third Rome - to call His son the Grand Duke and Tsar during the lifetime of the acting monarch. This explains the fact that the country under Ivan the Terrible took the oath 4 times. I just took the oath not to one person, but to Him and His heirs. This custom (to call the heir the Tsar) came to Russia from Byzantium. For example, when the son of Boris Fyodorovich, Fyodor Borisovich, grew up, they also began to call Him Tsar and Grand Duke. An example of this is the inscription,executed in 1600 under the dome of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin. "By the will of the Holy Trinity, by the command of the great Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia, the autocrat, and the son of his most faithful great Tsarevich Prince Fyodor Borisovich of All Russia, this temple is perfect and gilded in the second summer of Their state." In state certificates Boris Fedorovich is nowhere named Godunov. Why should he be named Godunov? This nickname is from pseudo-historians. Why should he be named Godunov? This nickname is from pseudo-historians. Why should he be named Godunov? This nickname is from pseudo-historians.
THE GRAMOTA OF THE GREAT MOSCOW CATHEDRAL dated February 21, 1613 read:
The Lord God sent His Holy Spirit into the hearts of all Orthodox Christians, as if the lips were one crying out that to be in Vladimir and Moscow and in all States of the Russian Kingdom as the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke of all Russia, the Autocrat, to You, the Great Sovereign Mikhail Feodorovich.
They all kissed the Life-giving Cross and made a vow that for the Great Sovereign, honored by God, beloved by God and God-chosen, and the Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Feodorovich, the Autocrat of All Russia, for the Blessed Tsarina and Grand Duchess, and FOR THEIR Tsar's children (descendants) GOD WILL GIVE FORWARD TO THE STATES, lay down his souls and heads and serve Them, our Sovereigns, with faith and righteousness, with all his souls and heads.
And who will go against this Council decree - whether the Tsar, the Patriarch, or every man, may he be cursed by such in this century and in the future, he will be excommunicated from the Holy Trinity.
And another Sovereign, in addition to the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Feodorovich, the Autocrat of All Russia and THEIR ROYAL CHILDREN, WHICH GOD WILL FORWARD THEM, SOILS, to seek and want another Sovereign from whatever people wake up, or what dashing wants to do, then we boyars, and devious, and nobles, and orderly people, and guests, and children of the boyars, and all kinds of people, on that traitor, stand with all the earth for one.
Reading this Approved Charter at the Great All-Russian Council, and having listened to the strengthening forever, be so in everything according to the way it is written in this Approved Charter. And whoever does not want to listen to this Cathedral Code, God bless him, and will begin to speak differently, and the rumor in the people to fix, then such, if from the sacred rank, and from the boyars, royal synclites and military, or some from ordinary people, and in what rank do not wake up; according to the sacred rules of the Holy Apostle and the Ecumenical Seven Councils - the Holy Father, both Local, and according to the Cathedral Code of everything, he will be thrown out, and excommunicated from the Church of God, and the Holy Mysteries of Christ's communion, as a schismatic of the Church of God and all Orthodox Christianity, a rebel and a destroyer To the Law of God, and according to the Royal Laws, he will take revenge, and our humility and the entire consecrated Council, do not awaken blessings on it from now to everlasting. May it be firm and indestructible in the coming summer, in childbirth, and not a single line will pass from what is written in it.
And at the Council were the Moscow State from all the cities of the Russian Kingdom of power: metropolitans, bishops and archimandrites, abbots, protopopes and the entire Consecrated Cathedral. Boyars and okolnichy, chashniks and stewards and solicitors, duma nobles and diyaks and tenants, big nobles and noblemen from cities, diyaks from orders, heads of shooters, and Cossack chieftains, archers and Cossacks, merchants and townspeople and great ranks, all sorts of service and residential people, and from all cities, the entire Russian Kingdom, elected people.
Handwritten signatures.
And this was laid and written by this Approved Charter behind the hands and seals of the Great Sovereign of our Tsar and the Grand Duke Mikhail Feodorovich of All Russia Autocrat, in the reigning city of Moscow, in the first year of his reign, and from the creation of the world 7121st (Approved Charter of the Great Moscow Cathedral February 21, 1613 / Appendix II (Documents) / History of the Russian Orthodox Church. Vol. 1. - St. Petersburg: Resurrection, 1997. - pp. 739 - 740).
So, the Zemsko-Local Sobor vowed on behalf of the local Church and country that henceforth the power in the country after the death of the Tsar would belong to His Children, and not to His relatives or representatives of a non-royal family. Anyone who breaks a promise made before God becomes "excommunicated from the Holy Trinity," that is, cursed and excommunicated from the Church. What conclusion should we as living in the 21st century draw?
