The classification of the Finno-Ugric languages began in the 17th century, when the German scientist Martin Vogel proved the relationship of the Finnish, Sami and Hungarian languages. More fully and thoroughly, this classification was substantiated in the 18th century. In the writings of the Swedish scientist Philip Johann von Stralenberg, a former Poltava prisoner officer.
Having described in detail the peoples known in Western Europe from a number of works under the general name "Tatars", F. Stralenberg showed that some of them, living in Eastern Europe and North Asia, are incorrectly considered Tatars. He attached a table to the book, grouping all these peoples, including the Tatar one, into six language classes according to the linguistic principle: 1) Finno-Ugric; 2) Turkic; 3) Samoyed; 4) Kalmyk, Manchu and Tangut; 5) Tunguska; 6) Caucasian. Stralenberg attributed Finnish, Hungarian, Mordovian, Mari, Perm, Udmurt, Khanty and Mansi to the class of Finno-Ugric languages, noting that the ancestors of the peoples speaking these languages and living partly in Europe, partly in Asia (Siberia), in antiquity lived in one place and were one people.
The conclusions of M. Vogel and F. Stralenberg about the relationship of the Finno-Ugric languages, their origin from the "universal beginning", "one beginning" were supported and developed further in the works of Russian scientists of the 18th century. V. N. Tatishchev, P. I. Rychkov, M. V. Lomonosov and others.
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A very interesting conclusion about the origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples was made by a professor at the University of Helsingfors I. R. Aspelin based on the results of the expeditions of the Finnish Archaeological Society to Orkhon. Below is a summary of these studies.
According to Chinese sources, the Usun people (they are also Turks) are known - blue-eyed (green-eyed) red-bearded cattle breeders of the Country of the Turks, similar in life and blood to the Khans (Huns, Huns).
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Turk and Ugor means "highlander" in the modern sense.
These are the Aryan cattle-breeding peoples of the Afanasyev culture. At the same time, the "Turk" should be considered a derivative from the branch of the Aryan people Turan, mentioned in the Avesta (academic history considers Turanov less cultured than the original branch of the RACE, the Mongols proper from Sketia).
Academics from history also speak of the 61st (6th) century Turkish Power from China to Byzantium.
After the khans (Huns) left for Sketia during the warm period of Years 6023-6323 (515-815), in Summer 6060 (552), the Turkic Khaganate (state) was created.
In Summer 6253 (745), the Ugric Kaganate was formed.
After 25 years, fair-haired blue-eyed Kirghiz came and settled from the North to Orkhon.
The Kirghiz are a Slavic-Aryan militarized class of pastoralists, / moreover, a sedentary, breeding mainly cows and pigs /. That is, like the Cossacks, who were the militarized class of farmers, who were actually ases, they are also khans (Huns), they are also sketes, they are rusichi ….
With the arrival of the Kirghiz in Summer 6348 (840), the Turks (Ugors) who lived in the Orkhon region due to overpopulation began to move:
* to the South, to the Chinese wall (they were completely destroyed in the 71-72 (16-17) centuries by the Kalmyks who came from China);
* to the south-west (they were ethnically destroyed - partly in the 71-72 (16-17) centuries by the Kalmyks who came from behind the Chinese wall and created Dzungaria from Myanmar to modern Kalmykia, and finally after the occupation by the Chinese in Summer 7225-7266 (1717-1758).), immediately after climate warming);
* not west, those Ugrians who have survived in their birthright today left for the Kola Peninsula - these Ugrians today call themselves Finns.
The official story tells about the wild Khans (Huns) who tormented Venice (Europe.)
In fact, on the contrary, the settlers in Venice - Ases (from Asia, Asia) gave Europe a modern culture based on "Odinism" (God Odin).
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It is possible to draw a conclusion about ethnic roots using the example of the most numerous Finno-Ugric people - the Hungarians.
According to legend, the Hungarians are a union of seven tribes, two of which were Ugric, and the rest were Turks and Indo-Iranians.
Despite the fact that the Hungarian language belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, the Hungarians themselves consider themselves Magyars, and prefer to call their country Magyaristan. That is, the Hungarians believe that in terms of culture they are closer to the ancient Hunno-Turkic tribes of Central Asia. And since the Sarmatians, the Huns, the Magyars, and the Kipchaks are from the Kazakh steppes, the Hungarians half-jokingly call themselves the most western of the Kazakhs, and the Kazakhs - the most eastern of the Hungarians. Hence the craving of the Magyars for everything nomadic, for the Turkic in particular, and for their ancestral home - Kazakhstan. The public organization "Turan-Hungary" regularly arranges the traditional Kurultai of the Hunno-Turkic peoples in the camp:
Modern linguists pay attention to the fact that in the Hungarian language there are a lot of ancient Türkic borrowings. This is evidenced by the phonetic and morphological similarities of these languages. Linguists believe that the Turkic influence on the Hungarian language dates back to ancient times, when at the beginning of our era the ancestors of the Hungarians lived in the vicinity of the middle reaches of the Volga and Kama.
In the IV century. n. e. some of the Ugric tribes moved to the south of Eastern Europe, while some of the more western tribes remained and gradually disappeared into the Turkic tribes. At the end of the IX century. n. e. The Ugro-Hungarians entered the territory of their present homeland, occupied mainly by the Slavs and the remnants of the Avar tribes, where they managed to firmly settle.
Hungarian ethnologist Andras Biro, who studies Bashkir-Hungarian and Turkic-Hungarian relations, claims that the ancient Magyars and Bashkirs lived together in the South Urals. More than a thousand years ago, the Magyars went to the West, to Central Europe, but they are still united by the ancient culture of nomads, the grammar of languages and even the national cuisine.
