Prerequisites
The growing and wealthy Russia at the end of the 17th century became the object of close attention of the most diverse and mostly hostile political and financial forces in Europe. Political and religious refugees, as well as adventurers of all stripes from all over the world gather here. This is facilitated by the loyalty of the authorities to all opponents of Catholicism and the need of the growing state economy for educated specialists. Foreigners are accepted for state civil (executive) and military service. Obviously, big changes are coming in the state.
The situation that has arisen about the succession to the throne of the young princes Peter and John, and the regency of Princess Sophia, these hostile forces are trying to use in their own interests in order to advance their supporters. Conspiracies smolder and flare up with constant regularity. Primarily through the incitement and excitement of the archers. Tsarevna Sophia, under the influence of her favorite Golitsyn, favors Western values and principles of the arrangement of Russia. The discontent of the archers, incited by officers from neighboring Western countries, often develops into spontaneous bloody demonstrations. There is a struggle between the supporters of the new, and artificially opposed, old rite, which is supported by the majority of the boyars. Their sympathies are on the side of the young Tsar Peter, who was brought up in the old customs and, unlike Princess Sophia, is very pious.
Peter, concerned about the future of Russia, its strengthening, understands the need for reforms taking into account Western achievements. He is looking for ways to reform the state and the army, to create a fleet. Peter understands that this requires special knowledge and education. He is introduced to educated foreigners, inhabitants of the German settlement. They understand well what he needs and willingly share their knowledge. Their knowledge of military engineering, mathematics, navigation and cartography far surpasses what is required for their official activities as pharmacists, jewelers and traders.
Special Note: Later interpreters (translated from foreign as gravediggers) of the story will explain Peter's attention to the German settlement, and the rewards that he bestowed on some of its representatives, his passion for Anna Mons, who in fact was always Lefort's mistress.)
To see all the conditions and reasons that ultimately led to the impostor's accession to the throne, it is necessary to present the conclusions of this investigation at the very beginning:
The accession to the throne of the Russian kingdom (abroad the Russian state is called Muscovy) of a liar and an impostor was the consequence and sequence of events and circumstances that arose, a series of conspiracies and, most likely, unrelated persons, but having a common goal of changing the policy of the Russian state, as well as using the arisen situations for personal and selfish purposes.
Promotional video:
Conspiracy number 1
The main participant in the conspiracy is Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, the favorite of Queen Sophia and other persons from her entourage. Perhaps they had helpers from the inner circle of Tsar Peter who were uninitiated in the conspiracy, because almost all the nobility had family or godfather ties. The conspiracy is coordinated by one of the foreigners from the German settlement, possibly Gordon and his relative and first assistant, Lefort. Further, detailed information about the alleged conspirators.
The conspirator's great-grandfather Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn (died 1619) was a commander and a prominent figure in the Time of Troubles. In 1590 - a voivode on a campaign against Narva, in 1596 and 1599 - in Smolensk. In 1604, Boris Godunov was appointed to the forward regiment directed against False Dmitry I, a participant in the battle of Novgorod-Seversky. After Boris's death, together with P. F. Basmanov, he betrayed Fyodor Borisovich near Kromy, went over to the side of the impostor, ordering himself to be tied up in order to present himself as a prisoner. In early June 1605, he was sent by False Dmitry to Moscow as governor and supervised the murder of Fyodor Godunov. More …
Patrick Leopold Gordon is also known in Russia as Peter Ivanovich Gordon. March 31, 1635 Scotland - November 29, 1699, Russia) - Russian military leader, general and rear admiral. The Scottish origin is located here. More …
Franz Yakovlevich Lefort (French François Le Fort, German Franz Jakob Lefort, December 23, 1655 [January 2, 1656], Geneva - March 2 [12], 1699, Moscow) - Russian statesman and military leader, general-admiral, associate of Peter I More details …
The main purpose of the conspiracy is to transfer full power in the state to Princess Sophia, ruled by the favorite V. V. Golitsyn. All conspiracies that were initiated over a long period of time failed because neither the archers nor the people went to extreme measures. The reasons for indignation, artificially initiated, did not have sufficient grounds to stir up the majority of the people.
The conspirators, from Peter's inner circle, come up with the idea to remove in some way Tsar Peter from Moscow and from the country. Lefort invites Peter to take a trip there to get acquainted with the achievements of Europe. But the visit of royal persons, at that time, is accompanied by special rules and ceremonies, during which it is simply impossible to get acquainted with real life. So the idea comes to make this trip incognito, under the guise of an ordinary member of the embassy.
