Read the first part here.
A lot has been written and told about our people in Alaska, Tatraria and Katai before the "official development", and if almost everything is clear with the eastern direction, now let's listen to a fairy tale, or maybe not a fairy tale - a part of the epic about Sadko.
Nicely so, 30 ships - even today it is not a small flotilla. The average carrying capacity of ships of those times, koches and plows, was about 20 tons (like a truck), sometimes more - multiply by 30 …, totaling 600 tons of cargo. And his path is well described - from Novgorod along the Volkhov to Ladoga, from Ladoga to the Neva, from the Neva to the sea, and even from the sea to the Golden Horde. The route from Novgorod is clearly western, but all sorts of options for sailing to India appeared later, when they began to stage operas, and later to shoot films - which is not a prototype of the series "Truckers". Maybe Rimsky-Korsakov read a different version of the epic?
Once I heard that that epic India is just Vendia - the country of the Wends, but I don't know that there were large deposits of gold and silver in Europe in the places where the Wends live.
The Pharaonic Channel, aka the Channel of the Four Kings, aka the Trajan River.
But could Sadko, leaving Novgorod to the west, really reach India, is this even possible? I did not think about the campaign around Africa, and the Suez Canal had not yet been dug out at that time, but there was a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea, and the Ipatiev Chronicle says that Svarog was the king of Egypt. So, such a path should not be ruled out, however, if only that campaign took place before the VIII century A. D. - later it ceased to function, but the exact dating of the epic is not known.
There is, however, one rather large discrepancy - excavations in Novgorod give a different version: it turns out that part of the silver found in the ancient layers is identical to the Peruvian by chemical analysis, and the Mexican gold (see 11:00 - 11:48)
Promotional video:
Is that what it turns out: Rimsky-Korsakov and Columbus read one version, but we have a completely different version?
Then I fell into a stupor, but was the western way possible at all, and is there any mention of it?
In the novel "Tristan le Léonois" (one of the old French versions of Tristan and Isolde), the same Tristan used the services of a certain merchant named Zadok and sailed with him to Ireland on his ship. On the Internet, Russian place names in Ireland have been repeatedly mentioned, but Celtic crosses in the Baltics are usually silent - so that path was mastered in both directions, those who are interested can read the Baltics and the "Vikings" who is who.
Rosse region in the west of Ireland.
Well, we got to Ireland, and then? What is further known? In the IV century BC. according to the description of Pytheas, the island of Thule became known. Everywhere he was not located, but we can definitely say that he was somewhere in the north. On the other hand, it is not clear for the Europeans where it was, but for the Balts it was very clear, especially since some Finngalls sometimes attacked them according to Irish legends, so you can try to use Finnish-Ugric words to comprehend this toponym. In modern Estonian there is one word tuletornis (lighthouse) that I noticed. Tornia in Livsky is such a summer kitchen (aka a kind of smokehouse) with an open hearth in the center - in its structure, a large hut made of poles. By the way, I heard the same name near Nevel, although it was the name of the summer extension to the house there, but the meaning was the same - a summer kitchen,so that the word is not only Livonian, but in the Russian language there is the word tuck - in the sense of somewhere to casually put or lean on something. Latvians have a tornis tower or watchtower.
Imagine what happens if such a colossus is set on fire? That's right - the same TULE will come out of it. Tornia is quite a useful thing - after all, in the event of an attack, it was possible to set it on fire and send an alarm signal that would be visible from afar. And where we have places where the fire is constantly burning, which is visible from afar - only where volcanoes erupt. Volcanoes do not erupt all the time, sometimes they calm down - here you have a mysterious island that is sometimes visible from afar, then they just can't find it.
I saw similar huts made of poles in Yakutia - there they are called urasa. I cannot rule out the possibility that it was from there that they appeared in the Baltic states. This topic is quite unexplored - the Yakuts themselves call themselves Sakhalar (pronounced sakhalar), and in the south of Estonia there is the Sakala region. Perhaps it was they who left a stable Turkic mark in the Baltic toponyms. By the way, no one wondered why Icelandic and Yakut horses are so similar to each other?
Horses in Iceland still thrive in the wild. Photo: Bragi J. Ingibergsson.
Yakut beauty.
Isn't that the same short, stocky, strong fellows? And the hairiness is similar. But what if they came to Iceland from the Baltic states?