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Many researchers are amazed at the similarity of the Northern Altaians to the Finns. So, in the records of the traveler G. P. von Helmersen, who visited Altai in 1834, we read about the similarity of the Kumandins with the Finns that struck him. Their appearance and culture are so close that the author of the notes sometimes forgot which lake is located - Teletskoye or Ladyzhsky. In the Kumandin clothes, he saw a semblance of Mordovian and Cheremis suits, and in appearance, a resemblance to the Chukhonts: beardless, cheeky faces with straight blond hair and half-closed eyes.
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It is very interesting that the famous scientist-onomastic VA Nikonov comes to the same conclusions, but already on the basis of … cosmonyms. “Cosmonyms,” he writes, are the names of space objects… They can tell a lot about the former movements of peoples and their connections.
How different peoples saw the same space object differently, the names of the Milky Way show. For some, it is the Ski Trail, for others - the Silver River … With such a variety of names (even within the same language they call it differently), the coincidence of its names among neighboring peoples is incredible.
And in the Volga region, not two or three, but most of the neighboring peoples, the names of the Milky Way are semantically homogeneous.
Türkic: Tatar Kiek kaz yuly 'wild geese way', Bashkir Kaz yuly and Chuvash Khurkainak sule - with the same etymological meaning; Finno-Ugric; Mari Kayikkombo is the same, Erzyan and Mokshan Kargon ki 'crane way', Moksha also has Narmon ki 'bird way'.
It is easy to assume that the neighbors have adopted the cosmonyms from each other.
To determine which of them has it primordially, you need to find out what the Milky Way is called in related languages. A surprise awaits. The Suomi Finns Linnunrata, the Estonians Linnunree also meant "bird's way"; it was preserved among the Komi and in the dialects of the Mansi language; among the Hungarians, after their migration to the Danube, it still lasted for several centuries.
In the Turkic languages, names with the same meaning are known among the Kazakhs, Kirghiz, and Turkmens. An amazing unity was revealed from the Finns of the Baltic to the Kirghiz of the Tien Shan, who did not touch anywhere. This means that the distant ancestors of both the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples either descended from one source, or lived side by side in close long-term contact”.
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The point on the question of the origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples is now being raised by scientists of modern science of DNA genealogy, whose conclusions are confirmed by the studies of other scientists cited above.
The fact is that human DNA has a mark of an ancient genus, called "snip", which defines a haplogroup, which is the definition of an ancient genus.
Moreover, in contrast to the nationality recorded in the passport, and which can always be changed, unlike the language, which eventually adapts to the environment, in contrast to ethnographic factors subject to rather rapid changes, the haplogroup is not assimilated. It is determined by the "pattern" of mutations in the male Y-chromosome of DNA, which is passed from father to son for hundreds and thousands of generations.
As a result of fairly simple and reliable tests, it is possible to determine which genus any person belongs to. So: The clan of all Finno-Ugric and Slavic peoples is one, but the tribes are different.
Finno-Ugrians who came from Siberia to the Russian northwest 3500 - 2700 BC (?? here the archaeological dating is given earlier than the dating of geneticists).
Unfortunately, scientists find it difficult to establish the exact age of the common proto-ethnos of the Finno-Ugrians and Slavic tribes. Presumably, this age should be on the order of 10-12 thousand years or more. He takes us far beyond the boundaries of written history.
But it turned out to be more accurately possible to determine that the Slavic ancestor of the Eastern Slavs lived 5000 ± 200 years ago, and the common ancestor of the Slavic Finno-Ugric haplotypes lived about 3700 ± 200 years ago (a thousand years later). Other genealogical lines later went from him (Finns, Estonians, Hungarians, Komi, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts, Chuvash).
What are the genetic differences between these tribes?
Today's genetics can easily determine the history of the descendants of one chromosome - the one in which a rare point mutation once occurred. So, the Finns - the closest relatives of some ethnic groups of the Urals - were found to have a high frequency of Y-chromosomes containing the replacement of thymidine (T-allele) with cytosine (C-allele) at a certain place on the chromosome. This replacement is not found in any other countries of Western Europe, nor in North America, nor in Australia.
But chromosomes with the C-allele are found in some other Asian ethnic groups, for example, among the Buryats. The common Y chromosome, which occurs at a noticeable frequency in both peoples, indicates an obvious genetic relationship. Is it possible? It turns out that there is a lot of evidence for this, which we find in cultural and territorial factors. For example, between Finland and Buryatia, you can find territories inhabited by various ethnic groups akin to the Finns and Buryats.
The presence of a significant proportion of Y chromosomes carrying the C allele was also shown by a genetic study of the Uralic populations belonging to the Finno-Ugric ethnic groups. But perhaps the most unexpected fact was that the proportion of this chromosome was unusually high in the Yakuts - about 80 percent!
This means that somewhere at the base of the branch of the Finno-Ugric peoples were not only the Slavs, but also the ancestors of the Yakuts and Buryats, whose roots stretch back to Southeast Asia.
Finns.
Buryats.
Genetic scientists also established the path of movement of the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes to their common place of settlement - to the Central Russian plain: the Slavs moved from the west - from the Danube, from the Balkans, from the Carpathians, and the Finno-Ugrians, they are also Uralians, they are also Altaians, moved in their own arc from the northeast, and earlier - from the south of Siberia.
Thus, converging in the northeast, in the area of the future Novgorod-Ivanovo-Vologda, these Plimenov formed an alliance that became Ugro-Slavic, and then Russian (Russian-definition, meaning belonging to one genus of Rus, that is, light), in the first half of the first millennium AD, and possibly much earlier.
It is estimated that at that time there were four times more Eastern Slavs than Ugro-Finns.
One way or another, there was no particular enmity between them, there was peaceful assimilation. Peaceful existence.