School textbooks on the history of the ancient world are hopelessly outdated. Today all professionals admit it. And, first of all, archaeologists.
However, even Mikhailo Lomonosov wrote that the history of Russia has the greatest roots. The science of the twentieth century, especially the end of it, did a lot to fully confirm the words of the great Russian scientist. Archeology has made a huge contribution. Especially in the last twenty or thirty years. The center of the Russian Plain has been almost completely explored. In total, more than fifty thousand settlements have been discovered, ranging from the Middle Paleolithic to the developed Middle Ages.
It turned out that both archanthropus and paleoanthropus lived in our territory. The latter are called Neanderthals in Western literature. So the skull cap of such a fossil man was discovered on the territory of Moscow. But perhaps the most important discoveries of archaeologists and paleo-anthropologists were the following. Neanderthals and after them people of the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic existed almost exclusively on the territory of the Russian Plain and Europe. In other parts of the planet, anthropogenesis was very late.
At the very end of the twentieth century, genetics came to the aid of archaeologists, or rather its new direction, called "DNA genealogy". The data of this science created a sensation: it turned out that the population of the Russian Plain - ethnic Russians - are the genetic descendants of those people who lived on our lands five, ten and even fifty thousand years ago. Anthropologists have confirmed these conclusions by examining many skeletal remains from the territories of the center of the Russian Plain.
Moreover, these results were the fruit of the achievement of an international team of scientists, including geneticists from the USA, Kazakhstan, India and other countries. The findings of the researchers were reported at international scientific conferences, and based on the results of these studies, the book "The origin of man (according to archeology, anthropology and DNA genealogy)" will soon be published. On the Russian side, the author of the monograph is the author of these lines, thus, the readers of the newspaper "President" receive information, as they say, firsthand.
So, what is today, according to the most modern scientific data, is the ancient history of our Motherland?
Ancient Rus is the name of a country that in ancient times originally occupied the entire middle and northern part of Eurasia. The central part of Ancient Russia was located within the borders of the Russian Plain. The western part extended to the whole of Central and Western Europe. Eastern - to all of Siberia and modern North China. Now the central and Siberian part of these lands is occupied by the state of Russia. The western part - by the states: Great Britain, Germany, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland and others. The southern part - by the states: Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, etc. The eastern part - by Northern China and Japan.
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Moose was harnessed to the first sled
Most of Ancient Russia is located in the temperate zone; there are several tens of thousands of rivers throughout the territory. The largest of them in the central part of Russia is the Volga River. This is the legendary river Ra, which, according to ancient Russian mythology, is an earthly reflection of the Milky Way and flows from the breasts of two mythological animals: the mosquito cow Zemun (the Moscow river, after the Oka) and the Sedun goat (the Koza river, after the Kama).
From the southwest, south and southeast, Ancient Russia bordered on the lands inhabited by Neanderthals and various species of local paleoanthropes. On the territory of Ancient Russia, modern man was formed and created the only Upper Paleolithic archaeological culture in the world. This event took place approximately fifty thousand years ago. The very first modern human was found on the territory of a camp complex near the village of Kostenki in the Voronezh region. The complex has over seventy parking lots. These were the genetic ancestors of modern ethnic Russians. The state archaeological museum "Kostenki" is organized here.
By the thirtieth millennium BC, most of the Russian Plain was inhabited by people, the genetic descendants of which we are. Already fifty thousand years ago, the ancient Rus built dwellings using the bones of mammoths. For example, people from the Sungir camp lived in six rather large hut-like dwellings, ten to fifteen meters in length. These dwellings were structured above ground with wooden walls and roofs made of animal skins. Each dwelling had a hearth for keeping warm and preparing food. We learned how to make clothes, both bottom and top. Hats, jackets, pants, boots and other items of clothing were found. According to archaeologists, from the very beginning, the ancient Russians lived in paired marriages, and in a small village there were three to five related families: grandfather and woman, father and mother, and son and wife. At the same time, the Paleo-Russian language developed.