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was the grandson of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the great-grandson of Ivan the Terrible, which is evident from the "Rite of placing Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the Kingdom": "Omnipotent and all containing God the Father, by the will and favor of His Only Begotten Son, our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, and by the haste of the Holy and Life-giving Spirit of the Almighty Holy and Consubstantial Trinity, by the will and desire of the great kings of Russia, the root and autocracy ruled in great Russia from the supreme first great prince Rurik, who is like from Augustus Caesar, who possesses equal and all-merciful Prince of God, who possesses the same all-glorious prince holy baptism, and from the great prince Vladimir Monomakh, his highest honor - the royal crown and the diadem from the Greek Tsar Constantine Monomakh, we will accept, for this sake, Monomakh will be called,from him, all the great sovereigns of the Russian kingdom were crowned with a crown, even to the great sovereign, righteous and worthy of praise, blessed in memory of your grandfather, the Great Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke Theodore Ioannovich, all Russia autocrat "[Talin G. V. State power and systems for regulating the social and official status of representatives of high society in the initial period of the formation of absolutism in Russia (1645-1682). - M.: Prometheus, 2001. See in the book. A. Kasa "The collapse of the Empire of the Russian Tsars", electronic version]. Pavel Aleppsky, who attended the Moscow Kingdom in 1655, wrote: “On the day of the Presentation, we drove into the city of Moscow. First we entered through the earthen rampart and the large moat surrounding the city; then they drove into the second, stone wall, which was built for the current king, Theodor,which is also filled with an earthen shaft”[Pavel Aleppsky. Journey of Patriarch Macarius of Antioch to Moscow in the middle of the 17th century. SPb.: PP Soikin, 1898. See on Kas A. U. S.]. In the "Charter of Tsar Mikhail Aedorovich to the Kakhetian Tsar Teimuraz I" it says: vѣry "[RGADA, f. 110. Relations between Russia and Georgia, op. 1, book. 5, l. 49-63 about, (list). Another list: Ibid, op. 1, 1641, No. 2, fol. 1-4 vol. See for Kas, AU.]. In the "Charter of Tsar Mikhail Aedorovich to the Kakhetian Tsar Teimuraz I" it says: vѣry "[RGADA, f. 110. Relations between Russia and Georgia, op. 1, book. 5, l. 49-63 about, (list). Another list: Ibid, op. 1, 1641, No. 2, fol. 1-4 vol. See on Cus AU c.]. In the "Charter of Tsar Mikhail Aedorovich to the Kakhetian Tsar Teimuraz I" it says: vѣry "[RGADA, f. 110. Relations between Russia and Georgia, op. 1, book. 5, l. 49-63 about, (list). Another list: Ibid, op. 1, 1641, No. 2, fol. 1-4 vol. See for Kas, AU.]. Another list: Ibid, op. 1, 1641, No. 2, fol. 1-4 vol. See on Cus AU c.]. Another list: Ibid, op. 1, 1641, No. 2, fol. 1-4 vol. See for Kas, AU.].
The dynasty of the Tsars of Russia was the property of mankind, a sign of God's favor in relation to people.
III
When the firstborn was born to the Tsar, he was given the name of his grandfather. The Tsar's second son was named after his father. The third son of the Tsar was given the name of his great-grandfather at baptism. The fourth son of the King had the same name as his great-uncle. The fifth son of the King was named the same. like his great-great-grandfather. The sixth king's son was named after one of his distant ancestors. A similar order of naming of names can be traced among all princes, but it is necessary to take into account the fact that many children died in infancy. Tsar's children were often killed by enemies of the royal family. It should also be recognized that the names of many princes were tried to be erased by the falsifiers of history from the annals of history.
So, the firstborn of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya was Tsarevich Mikhail, named after his grandfather. He was supposed to be born in October 1648, since the wedding took place on January 16 of the same year. This is indirectly confirmed by historical sources, according to which the former tutor of the Tsar, boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov, who was in exile for abuses in printing copper money, was forgiven in October 1648, apparently in connection with the birth of the Tsarevich. On October 29, 1648, boyar Boris Morozov is present in Moscow at a dinner held, apparently, after the sacrament of the baptism of the firstborn (Andreev I. Passion for d'Artagnan // Knowledge is power. - 1991. - No. 8. - S. 83-84). Also, based on the order of naming the names of the princes, it can be assumed that Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich had three sons who survived until the 17th century: Boris,Semyon and Mikhail. Semyon Fedorovich is mentioned in state acts of the Time of Troubles, but nowhere is he directly called a prince.
It is believed that Catherine II had two children: Paul - from Peter III, and Alexei - from Count Grigory Orlov. However, there was no marital relationship between Peter III and Catherine II, as evidenced by the letter from the Grand Duke to Catherine, dated December 1746:
French original letter of 1746.
Madam, I ask you not to bother yourself tonight to sleep with me, since it’s too late to deceive me, the bed has become too narrow, after two weeks of separation from you, this afternoon at noon
your unfortunate husband, whom you have never honored with that name.
Peter.
Perhaps it should be assumed that Tsar Paul I is the son of Count Grigory Orlov? Was Peter III even baptized? Was he married to Catherine II, if he was not baptized and anointed?
Count Grigory Orlov himself is the son of a military and statesman of the Russian Empire, Novgorod governor, actual state councilor Grigory Ivanovich Orlov (born in 1695). Almost nothing is known about GI Orlov's father - allegedly a “court solicitor”. He lived at the Court … Historians know the names of the sons of G. I. Orlov:
Ivan (1733-1791)
Gregory (1734-1783)
Alexey (1737-1808)
Fedor (1741-1796)
Michael (b. 1742, died in infancy)
Vladimir (1743-1831)
Thanks to what merits did G. I. Orlov become the Novgorod governor - the governor of the patrimony of the Russian Tsars?
G. I. Orlov was born when Ivan V reigned, who, judging by the official version of history, had no sons. But after all, G. I. Orlov gave his sons names as if he were the son of Ivan V. Given the fact that Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich had the cross name Grigory (Alexei is the throne name), it can be assumed that Grigory Ivanovich Orlov was the grandson of the Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
Is it by chance that Grigory Grigorievich Orlov became the "favorite" of Catherine II?..
Author: Evgeny Koparev