In an earlier published article: "Historical information on the origin and use of the word" Ukrainians "." I, in particular, put forward a hypothesis about the original Moscow (Great Russian) origin of the word "Ukrainians" and its subsequent spread on the territory of Little Russia. Sources, some of which have not previously been introduced into scientific circulation, allow us to support the assumption made with new data.
Poles, as already noted, under the "Ukrainians" in the first half - mid-16th century. understood the Catholic gentry in Ukraine. However, in the diary of the nobleman S. Belsky (1609), the gentry on the Russian-Lithuanian border is also called this way: “On the same day it was given to know that our Ukrainians, having gathered and joined a certain number of servants, made an attack and took a lot of people into captivity. On this day, Pan Governor Orshansky was ordered to write to Smolensk: he had to condemn the invasion of the Smolensk borders, notifying that it was made by willful Ukrainians, without the knowledge of His Royal Majesty and the Hetman, and promise just satisfaction for this. (Belsky kept his diary in Latin. Unfortunately, I only know the Russian translation of this document.) With regard to the Orthodox population, the concept of "Ukrainian" was used only as a personal nickname: in 1640, inSokal in the Kholmsh region is mentioned a certain Orthodox philistine Ignat Ukrainets. It is also worth noting that the publication of folk songs by M. Maksimovich (1834) mentioned the "Vkraintsy" (Zaporozhye Cossacks) who participated in the uprising of S. Nalivaiko (1594-1595), which gave rise to an implausible version about the appearance of such a self-name already at the end of the 16th century. The interpretation of Maksimovich himself and its evolution have already been noted earlier. His student NI Kostomarov, as it was said, even considered the presence of the word "Ukrainians" in the published texts of old Little Russian songs as one of the signs of their forgery.why there was an implausible version of the appearance of such a self-name already at the end of the 16th century. The interpretation of Maksimovich himself and its evolution have already been noted earlier. His student NI Kostomarov, as it was said, even considered the presence of the word "Ukrainians" in the published texts of old Little Russian songs as one of the signs of their forgery.why there was an implausible version of the appearance of such a self-name already at the end of the 16th century. The interpretation of Maksimovich himself and its evolution have already been noted earlier. His student NI Kostomarov, as it was said, even considered the presence of the word "Ukrainians" in the published texts of old Little Russian songs as one of the signs of their forgery.
The Polish use of the word "Ukrainians" in relation to the gentry is quite consistent with the then understanding of the word "Ukraine" in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Until the second half of the 1630s. this is how the borderland was denoted in a common sense, therefore, the clarification was usually given "that Ukraine", "Ukraine Kiev", etc. Only since the uprising of Pavlyuk (1637-1638), the Cossack "Ukraine", which became a source of constant concern for the Poles, began to be understood not in a common noun, but in the proper sense. This value was finally consolidated only with the beginning of the Khmelnytsky region. In 1648, the French engineer in the Polish service G. de Boplan made the first general map of Ukraine called "General Map of the Desert Plain, usually called Ukraine" ("Delineatio Generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina"). In 1651Boplan published the essay "Description of the lands of the Kingdom of Poland, stretching from the borders of Muscovy to the borders of Transylvania" ("Description des contrees du Royaume de Pologne, contenues depuis les confins de la Moscowie, insques aux limites de la Transilvanie"). But already in 1660 the second edition was published, which had a new name "Description of Ukraine, or several provinces of the Polish kingdom, stretching." ("Description d'Ukranie, qui sont plusieurs provinces du Royaume de Pologne, contenues."). In a dedication to the Polish king, Boplan spoke about the description of "this large borderland - Ukraine, located between Muscovy and Transylvania."the second edition was published, which had a new name "Description of Ukraine, or several provinces of the Polish kingdom, stretching." ("Description d'Ukranie, qui sont plusieurs provinces du Royaume de Pologne, contenues."). In a dedication to the Polish king, Boplan spoke about the description of "this large borderland - Ukraine, located between Muscovy and Transylvania."the second edition was published, which had a new name "Description of Ukraine, or several provinces of the Polish kingdom, stretching." ("Description d'Ukranie, qui sont plusieurs provinces du Royaume de Pologne, contenues."). In a dedication to the Polish king, Boplan spoke about the description of "this large borderland - Ukraine, located between Muscovy and Transylvania."
