Great Tartary - (Latin Magna Tartaria, French Grande Tartarie, English Great Tartary, German Große Tartarei, Hebrew כְּנַעַן, Arabic کنعان). No information about the official name has been preserved. A transcontinental proto-state, including in the main territory all of Asia from the Don River to the Bering Strait from east to west, from the Arctic Ocean to the Indian Ocean from north to south, and which had protectorates between the Rhine and Oka rivers, in Asia Minor, Persia and Babylon, and also in Africa and North America.
The first capital is the city of Tartar on the Tartar River (now the territory of Yakutia in the lower reaches of the Kolyma River). Later, at various times, the capital of Great Tartary was in Kambala (Khanbalyk), where the village of Arka of the Khabarovsk Territory is now located. Later, Kara-Kurum, where today the area in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is located, known as the Black Stones. Then the capital was located in Grustin (Tomsk), Tobolsk, Astrakhan, Moscow and Samarkand.
The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of one of the most numerous tribes in the past, the Tartars, who considered the founder of their clan a khan named Tartar, who was the brother of Khan Mogull, and a close relative of the princes Rus, Sloven, Cech and Lech.
About the flags of Tartary.
Reconstruction of territories belonging to Great Tartary.
| State formation | Second half of V - first half of IV century BC |
| official languages | Arabic, Mogul, Russian, Turkish, Yugur. |
| Capital | Kara-Kurum |
| Largest cities | Arsana, Attil, Vladimir, Herat, Sadina, Kazan, Kambalu, Kara-Kurum, Kinsay, Kostroma, Moscow, Novgorod, Perm, Samara, Samarkand, Samarov, Tartar, Tver, Tenduk, Khorassan, Tsarina, Yaroslavl |
| Form of government | Mixed. Monarchist - Republican |
| Form of government | Confederation |
| Head of state | Great Khan |
| Heads of subjects | Khans, kings, sovereigns, princes, governors |
| The most famous rulers | Ogus-Khan, Ivan the Great (Presbyter John) and his brother Ken (Ung-Garikh-Gorokh-Zhor-Gor), Chinggis Khan, Mangu-Khan, Smaragd (Ivan the Terrible) |
| Religion (not state) | Nestorianism, Mohammedanism, Arianism (Zoroastrianism) |
| Currency | Hryvnia, rubles, dirhams, rials |
| Territory | 1st in the world |
| Predecessor | Roche empire |
| Assignee | Officially - the Russian Empire. In fact - the Holy Roman Empire |
| Population | 755 million people, for 1865. - 8 million people |
| Name of representatives of the most numerous peoples | Alans, Anty, Bodrichi, Varangians, Venedi, Vyatichi, Drangi, Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Dwarves, Kaisaks, Kalmaks, Karaims, Kergizs, Kipchaks, Krivichi, Meshcheryaks, Mogulls, Ostyaks, Polovtsy, Polyane, Pomeranians, Prusy, Prusy Scythians, Slovenes, Tartars, Tunguses, Turkomans, Cheremis, Cherkasy, Yugurs, Yukagirs, etc. |
| End of existence | The capture of the Ethiopian fortress Magdala by British troops on April 13 (25), 1868, followed by the suicide of a descendant of Presbyter John - King of Ethiopia Theodore II, and the capture by storm on May 26 (14), 1868 by the troops of the Russian Empire under the command of General K. P. Kaufman Samarkand. |
History
Promotional video:
Ancient world and the Middle Ages
Great Tartary in the prehistoric period was the place of settlement of the ancestors of all peoples, representatives of the white race - the Aryans or Hyperboreans. In the Neolithic era, there were several prehistoric cultures rich in monuments in Tartary. Prehistoric Tartary was culturally associated with neighboring Upper India; a large number of megaliths were found on its territory. During the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, the territory of Tartary was inhabited by the Tartar, Mogul, Scythian, Sarmatian, Russian, Slovenian, Persian and Turkish tribes.
At the end of the fourth century, as a result of the conquering campaign of the troops of Alexander the Great, Great Tartary lost control over Anatolia, Babylon and Persia.
At the end of the twelfth century, a young warrior from the Mogul tribe named Tamuzin and the daughter of Ivan the Great Bort Ku Chen fell in love. However, the girl's father did not agree to their marriage, which was the beginning of the war between Kara-Kurum and the troops united under the command of Tamuzin. The bulk of the army was made up of the tribesmen of Tamuzin, the Mogulls and the related tribes of Tartar. These peoples lived in the extreme northeast of the country in the provinces of Mongul, Melar and Tenduk, which were considered the fiefdom of the mythical Gog and Magog (now the territory of Yakutia, Kolyma and Chukotka).
