"Anxiety in doubt is better than complacency in delusion." - Manzoni
The class teacher of my son, a history teacher at a gymnasium school, first heard about a country called Great Tartary from his students. However, this is not surprising. It is incredible luck when you meet an extraordinary person on your way. I, unlike my son, were more fortunate. My institute professor of history has always been above the system, and it was thanks to him that what happened - The study of the history of Great Tartary turned into a lifelong business. Second, after the main profession.
And I came to such a life, studying the monetary system of Russia. This is the favorite horse of my former professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences Shumilov M. M., who was one of the first who made me think that history is impossible to study. It can only be understood if one discards the acquired knowledge and analyzes the known and most reliable facts with an open mind. I'll start with this:
This, as you can see, is the first Russian money - silver coins (it was with this currency that Judas was paid for his betrayal, 30 pieces) and the last - the current five rubles. Progress in manufacturing technology is obvious, isn't it? What happened between them?
As you know, a person cannot be born, and immediately write "Danae" or at least "Black Square". He learns to draw straight lines for a long time, then masters the scale, composition, palette, etc. We see the same in the dialectics of art objects, household tools, and the production of banknotes. From year to year, from century to century, in the process of accumulating experience and knowledge, skills are being improved more and more, and not vice versa.
There are only chronological deviations taking into account geographic reference. For example, iron casting, which was widely used in Scythia, was mastered in Europe only in the 17-18 century. And the Indians of the Amazonian jungle have never heard of him until now. So, let's take a look at the dynamics of how the art of minting coins was improved in Russia:
Promotional video:
Everything is clear so far.
1. Bars of silver, less often of gold, because it is expensive. How to read their face value? Conventionally, just as we recently determined the cost of goods in international settlements in a virtual ECU unit. In hryvnia - 25 kuna (from the cost of one marten skin).
Croats, well done. Don't forget what Kuna is!
And the hryvnia was equal to 20 NOGATS. Nogata - the equivalent of the cost of a lamb - is bright on a market day. Those. as you chop it, it turns out - 1 piece of silver (hryvnia) = 25 kunas = 20 legs = 50 rezans. It is clear that inflation is rare in a normal economy. But the reverse process - easily, when the growth in the volume of goods constantly outstrips the growth in the volume of cash - the latter become more expensive and they have to be cut into halves, quarters, in order to pay for small goods and services.
Then, for the convenience of calculations, the rods began to be chopped, this is:
2. RUBL. Very soon, the currency needed a passport, a face or a barcode, and then they began to put a stigma on every ruble and now it appeared! The first coin is a scale!
First, they branded thin rods from the side, then they began to cut thicker hryvnias into stumps and brand the coins - money, with a relatively regular round shape:
Dengi Ivan the Terrible - Boris Godunov.
Here, perhaps, it would be appropriate to reflect on the meaning of the word "Money", or "Dengi". Now it is not easy to establish how this word sounded in everyday speech, because the spelling was used, most often abbreviated, and without vowels. Probably, both pronunciations were in the same way, both with a soft sign and without: - firmly, DENGA.
For some reason, modern historians certainly want to deduce the origin of the word "money" from the Turkic "T'nge" or "T'mga". Until a certain point, I share their zeal, but in the end, I come to the conclusion that they are looking in the wrong place. Why look for the roots of the Russian word in languages that are secondary to Russian? Is the word "day" Russian? There is no doubt. Is the ending of "ha" Russian? Again, no doubt.
Day is the period of time between morning and evening. Ha is an ending indicating movement. Traveling on foot, overland, or in general. So, a part of a person's body is called a tail. Oh … Sorry, but GA. And a person who wanders around is a vagrant. The horse is galloping. A bird that flies to the north in spring, to the place where RA is, it is HA-HA-RA, where “ha” is emphasized twice. And it is no coincidence that the one who first flew to the stars was called GAGARIN.
There are also many other words, like "goner", "haggard", "hard worker" (a tramp who earns on the way where they are willing to pay him), and … VARYA-HA. The Varangians are not Vikings or Swedes. The Varangians are people who cooked salt in the principality of Russa on the northern coast of the Ilmen Sea, wandering around the cities and villages with carts full of bags of salt for sale.