As for the Orthodox population of the Rzecz Pospolita, they also used the word "Ukraine" (to denote the borderland), but from the end of the 16th century. in the circles of the clergy, and then the Cossacks, the concept of "Little Russia" ("Little Russia") is spreading. As is well known, this term appeared under Greek influence as early as the 14th century. (no later than 1335), but after the conclusion of the Union of Brest-Litovsk in 1596 it was revived and became a symbol of the anti-Uniate struggle. At the end of the XVI century. (no later than 1598) it was already actively used by the Athos monk of Galician origin Ioann Vishensky: “To the pious Lord Vasily, the princess of Ostrog, and all Orthodox Christians of Little Russia, both spiritual, like and svetskim, from the highest to the final, grace, mercy, the peace and joy of the Spirit of St. John, the monk from Vishna from the Holy Mount Athos, is away from the Lyad land,in other words, Little Russia, how evil men attacked you”. The concept of "Little Russia", in contrast to "Ukraine", extended both to the Dnieper region and to the Galician land. The Jerusalem Patriarch Theophanes, who restored the Orthodox hierarchy in Ukraine after the Union of Brest, on May 17, 1620, addressed in a letter to "all the radiant in Orthodoxy, like in Little Russia, much better than the inhabitants of Kiev." The Orthodox bishop of Przemysl, expelled from the see, Isaiah Kopinsky, wrote on December 4, 1622 to Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Filaret: “To the Most Holy and Most Blessed Cyrus Philaret, by the grace of God, His Grace Patriarch of Great and Little Russia and to the last great okey. We, this day new consecration, are like us His Holiness Patriarch Theophanes of Jerosalim, consecrate the hedgehog and your Orthodox land would be; not imams, where to lay your head, everyone is here in Ukraine,in the limit of Kiev, we are confused, from everywhere persecution, from everywhere in need, from everywhere in trouble, not the imams where they need to take. Your hierarchical mercy of all blessings, Isaiah Kopinsky, bishop and exarch of Little Russia, a spy and pilgrim, with a mighty hand. " It is worth noting that the bishop specifically explained the concept of "Ukraine" ("within the Kiev border"), in contrast to the concept of "Little Russia".
Hetman P. Sagaidachny in two letters to King Sigismund III (dated February 15 and the end of March 1622) mentioned “Rus”, “Our Little Russia Ukraine” and protested against the imposition of the union “in Ukraine, our powerful ancestral homeland”. Thus, in this case, one can observe a transition in the use of the word "Ukraine" from a common noun to its own. Nevertheless, the variant "Little Russia" prevailed in the usage of the Orthodox population of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Hetman B. Khmelnitsky in his Belotserkovskiy universal in 1648 wrote: “To all of you in common with Little Russians, we inform you about this To whom the pious faith is dear, from the Poles to the uni; to whom you love the integrity of our homeland, Ukraine Little Russia. " As we can see, already at this time, the official self-name of the rebellious Orthodox population of the Commonwealth also appears - "Little Russians".“Ukrainians”, as already noted, were then called only Catholic gentry, actively expelled by Little Russians from Ukraine Little Russia.
Let us now turn to the terminology of Muscovite Rus. The early use in Russia of the word "Ukrainians" in the meaning of border nobles (both Russians and pospolynyh) also receives additional confirmation. In the lists of Cherkasy (Zaporozhye Cossacks) captured by the Russians in 1619, “Oleshka Zakharyev, a Ukrainian from Lukoml” is mentioned (Lukoml is a now defunct city located on the Sula river in the Orzhitsky district of the modern Poltava region). It is noteworthy that in the lists only he is called “Ukrainian”; and he was released earlier than the others. Mentioned in a Russian source of 1652 "Ondrei Lysichinsky from Volyn, Ukrainian", which was mentioned in the article, is the same example of word usage.
The earliest examples of the use of the term "Ukrainian" as the self-designation of the inhabitants of Ukraine-Little Russia (Cossacks) are found, as already mentioned, from the end of the 1660s. - in the territories that became part of Russia and were liberated from the Catholic gentry. However, in the student lists of 1660 at the University of Padua, according to the historian G. Nudga, the Lutsk cathedral vicar (rector of the cathedral) Joseph Daniil Dzik is mentioned, who indicated his origin as follows: "Ukrainian, Kiev district" (that is, district, voivodeship). Unfortunately, the historian does not provide the original Latin for this entry. At the same time, Nudga points out that usually students - immigrants from Western and Southern Russia, who studied at European universities since the middle of the XIV century, indicated their origin as follows: "Ruthen", "Rusyn", "Roksolan", "Rusynyak"; from the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries.along with the previous ones, the designation "Cossack" also appeared.