In that war, the army of Presbyter John was completely defeated, and Ivan himself died in battle at the hands of Tamuzin. So the previously unknown soldier sat on the throne of the Great Khan and went down in history under the name "Chinggis Khan". And Borta Ku Chen until his death was his beloved wife and mother of his children.
Favorite wife of Chinggis Khan Borta Ku-Chen.
To restore order and establish peace, the Russian campaign of Batu Khan (Khan Batu) was undertaken, which historians call the beginning of the “Mongol-Tatar yoke”. As a result of the campaign, power was restored in Moscow Tartary, Bulgaria, Tavria (Little Tartary) and Kiev. Their population was tartarized and by the 15th century they spoke Arabic and Russian, which became the basis of modern Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.
Family tree of the Great Khans.
In addition, during the same period, actions were taken to prevent a repetition of the Moscow scenario of events in central Europe. To this end, Sheibani-Khan led a campaign against Borussia, the result of which was the bloodless removal of most of the Russian princes, leading large garrisons in Prussia, Pomerania and Saxony. Borussia was named "Swabia" after its new ruler Sheibani. And the Murza who arrived with him laid the foundation for the future German nobility - the barons.
At the beginning of the fifteenth century, Tamurbek Khan (Tamerlane) returned to his possession the lands that had once been taken away by Alexander the Great. But at the same time, he himself attempted to separate from Great Tartary, creating his own Independent Tartary with the capital in Samarkand. He stopped paying taxes and declared himself the ruler of Turan (all lands east of the Urals to the Bering Strait were called Turan during this period). He was summoned to explain to the Great Khan in Kara-Kurum, but decided to go to war against him in order to subjugate the province of Katay and all of Turan. During this campaign, he died.
New time
A global catastrophe destroyed the territory east of the Ural Mountains with a water and mudflow in the 16th century. Smaragd (Ivan the Terrible) took advantage of this, and began the annexation of the territories left without control. The appearance of impostor rulers provoked protests among the heirs of Genghis Khan. The first uprising in 1670 headed by Alexei Georgievich Cherkassky, whose chief commander was a general named Stepan Razin.
Stepan Razin's war
The genealogy of the princes of Cherkassk was conducted from the Egyptian pharaohs, therefore the Great Sovereign Alexei Georgievich considered himself the only legitimate heir to the throne of Great Tartary. The war for the Moscow throne was lost due to a number of objective reasons, the main one of which was the destruction by the cataclysm of a huge number of material and human resources, when the entire territory of Turan turned into a desolate desert, and Great Tartary decreased in size to the lands of Turkestan.
The main result of the defeat of Tartary in this war was the emergence and strengthening of the bridgehead of the Holy Roman Empire in the Baltic, which allowed Peter I, in alliance with the elector of Saxony, the ruler of the Commonwealth, August II, and the king of Denmark and Norway, Christian V, to start a war against Charles XII, who remained loyal to Tartary. So, the last fragment of Great Tartary in Europe - the land of the Goths, vandals, Sveis and Murmans - was defeated, and in 1721 it became part of the Holy Roman Empire. From that moment, Europe completely got out of the influence of Tartaria, and the border between Europe and Asia was moved from the Don River to the Urals.
Emelyan Izmogullov's war
The Izmailov family originates from Tamurbek Khan, i.e. from Tamerlane. And the descendant of this clan, Emelyan Ivanovich Izmogullov (Izmailov) went down in history as "Emelka Pugachev". In 1773. he led the second war of liberation against the Moscow boyars, who illegally usurped power. Like the first war, it was also lost.
The main reason for the defeat of Great Tartary in this war was the large-scale aid of Europe, which operated from the bridgehead created by the descendants of the Oldenburg clan on the banks of the Neva River. And this victory, although it did not save the emperors from St. Petersburg from their formal dependence on Moscow, but it made it possible to expand the Holy Roman Empire deep into Asia and south.
Patriotic War of 1812
To gain complete control over Moscow Tartary, another patriotic (civil) war was started in 1812. The United Armed Forces of Europe under the command of M. I. Kutuzov and Napoleon Bonaparte undertook a blitzkrieg to the banks of the Volga. Although the task was not fully completed, Moscow, white-stone, predominantly Muslim, ceased to exist. Power now belonged to the Oldenburg clan, the last capital of Great Tartary was radically rebuilt in a European manner, and all mosques were turned into churches and cathedrals of the Greek-Eastern Russian Church, which has been called the Russian Orthodox Church since 1943.
Since the submission of Moscow Tartary to St. Petersburg, the last enclaves, parts of the former Great Tartary in Turkestan and Ethiopia, remained. In 1868, Turkestan was finally conquered by the army of General K. P. Kaufman, and Ethiopia was taken by the British.