Back in 825, the Irish monk Dikuil. In his book "De menzura orbis terrae" ("About the measurement of the Earth"), dedicated to the description of various parts of the world, he wrote that Thule is the island of Iceland. For more than a thousand years, this point of view found supporters, and even at the end of the 19th century, Dikuil's opinion was considered "indisputably correct", and in the 20th century it started - "official historians have proved" that up to the 8th century AD. Iceland was a deserted country and it was the Scandinavians who first settled it. And this is despite the fact that Roman coins of the 3rd century AD were found on the island, and I just showed that the name is very easily explained knowing at least a little Ugro-Finnish words.
It's funny, but modern historians say that, judging by the excavations in Iceland, the Slavs were the first settlers there (see: 11:00).
“From the very beginning, a Slavic trace was discovered in our research in Iceland. We have already opened the third Slavic dwelling in this region - a square semi-dugout. Such dwellings in the 9-10th century were characteristic of the territories along the Elbe, Oder and Vistula rivers, as well as for Russia. They have no analogy with Scandinavian buildings. Exactly the same Slavic dwellings, different from the Scandinavian ones, I found earlier in Norway. It is not known what kind of Slavs penetrated so far to the North, to Iceland. It is very likely that these were the Polabyans, and not our ancestors from the banks of the Vistula. They settled in the then desert lands of Iceland. Early medieval communities were not as ethnically homogeneous as it is now believed. The Viking society was open - they appreciated good sailors and warriors, accepting representatives of different peoples into their ranks,including Slavs, Germans and Celts,”says Polish professor Przemyslaw Urbanczyk.
Taking this opportunity, I want to say a big thank you to the outstanding Polish scientist for the great work done in the study of our common history. However, I have a little sequel after getting acquainted with his work.
Once I talked with Russian guys from Estonia and they say to me: - You know about Rurik's great-grandfather, but about how the Danes stole the flag from the Wends, but do you know what this place is? And they sent me this card.
I twisted this map from right to left and left to right, turned it upside down - I just can't screw it to the territory of modern Estonia. I write in response: - No, I do not know, I can't do anything.
Then they send me the following card.
- How do you like Estland, somewhere to the west of Norway?
They promised later to show another map where there is an island of Estland in the Bermuda region, but they never sent it - apparently something did not work out.
I started looking for myself. I asked my friends from Bergen, because the map contains not only the name of the island, but also other names. But no, they could not add up any associations to anything similar from what they know. I asked the guys from Stavanger - the same result. I got disgusted, what kind of Estland is this in the west of Norway? And the decision did not work out.
Later I came across a map of Kaveri (1505), I will give a piece, although here, according to the old tradition, is south from above.
Judging by the inscription on the arrow, there is already an island * i.estlanda *, that is, the name may be different.
And then I come across a map of a Venetian Nicolo Zeno. There really is the island of Estland on it, but the same Wikipedia writes that the peasant has never been anywhere and fantasized a lot. Then I completely hung my head - a riddle about nothing comes out.
I abandoned the search for that island - probably for more than a year I had not been engaged in them until my old acquaintance came to visit me. We talked, says:
- Show me those cards.
I looked.
- Oh … so I worked there (nowadays the Balts have scattered a lot). Look at the first map for the inscription on the left of Orlefort.
- Where, I don't see.
- Yes, look. Here it is - Örlygsstaðahnúkar this is the Fortified place created by the eagles. Only the map is slightly rotated, but it's very similar.
Then I inserted my comment:
- Well, the map is rotated because earlier maps were drawn taking into account the direction to the north by the magnetic compass, and now by the geographic one.
- But look even lower on the old map of Olaford, and on the modern map to the left Ólafsvík. Ford is a fjord, and vik is a bay - well, look, it's the same thing! Yes, and on the second map these names are. On the second map in the south, look at Eledere - this is most likely a modern Hella, I worked there.
Well, henceforth science, but my friends said - do not trust Wikipedia.
Of course, Nicolo Zeno most likely really fantasized, but perhaps he based his stories on something - for example, on the stories of other sailors, so to speak, sailor's taverns. I can only assume that all these mythical islands are descriptions of different journeys made by different people. The description, even for those who have visited the same place at different times, may differ from person to person, even beyond recognition. And so it happened that everyone described the same places in their own way - now Islanda, now Estland, now Frisland.