The next purpose of the conspiracy was to declare as soon as Peter left the country that he had been replaced there. And further, delayed salaries, ridiculous restrictions create difficulties in the service and life of the archers, cause discontent and thereby provoke them to revolt.
In this case, the return of Peter, allegedly replaced, will become impossible, and power in the state will pass to Princess Sophia, who will fulfill all the requirements of the archers, and, consequently, the conspirators. In case of failure of the conspiracy, Gordon and Lefort remain the most loyal and reliable allies of Tsar Peter.
Peter on this long journey must be under constant supervision or even control of the conspirators. To do this, Lefort himself sets out on a journey, and for constant control assigns his agent A. Menshikov to him.
Special note: Aleksashka Menshikov previously served Lefort, probably, he was caught by him in theft or some other crime and was completely subordinate to him. Lefort recommended him to Peter as an efficient servant, but in fact he was assigned to watch him and report on his actions to Lefort.
Great embassy
The Grand Embassy begins on March 9 (22 in the "new style") 1697. A toboggan train of almost 30 sledges and 90 accompanying ones (200 or 300 according to foreign sources) departs in the direction of Riga. Peter is a member of the Great Embassy as an ordinary soldier Peter Mikhailov.
Organized after the successful completion of the Azov campaigns, the Grand Embassy formally had the goal of negotiating to strengthen the anti-Turkish coalition and start a full-scale war against Turkey.
The beginning of the coup
The provisional rulers of Muscovy during the journey of Tsar Peter left F. Yu. Romodanovsky (chief) and Golitsyn.
Fyodor Yuryevich Romodanovsky (c. 1640 - September 17 (September 28) 1717) - prince, Russian statesman. Approximate of Peter I from the mid-1680s. In 1686-1717, the head of the Preobrazhensky Order of Investigation Affairs, in addition, was in charge of the Siberian and Pharmaceutical Orders. The first in Russia to formally receive from the hands of the sovereign the highest rank, which stood outside the system of officer ranks - the generalissimo of 1694 (amusing troops?). More …
Prince Boris Alekseevich Golitsyn (July 29, 1651 (according to some sources, 1654) - October 18, 1714, Florischeva Monastery) - boyar (1689), statesman of the times of Princess Sophia and Peter the Great, head of the Kazan Palace Order, educator of young Peter I (" uncle of the king "). The son of Prince Alexei Andreevich Golitsyn (1632-1694) and Irina Fedorovna (d. 1698), nee Princess Khilkova. He belonged to the third branch of the family of princes Golitsyn, the founder of which was his father, cousin of Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn. More …
The participation of Romodanovsky in this first conspiracy is not entirely clear; most likely, he was, relatively speaking, an observing third force located above the battle. He is considered a supporter of Tsar Peter and seems to be hindering the conspirators, suppressing the streltsy unrest. It is he who in every way prevents the return of the archers to Moscow, so that they do not riot and elevate Sophia to the throne. It should also be noted that Romodanovsky is perhaps the only direct descendant of the Rurikovichs and a legitimate contender for royal power, as the successor of their dynasty, which was interrupted after the death of John IV. There is an assumption that Romodanovsky was, as they say now, a gray cardinal and head of the Eurasian secret order of the "psoglavtsy", which declared itself in Muscovy under Ivan the Terrible. In this capacity, he competed with the head of another secret order, Jacob Bruce,representing the European Order of the Templars, and meetings with which repeatedly ended in a fight and beating the latter.
And in Moscow already in the spring of 1698 rumors spread that the tsar had been replaced abroad. And this despite the fact that the departure of the tsar was considered a state secret. Such rumors in the popular environment could not appear on their own and, undoubtedly, came from the palace and the conspirators. The rifle army, without any purpose and need, is driven around the outskirts of the state and is not allowed home to their families. The indignation of the archers is provoked into a riot, which ends with a simple massacre of officers, but the conspirators present it as the beginning of the uprising of the archers and write about it to Tsar Peter abroad. Lefort is also receiving letters from Moscow from Vinius, who was in charge of several orders.
Completion of the embassy
Tsar Peter, delighted with what he saw, having held a huge number of negotiations, having made the necessary purchases of the latest equipment and tools, inspired by new plans, begins to return to Moscow. The last point of the trip is Venice, where negotiations on an alliance against Turkey are planned. On this return trip to Vienna, Tsar Peter receives a letter about the uprising of the archers. We urgently need to return, but negotiations in Venice also need to be held. The movement of the entire retinue of the large embassy is very slow and Tsar Peter makes a decision with a small retinue - to urgently return to Russia with an escort, and send an ambassador on special assignments P. B. Voznitsyn, who must remain in Vienna to participate in the Karlovytsky Congress, where he must defend the interests of Russia.