Based on these reflections, we can make the assumption that "money" was originally a kind of measure of movement over the course of one day. Those. coins received in the interval from morning to evening of one day, this is HA DAY.
But back to the topic of discussion:
So far we see a logical, orderly development of the coinage business. But we must not forget what our historians are saying. And they say that the hryvnia appeared in Russia later than coins. During the "Mongol-Tatar" invasion. We have already seen that this is not entirely true, and I want to draw your attention to this moment! Ahead we will meet cases of "erroneous" dating, when objects from one era are arbitrarily placed by "scientists" in a different time period of history. For now, let's continue our investigation. A new monetary unit has appeared - EFIMOK:
This is the so-called efimok "with a sign", that is, with the subsequent stamping. Traditional historians claim that this is a Western European thaler, which was in circulation only to pay for the services of foreign specialists. It is curious that the spearman "hammered" the face on the thaler itself, but the date … Very interesting! Remember when modern chronology appeared in Russia? That's it! Another lie of the "historians" has crept out. At that time, they could not mint other people's numbers in Russia. And in general, the date on coins began to be minted only in the middle of the 18th century, when Peter was gone! And here's how to explain the "Thaler" origin of these money !?:
This is Alexei Mikhailovich's efimok.
And this is the efimok of Paul I!
The problem is again … Okay, what's the chronology - what do we have? Aha! We got to Peter!
What do we see? Right! Quite a natural level of skill in minting money at the beginning of the 18th century. On coins, traditionally there is no indication of the date, as well as no denomination! Yes, the coins have their own names:
Half-half - 1/8 kopeck, Polushka - 1/4, Denga - half a penny, Semishnik and Grosh - 2 kopecks, Altyn - 3 kopecks, Dvukhroshovik - 4 kopecks, Pyatak - 5 kopecks, A dime - 10 kopecks, Pyatialtynniy - 15 kopecks,
Two-corner - 20 kopecks, Half a fifty kopecks - 25 kopecks, 50 kopecks, Well, the ruble itself, 100 kopecks.
The names appeared, but there were no numbers! Why? Wasn't it easier to write Arabic numerals right away? And the most important thing is the quality of the minting. It's wretched, won't you agree? Maybe they were minted during the time of Prince Svyatopolk? No, those coins (see above) were even more skillfully executed! And at what level was art at the beginning of the 18th century? We look at the masterpiece:
Well … the work is very delicate, you can't say anything. But she's a piece! This great master made, however, we see a clear correspondence between the Peter's coins and this miniature. The level of skill of those who, at this time, in this place, minted coins and created such miniatures, correspond to approximately the same level. They do not contradict, do not evoke the feeling of not joining.
Now let's see what was minted after the death of "the greatest of the greatest":
Ruble of Peter II.
There is no date yet, but how the level of production "took off"!
This is the ruble of Catherine II.
The date has already appeared, and the complexity of the minting is such that the modern ruble is "resting"! What have we got with the 19th century? There is something to admire!
Guess how much this coin is worth on the collectors black market right now?
Hold on to something!
One million five hundred fifty thousand modern rubles!
Not a cheap coin either. Million four hundred thousand, is there in the stash? Then you can buy.
These coins are not that expensive. There are a lot of them. Quite comparable quality of minting with modern money.
Here you should pay attention to the monogram of Paul the First. Nothing worries? And me very much. And that's why. Does our current patrick Kirill call himself Kirill the First? No, he does not know if there will be Kirill later. But if this happens, then he will definitely be called Cyril II. It is clear. But how could Pavel and Alexander and Nikolai call themselves "The First"? Even Peter the Great was never called “the First”. Because no one knew if there would be a second and a third. The most logical explanation is that the entire history of the “Firsts” was falsified later, when there were already real “second” ones.
Now the fun begins. We have already quite clearly discerned the progress in the level of skill of Russian coin minters, and we can easily build a chronology of historical events in accordance with the level of minting. So far, everything almost coincides with the official "ruler", except for the place of the hryvnias - silver bars (they were placed in a later period), the role of the efimk, and doubts arose about the dating of Peter I's money. after the death of Peter. You can go back and look again … Now let's try to place this on the timeline:
This is dirham.