I decided to study the modern map of Iceland in more detail - suddenly what other correspondence I find. The easternmost part is called Eystürland, well - well, an eastern country, yes, okay, but … there are several other areas not in the east of the island and having the same Eystur in their name: Eystür-Bardastrandar, Eystür-Skaftafell, Eystür-Hunawatn, and why are they oriental? I liked the voice acting of all these Eystyurs (translate.google.com has a convenient function, you can listen to how the original language sounds if you click on the loudspeaker icon). And here lies the mystery itself - Eisturland is spelled as Austurland. A reasonable question arises: why are Austurland and Austria so similar, where, as they say, the Venedian flag came to the Baltic states and in a shortened form to Poland. Or maybe in ancient times it was translated not as the eastern land, but as the land of the eastern. And who are the eastern ones for 1000 years and there is no need to explain, remember Drang nach Osten or the Reichskommissariat Ostland.
Then the question from another time becomes clear: Einhard writes in his description of the life of Charlemagne:
It seems like where is Karl and where are the Slavs, there is still a great distance between them, but only that distance (no matter how hard the historians tried) was called Austrasia, in contrast to the lands where the Merovingians ruled - Neustria, the literal translation is not Eastern. Something to me reminds me of another territory, which is anything as long as not Russia, only those times. If the Slavic place names in Germany are painted in sufficient detail, then there are not so many studies about the more western regions, except that Helmold refers the Burgundians to the Slavs, and in Frankish analogies there are some Nordliudi and Austreleudi somewhere in those parts.
I decided to examine the map in more detail.
But in the west south of Greenland, a piece of the mainland is drawn under the interesting name Estotiland. Shaw, again? Another eastern land? In my opinion, I saw this piece south of Greenland on another map.
Only here this area is called Vinland.
In … This is closer: In 1232, Pope Gregory, by his charter, appoints Balduin de Aln as bishop of Semigal and legate “in Livonia, Gothlandia, Vinlandia, Hestonia, Semigallia, Curlandia”.
Just don’t tell me that my dad was illiterate and did not study geography at school. We have several Vinkalns in Latvia (kalns - mountain, hill), I personally know 3. Of these, only one really grows grapes, but this is a remake of the late Duchy of Courland, and the other two were ancient settlements. Local anxious historians to this day believe that vineyards grew on them, forgetting that in addition to the Latvian language, the Livonian language sounded beautifully on this territory, and they vene are Russians. So there were those mountains of Russians. In small Latvia, there are more than 300 pilskalns (castle mountains), and according to legend, each of them once had a fortified settlement where the surrounding people could hide from uninvited guests, and in neighboring Lithuania there are more than 1000 of them. True, they managed to translate a couple of mountains into Latvian:one of them under Doblin (lat. Dobele) Krievkalni, the other under Kukushkin's nose (lat. If the Livs distinguished the Russians (vene) from the Krivichi (krivi), then the Latvians do not bother with such a difference, and any Russian is called krievs.
Saxon Grammaticus in his History of the Danes uses the consonant word "vindr" to describe the Wends. Everyone probably knows how the wind sounds in modern English, but try it in German or Norwegian and in the end, be sure to see how it is written in French. They would hardly have been able to provide accessibility from Venice to the British Isles and from there to the Baltic States on oars, but sailing such distances is much more fun. At a time when the Europeans on oars carried out coastal voyages along the banks (galleys in France were used even in the 18th century), obviously someone was moving in a completely different way. Perhaps this is exactly what explains those very ruotzi-rowers, because when approaching the bank or entering the rivers, one had to swim against the current, and the wind was not always fair. So it turns out that this name did not come from Sweden,and Sweden itself got its old Finnish name from those rowers who came by sea. Remember how the Varangian route ran, for the Finns they always appeared from the side of the Scandinavian peninsula.
I wonder if there are still maps of that eastern land on the mainland?
Ortelius Map - northeast of Estotilant.
Map of Bogardy - here is already Estotilant on the mainland, and in the old place Groclant and next to Groenlant.
Here, next to Estotilandt, the Groenlandiae inscription is visible.
1493 June 14, Nuremberg scholar Jerome Munzer writes to the Portuguese king Juan II “You are already praised as a great sovereign by the Germans, Italians, rutanos, apolonios, and those who live under the harsh (seca) star of the Arctic pole, as well as the great Duke (duque) of Muscovy, for a few years ago, under the severity of the said star, the large island of Grulanda was recently discovered (novamente sabida), the coast of which stretches for 300 legua and on which the greatest settlement of people is located under the said rule of the said lord of the duke.
(Legua - ¾ geographic mile, if one geographic, it is also a German mile, this is 7420 m. Then 300 legua is 1669.5 km. From Moscow to Berlin, 1800 km, and here almost 1700 - such an island is not sickly, but O. I they tell us everything about Spitsbergen).