There is a version that Tsar Peter still visited Venice. There are no official documents and confirmation that Tsar Peter was in Venice or that negotiations with Russian diplomats were being held at that time, and this gives cause for thought. There is indirect evidence from the archives of the Venetian police that in July 1698 a group of foreigners appeared in Venice, examining the city. This gave rise to the version that Tsar Peter visited Venice. He could not make such a trip, if only because of the lack of time (on July 14, departure from Vienna, on August 25, arrival in Moscow). In addition, when returning from Venice on the way to Muscovy, he would have to find himself in Vienna again and then inevitably meet with all his retinue of the Great Embassy, also returning to Moscow. But that was not the case either.
Later, the Russian ambassador P. B. Voznitsyn managed to achieve only the conclusion of a two-year truce with the Ottoman Empire. Venice, most of all, was satisfied with the status quo of the existing situation, and the appearance of Russia in the Black and, accordingly, in the Mediterranean Sea did not suit. Therefore, the Venetian authorities did not even begin to record the fact of such negotiations. All these diplomatic negotiations, conducted during the Grand Embassy, were not successful, as the European powers were preparing for the war for the Spanish Succession and, as it became known later, were conducting separate negotiations with Turkey.
The road back to Moscow, Conspiracy No. 2 the abduction of the tsar and conspiracy No. 3 substitution of the tsar for a liar
The reduced retinue of Tsar Peter left Vienna on July 14, 1698.
He is accompanied by:
F. Lefort, A. Menshikov, Golovin, Shafirov, Golitsyn (?)
Other persons not identified
The shortest road to Moscow is through Poland. At the beginning of the trip, Tsar Peter did not call in Poland, it was so dangerous, there was a war for the Polish throne.
Polish question. During the Great Embassy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after the death of Jan Sobieski, an interregnum began. There were many candidates for the throne: the son of the late King Jan, Jacob Sobieski, Count Palatine Karl, Duke Leopold of Lorraine, Margrave of Baden Louis, grandson of Pope Odescalca, French Prince Conti, Saxon Elector Frederick August II and several Polish nobles. The main contenders were Conti and August. More …
Tsar Peter now considered the way back through Poland safe, because August, his new friend, became the king of Poland and now there is legal power here. But the confrontation between the supporters of Augustus and the French prince Conti at this time only intensified.
Conspiracy No. 2 and the abduction of Tsar Peter were most likely carried out by France and the Polish nobility, supporters of Prince Conti. By abducting the tsar, they weakened the position of the newly elected king Augustus, and struck a blow at Muscovy, weakened its struggle with Turkey, an ally of France. Therefore, Tsar Peter in an iron mask ended up in the Bastille. It is unlikely that the conspirators were planning to kill him. Most likely, he was to become an object of blackmail or bargaining between France and Muscovy.
It is difficult to establish who and where made the decision on the actual substitution of Tsar Peter, but it is obvious that F. Lefort and King Augustus were directly related to this. It is also certain that without the involvement and participation of the most influential foreigners and rulers of European states and principalities, this would not have been possible.
August the Strong, also Frederick August I of Saxony and August II of Poland (German August II. Der Starke; Polish August II Mocny; May 12, 1670, Dresden - February 1, 1733, Warsaw) - Elector of Saxony from May 7, 1694, King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania from September 15, 1697 (proclaimed king on June 17, 1697) to February 16, 1704 (the first time, in fact, until September 24, 1706) and from August 8, 1709 (the second time).
For his physical strength, he was nicknamed the Strong (German August der Starke), and also received the nicknames: Saxon Hercules, and the Iron Hand. More …
After crossing the border of Poland, a gang of robbers (10 - 15 people) attacked them at an overnight lodging for the royal retinue (of 5 or 7 people?), And they take away only one Tsar Peter with them. The retinue is shocked. Upon returning to Moscow, they will all face punishment and, possibly, the death penalty.
What to do?
The most obvious thing is to turn to the help of the just established, not without the help of Tsar Peter, the Polish king Augustus, especially since everything happened on the territory of Poland. The retinue urgently hurries to his castle - a residence near Warsaw and on July 31 stays in Rava Mazovetskaya (according to the official chronicles of Rava-Russkaya). Lefort is negotiating with King Augustus. Probably, it was here that the next conspiracy number 3 about the substitution of Tsar Peter for a liar took place.