Tons of them have been found in Russia. This is the most common “ancient coin of Russia”.
Now honestly admit to yourself how much this "early medieval" coin differs from the modern one?
Say a fake? I admit that the one in the image. It may be a fake, but there are tens of thousands of them! More details in the article "On historical forgeries".
It turns out that in the ninth century dirhams were stamped on mechanical presses, and after a thousand years they were minted with a simple cliché? But even if you believe it, then what has been happening all this thousand years, the rupture of the technology of minting?
Let's again compare the dirham with a relatively young 19th century coin. She was released 13 years after the birth of the country "Greece".
How is it? There is a difference? Is this just a reconstruction of a modern alloy coin? Let's take a look at the "foreign" "Arab" dirhams:
How is it? Let's see another, but closer?
Obverse.
Reverse.
If you feel uncomfortable, then you have understood the same thing as me.
They want to convince us that this is the oldest coin of Russia. So, we used foreign currency everywhere, then we said not … We'd better start paying with bars. This is so creative, you come to the store, ask the price of the electric meat grinder, take out a rag from your bosom with silver twigs wrapped in it, and ask the seller for an ax: - “Hey, manager - consultant on the sale of medieval junk, give me an ax, I will now I will cut rubles without change!"
No guys! It doesn't work that way. After the invention of the flash drive, no one returns to floppy disks. Dirhams, by their very existence, destroy everything that historians have heaped up. They are perfect, modern. They are common throughout Scandinavia, the Baltic and the European part of Russia. This means that they are much younger than the primitive Peter's coins.
Well? In what era will we "stick" dirhams? The fact that it was a massive means of payment does not cause controversy among "historians", but when I just hinted that it could be our coinage, I was almost torn to shreds! This question is not even considered! And why? Here one of my friends sent wonderful pictures:
Take a closer look at the inscriptions, drawings and try to guess what you see? Thinking of the Saracen equipment? You are wrong … This is the armor of an Old Slavic warrior in the museum in Suzdal.
See for yourself and see for yourself. So now what? What ideas? What are the conclusions? Yes, by the way, the ornament on the armor is full of characters that Orthodoxy forbids to portray. Obviously, the letter is Arabic (or is it the original Russian?), But it has nothing to do with Mohammedanism as a religion. Well, here we are, as they say….
Now it remains to add the puzzle, and my version is as follows:
We are not Russians. We are all tartars. More precisely, the Russians are the same integral part of Tartary, like the Tatars, Bashkirs, Polovtsians, Pechenegs, Scythians, Pelasgians, Antes, Veneti, Huns, Cossacks, Alans, Circassians, etc. This is the secret of our unity, we are one people embodied in multiples. We live on the ruins of an empire that was known throughout the world as the Great Tartaria (Grande Tartaria, aka Mogol Tartaria). And this information is not hidden, it is simply not announced!
All over the world there is documentary evidence of this country. The concept of "Empire", I think, is inappropriate here. Empire means a metropolis parasitizing the colonies. Tartary was not such. All peoples lived together and at the same time, no one forcibly attached anyone.
Daniel Keller's map of 1590 in Russian. (You can click to enlarge)
The world's first translation of Western European maps by Daniel Keller (Daniel Cellarius Ferimontanus) and Gerard Mercator in 1590 into Russian by Mikhail Volk.
Why is the whole Middle East, India, China and Indochina not surprising to me. I've seen quite a few such cards. But let us recall the turmoil and the capture of Moscow and Smolensk by the Poles. Everything is obvious. It was not confusion in our understanding, it was a direct aggression by Lombardy (Catholics), and part of the lands, temporarily, Tartary lost even then. But she continued to fight. Russians don't give up! And all this is described in history! Only the interpretation is not the same! The winners interpret the events! And it was not Tartary that won. Emelyan Pugachev and Stepan Razin are the last generals of Tartary.
Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, Prince of Italy, Count of Rymnik, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian forces, Grand of the Sardinian Kingdom and Prince of the Royal Blood, Chevalier of all Russian military and foreign orders.
He is now a hero of Russia. Hero? - Undoubtedly. Russia? - Here you need to think.
Author: kadykchanskiy