1528 year. Danish admiral Severin Norby, while in Russia, writes a letter to the king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, Christian II about the possessions of the Russian prince on the Arctic land, which is called Groom and Land.
According to the statement of the Vologda peasant Anton Starostin, his ancestors sailed "to Grumant" long before the foundation of the Solovetsky Monastery (before 1435), that is, in the X-XIV centuries.
The Russian scientist from Novgorod D. Gerasimov and the translator of the tsarist administration in Denmark Grigory Istoma, when meeting with the representative of Vienna Sigismund Herberstein, argued that lying far to the north, "the land of Engraneland has always been subject to Novgorodians" (Dorozhkin N. Ya. Travelers. P. 37) …
According to the letter of the Danish king Frederick II to the merchant Ludwig Munch on March 11, 1576 (Filippov A. M.) Russian helmsman Pavel Nikitich sailed from the town of Malmus (northern Scandinavia, owned by the Russians) to Greenland.
And this map is just iconic - in the north of Hudson's Bay Groenland, and in the south of Estotiland.
Probably now the question is where on the coast of New York the faces of the Russian gods no longer stand?
Well, they got to America, but to Mexico and Peru the western path has not yet taken shape. Maybe someone will continue to search for that path - only a little is left? There is, however, one vague clue: Historically, the people who inhabited those territories were the Mixtecs ("the people from the land of clouds"), from which the name Mexico originated (see 5: 05-5: 55).
The Meshiks were skilled artisans, they produced brightly colored ceramics, created turquoise mosaics, and were craftsmen in metalworking and jewelry. It is said that it was the Meshiki who founded Tenochtitlan. Why am I? And to the fact that the first ruler of Poland who baptized her was Mieszko I, but before the adoption of Christianity he was called the king of the Wends. Some incomprehensible consonance … Meshko - Meshiki … By the way, they justify their name by the fact that their high priest was called Meshitli, and they themselves came from some mythical island of Astlan. Astlan - "The country of white herons", or is it still the country of storks - Ast (ost, est) lan (d)?.. The codex of the Mixtecs has survived from 5 books that we managed to read, some of them are ribbons of tree bark, and some are made leather.
In 2014, an ancient ship (990-1050) was found near the confluence of the Volk River in the Mississippi. Despite the fact that by design it didn’t look like a Scandinavian Drakar, then, out of old habit, they convened a meeting and decided: - If it doesn’t look like a Drakar, we will call it Knorr. And in it they found an old broken sword and how they fantasized: - Oh, they say, the battle there was already horror …
Surely someone will ask where the Estonians are and what do they have to do with this article? Let me remind you that until the middle of the 19th century, modern Estonians did not consider themselves Estonians and called themselves the people of the earth (maarahvas), and even now they call themselves only people of Estonia (eesti rahvas), for now, after reading modern textbooks, they ascribe to themselves all references to the ancient Estonians where - they would not meet them. It's a pity, because some of them really have ancestors who went on those long trips, the only question is who they considered themselves at that time. Only here is a bad luck - our ancestors had a completely different approach to this issue. Here is just one line from the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia, which negates all their efforts and says the following: … Estonians, as long-time Russian subjects, in the old days were often introduced to Russians.
Although … - for Europeans we are all Eastern, regardless of origin. Yes, and our historians … Well done, of course - they dug up the ancient city of the Estians (IV-VII centuries) near Kaliningrad. In one of the burials, they found a symbol of a falcon like that of the Rurikovichs (see 29: 57-30: 24), but still there - they do not hesitate to write “unknown ancient people” (?). Who are they accountable to? If only they tried to make a DNA test and determine where the descendants live, or are we not living in the 21st century?
The Spaniard Enrico Martinez, who visited Livonia in the 16th century, found that the inhabitants of the vicinity of Riga are very similar to the Indians. From which he concluded that the Indians are from Livonia. Probably, I would partially agree with him, look at the photo:
Well, how do you like it? But these are not Indians … - these are the Curonian Kings.
Auseklis, painted in the colors of the national flag of Latvia, is one of the symbols of the Singing Revolution.
Latvians have their own national symbol, so to speak, called Auseklis - the symbol of the morning star.
Wikipedia indicates that such a symbol is used by the Karelians, Chuvashs, Udmurts and Mordovians, but shyly keeps silent about the fact that this is a Slavic symbol alatyr.
How do you like this symbol among the indigenous people of America? His story is here.
Author: Sergey Mulivanov