Chronicle of territorial losses of Great Tartary until the beginning of the twentieth century
- 1774 - Transfer of Beirut to the Ottoman Empire, and Malaysia to Holland and England;
- 1783 - Transfer of the Cycladic archipelago in the Aegean Sea to the Ottoman Empire;
- 1836 - Transfer of Hawaii to the United States;
- 1841 - Transfer of land in California to the USA, and in Chile formally to Spain, but in fact to France, tk. the Chilean colony was the property of the Bourbons, who ruled at the time, and Spain;
- 1855 - Transfer to Japan of the four Kuril Islands and the northern part of Hokkaido;
- 1867 Transfer of the Aleutian Archipelago, lands in the Hudson Bay, in Alaska, in the states of Washington and Colorado under the jurisdiction of the United States;
Crimean War
In fact, this was a continuation of the division of the heritage of Great Tartary between the descendants of the Oldenburg clan of the Gottorp - Holshtinsky and their closest relatives from the British branch of Saxe - Coburg - Gothic, who are now known under the name of Windsor.
After the final crushing of Tartary by joint efforts, internal contradictions arose between the clans of the Holy Roman Empire Gottorp-Holstein and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The British clan claimed big concessions from the St. Petersburg clan, which led to another internal war within the Roman Empire.
The Russian Empire, having become the legal successor of the Great Tartary, turned into an object of encroachments by the less wealthy but more ambitious British Empire. The Russian Empire itself turned out to be in the role of the Great Tartary, and took the blow of the Anglo-Saxons, who led the coalition fighting against Russia in all directions: - Caucasus, Crimea, Baltic, White Sea, Pacific Ocean. But the Anglo-Saxons were defeated in this war, which does not prevent them, to this day, to consider themselves victors.
Relief
More than 70% of the territory of Tartary was occupied by plains and lowlands. The western part of the country is located within the North German Plain, characterized by alternating plains, lowlands and uplands (Valdai, Central Russian, etc.). The meridionally elongated Ural mountain system separates the East European Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. To the east of the latter is the Central Siberian Plateau with isolated mountain ranges, smoothly turning into the Central Yakutsk Lowland.
In antiquity, the modern northern ridges were high mountains called the Ripean mountains. The mountain range stretching from the White Sea to the Danube Delta does not exist today. The Ural Mountains were much lower. Altai and Sayan mountains were called the Caucasus. The Kamchatka Peninsula did not exist until the sixteenth century.
Inland waters
More than 20% of the territory of Tartary was occupied by water bodies. The largest of them are the Black (Russian), Azov, Khvalynskoe (in the territory of modern Polesye), Mazanderund (now the Caspian and Aral), White (Bashkiria), Katayskoe (in the center of Siberia) and Lenskoe (in the Khabarovsk Territory) seas. Lake Baikal did not exist.
Climate
The climate in Tartary north of the 50th parallel was stable temperate continental. Permafrost did not exist, and winters in the north were snowy, but there was never a severe frost, so the Arctic Ocean remained navigable for most of the year.
Flora and fauna
In the arctic and subarctic zones, deciduous forests and forest-steppes prevailed. South of Ladoga to the Dvina (Daugava), steppes and semi-deserts predominated. To the west of the Valdai Upland, the forests were coniferous and mixed. On the territory of Turkestan, deciduous forests alternated with forest-steppe and steppe zones.
Many species of birds, fish, animals and reptiles have survived to this day. And some managed to recover, such as the tour, the snow leopard and the tiger. And many species have disappeared irrevocably. Some of them did not even have their own names, because all reptiles were simply called snakes. The snake was called both the snake and the crocodile. It is known that mammoths in Tartary were called elephants, and they were widespread until the second half of the sixteenth century. Along with the elephants, the metagalinaria, which official science considers to be mythical unicorns, also disappeared.
Even earlier, pterosaurs died out, one of the species of which was captured on the banner of Great Tartary, and the sculptural image of the other was the decoration of the throne of the great Khans.
Throne of the Great Khans in Kara-Kurum. Fragment of a medieval engraving.
Literature
- Abulgazi Bayadur Khan. Genealogical history of the Tatars. 1663
- Alexander von Humboldt. Central Asia. 1843
- G. I. Spassky. Newest travels in Siberia and neighboring countries. 1825
- Guillaume de Rubruck. Travel to eastern countries. 1255g.
- Daniel Defoe. Further adventures of Robinson Crusoe. 1719
- Marco Polo. A book about the diversity of the world. 1291
- Nikolaas Witsen Northern and Eastern Tartary. 1692
- Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo. Diary of travel to Samarkand to Timur's court. 1406g.
- S. U. Remezov. Chorographic drawing book of Siberia. 1701
- William Guthrie. The newest general geography. 1809
- Philip Heinrich Dilthey. The first foundations of the Universal History with an abbreviated chronology, in favor of the teaching Russian nobility. 1762.
Author: kadykchanskiy