Dzik's case is quite remarkable. ID Dzik was a representative of the upper reaches of the Orthodox clergy and, probably, a native of the gentry. Rector of the Orthodox Kiev-Mohyla Academy in 1655-1657 and 1662-1665. was his relative (?) about. Meletius (Dzik). Kiev at that time was controlled by the Russian authorities, but Lutsk had already been returned under Polish control by 1660, which opened up the opportunity for I. D. He did not use the usual version ("ruthen"), but used a term that was used by both the Poles and the Russians, but with different meanings. It is extremely doubtful that by the word "Ukrainian" Dzik meant himself as a representative of the Little Russian people, since, as far as is known, this word did not have such a meaning;if Dzik wished to call himself "Ukrainian" in the sense of his belonging to the Cossacks, this would mean that he declared himself a representative of the rebellious Ukraine, which was extremely difficult at a Catholic university (Padua belonged to the Venetian Republic, which in alliance with papal Rome in this during the war with the Turks). Dzik hardly used the term in the Polish sense, since in that case it would be more logical to simply call himself a Pole. Most likely, he used the word "Ukrainian" in the Russian meaning, and that is why he explained from which specific border it comes from - from the Kiev region (cf. the aforementioned Russian variants "Ukrainian from Lukoml", "from Volyn, Ukrainian"). In this case, this is the first known example of the use of this Russian word by a native of Ukraine. The Latin original of the entry could finally clarify the situation with this usage.
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Also, according to Nudga, in the lists of the Königsberg University in 1762 and 1770. the "Ukrainians" Yakov Khoroshkevich and Yakov Denisov are mentioned. In the 1763 list of this university, the "Russian-Ukrainian" Ivan Novitsky is also designated. Taking into account the word usage of that time, it can be quite confidently asserted that all three were Slobozhanians, and one or two of them entered the university when it was controlled by the Russian occupation authorities (1758-1763).
The active use of the word "Ukrainians" ("Ukrainians") for Slobozhanians was also typical later - in the 1830-1840s. However, it was also used as a designation for a special ethnographic group of the Little Russian population - the descendants of the Cossacks who lived along the Dnieper in its middle reaches (mainly in the modern Poltava region). Such word usage was resorted to by M. Maksimovich, P. Kulish, as well as the writer K. Topolya, who, in particular, argued that "Ukrainians" live not only in Slobozhanshchina, but also along the Dnieper below Kiev (Cherkassy, Kanev), from Little Russians differ little, but more poetic. It is important to note that in the same circles the concept of "Kraintsy" (Slovenes), which is close in meaning and sound, was also used,that in the future - starting from the time of the "Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood" - among other things, prompted the romantic-minded scientific and literary community to give the word "Ukrainians" the meaning of an ethnonym.
As you know, the Slovenes are a people living on one of the many Slavic frontiers, the Ukrainians. In the same edition of "Readings in the Imperial Society of Russian History and Antiquities", where A. Rigelman's manuscript about Little Russia was published, which was so significant for our topic, the work of Yu. Venelin "District inhabitants of the Baltic Sea" was also published. In it, in particular, it was argued that the border Slavic lands between the Oder and Elba had long been called by the Slavs "Ukraine", from which the German names "Marchia Ucrana", "Marchionatus Ukranensis", "Ucker-Mark" appeared.
In other words, the emergence of the ethnic self-name “Ukrainians” (as well as “Kraintsy”) can be considered extremely doubtful, while the persistent preservation of the self-name “Rusyn” (like “Slovenian”) for the residents of the suburbs, realizing their relationship with a more significant whole (Russian or Slavic) is quite natural. In this sense, the emergence of such a self-name as "Little Russians" under B. Khmelnitsky also looks quite logical.
"Ukrainians" as an ethnonym is the fruit of the poetic fantasy of politicized historians and writers of the middle of the 19th century.
Author: F. Gaida. From the book “Russian Collection: Research on the History of Russia / Volume XIV. M.