Already by the fortieth millennium BC, the ancient Rus made boats and were able to weave nets, the remains of which were found on Markina Gora. They knew almost all the fishing options that we use today. They knew the technique of drilling, polishing, cutting, carving on bone and stone, and mastered ornament and sculpture. Thirty thousand years ago, the ancient Rus used bows and arrows, were able to make bracelets, finger rings, necklaces, beads, amulets, pendants. They knew how to get ocher - by long-term burning of native iron. They used carving, engraving, drilling, polishing, staining, and straightening of tusks. They mastered knowledge in the field of architecture, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy. Created a solar-lunar calendar. Astrology appeared and, according to British researchers, the Vedas were already taught. The dog was domesticated. These people lived in the very center of Vladimir, but thirty thousand years ago. Now there is the Sungir State Museum-Reserve.
Thirteen thousand years ago, the ancient Rus domesticated elk and knew how to breed bees, used a lathe, sleds, sleighs, skis, knew chemistry (pyrolysis, semi-coking) and received tar, acetic and formic acids, made multi-component adhesives (for example, a mixture of tar, honey and ash), which have not lost their properties by now. In the bone tips found, the glued-in cutting edges of the stone are broken, but the joint itself still holds tight.
Mythology of Ancient Rus
By the seventh millennium BC, the ancient Rus formed what we now call the “zodiac”. The researcher of Russian mythology and fairy tales Afanasyev wrote back in the nineteenth century that the name "zodiac" was formed from the name of the ancient Russian god Svarog. From the very beginning - fifty thousand years ago - the ancient Rus mastered sculpture. According to academician Boris Rybakov, the main object of the image was the goddess Mokosh. A statuette of the god Veles in the form of a bull was also found in Zaraisk. The statuette is twenty-three thousand years old.
At the Avdeevo parking lot, in the Kursk region, the world's oldest pipe was found. She is twenty-three thousand years old. Interestingly, according to the researchers, the musical structure (mode), which was formed by the holes of this pipe, had exactly the form that we use now. For comparison, let's say that the peoples of Southeast Asia and Africa were not aware of the modern system until recently, and the Europeans "discovered" it only in the Middle Ages.
The famous archaeologist, academician Boris Rybakov makes the following conclusion about the time of the Paleolithic of Ancient Russia: “Thus, we can assume that three elements in fairy tales go back to the Paleolithic: the connection with initiations, the image of a female hunting deity (Mokoshi) and a strongly transformed description of formidable battles with mammoths ". This, in particular, is the tale of the miracle Yuda on the Kalinov Bridge. In this miracle-Yuda, the Russian people captured a mammoth - "proboscis", "grasping". According to Rybakov, "the snake plot appeared in the Paleolithic", and the famous Russian chorus about the snake Yusha also tells about the Paleolithic times and about those ideas of the ancient Rus, according to which the snake Yusha holds the Earth.
Sculptures of ancient Russian deities - participants in ancient Russian fairy tales: Mokoshi, Veles, Snake, Svarog, Perun - were discovered by archaeologists in a total of several hundred. Many astral myths of the Upper Paleolithic time formed the basis of the mythology of later peoples of the world. By the name of Mokoshi the bear, today we call the constellation of the Big Bear, and by the name of Svarog-gaspida (Lord), that is, the snake, we call the constellation Dragon. It is located in the sky in a ring around the precession point, relative to which the starry sky rotates and consistently passes through all the zodiacal constellations. This path is called the Year of Svarog and takes approximately twenty six thousand years. Each new era is equal to one twelfth of this path, that is, two thousand years. This is the Month of Svarog, and each MONTH has its own MESSIAH.
An inquisitive reader can easily find the details of the material I have presented in the archeology textbook of Moscow State University. And also in the materials of conferences and in the works of leading foreign and Russian archaeologists. DNA genealogy data is available in leading international genetics publications. On the mythology of ancient Russia, one can glean information from the works of Afanasyev and Rybakov. It is a pity that some Russian historians are lagging behind their colleagues - archaeologists. Some of them still do not understand: why the Russian, Byzantine and Bulgarian chronicles are full of reports that seven thousand years ago it was the ancient Russian God Tsar Svarog who became the first ruler of Egypt. He taught the “ancient Egyptians” to make copper tools, created the first laws for them and made them live in paired marriages. And the name of his son - Perun in Ancient Egypt began to be called paraons (pharaohs).