“Tsar Peter can no longer be saved, Peter’s retinue and all relatives will die, and the political consequences for King Augustus, and for all Muscovy, are unpredictable. - Let's find someone from the local, similar to him and give him off for Peter. And in Moscow we’ll deal with it somehow, and then we’ll get rid of it.”
The main thing is to report to the people about the return of the tsar”- perhaps just such a conversation took place between the conspirators - against their will.
But where can you find this? The solution to this problem is undertaken by the Polish king Augustus.
Where can one find such a rogue, who looks like a king for such a role, and who realizes what he risks? Who will agree? - Voluntarily no one!
So the idea came to look for this in prison or hard labor. For a convict, this will even be a kind of salvation. Freeing a malicious criminal, that is, actually pardoning him, was only in the power of the king.
All the events of the abduction and substitution of Tsar Peter took place within 2 weeks, on July 14 we left Vienna, and on July 31 we were in Rava. This time allows you to calculate the geographic area of the conspiracy. The map shows the route of the Grand Embassy to Europe and its return.
The route of the Great Embassy. Red signs are the road to Europe, brown ones - the road back. The map shows Rava Russkaya, a small rural settlement - a village off the route. Most likely, King Augustus was in Rawa Mazowiecka, not far from Warsaw, there was a small castle corresponding to the royal residence, and the road to Moscow through it was much shorter.
Who was the liar?
Who the liar could be can be judged by the following facts:
1. It remains a mystery what language was native to the impostor. He did not speak German, English, Italian, or other common European languages, although he knew individual words and phrases, but the liar knew Latin well. Tsar Peter did not know Latin, he did not need it at all. The sea and the Baltic were like relatives for the liar. This suggests that perhaps he was from some Baltic or Western European country. In addition, any person is necessarily drawn to the place where he was born. Perhaps that is why the birthplace of the liar must be looked for in the countries where he visited on his subsequent visits abroad.
2. There is interesting evidence of the stay of the liar during the Second Embassy and his stay in Holland in December 1716 - April 1717. (Emmanuel Wagemans. Tsar in the Republic. The second journey of Peter the Great to the Netherlands. (1716-1717). Translated from the Dutch by VK Ronin - St. Petersburg - Publishing House "European House" - 2013 - 256 pages, ill.). And this is what is written in this book:
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On December 17, 1716, the ruler of Russia entered Amsterdam "privately" at about four o'clock. without an official meeting, and settled in the house of Christoffel Brunts.
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3. Opinions differ as to how much the tsar was in general fluent in Dutch. In any case, the Dutch traveler Cornelis de Bruin, or rather de Bruyne, who met him in Russia, recalled: “All this the Emperor expressed in Dutch and wished that I would continue to speak with him in this language, because he assured me that it was very good understands me. To which he gave full confirmation when he recounted my words to the Russian gentlemen from his retinue with such precision that the resident and other Dutch gentlemen present there could not be surprised at this.
4. Jan Cornelisson Nomen told in his notes about the meeting of Peter at the shipyard of the East India Company with the wife of the master Peter Paul, whom the tsar knew from the time he himself studied in Amsterdam to build ships: “Just like 19 years ago, he and this time he examined the shops and shipyards owned by the state and the East India Company. When he arrived at the shipyard, the wife of the senior master Paul saw him; she ran to meet him and said: “welcome, Master Peter!”. To this he replied: "How do you know me?" She objected: “Mayer [sir], 19 years ago you were often in our house and dined at our table; for I am the wife of Master Paul”. Then he hugged and kissed her very kindly. Then the junior master of this shipyard came and also exclaimed: "Welcome, Master Peter!" He asked again: "How do you know me?" and he answered:"19 years ago you and I, together with others, built ships here." Then he hugged and kissed him heartily. Question: Has he ever seen them before? And they were obliged to find out?
5. There is in this book another interesting evidence of the stay of the false Peter in Amsterdam. He liked to walk around the city alone without a retinue and accompanying people, while he was well-versed in its many and intricate streets and preferred to go to a variety of shops.
6. There is interesting evidence of the "shyness" of the liar, who, generally speaking, did not show even the slightest signs of modesty. During the Second Great Embassy (although some sources attribute this to the time of the Great Embassy in 1697) in The Hague, during a reception in his honor, he had to walk past the city deputies, and he demanded that they turn away and not look at him. They did not understand, and then he pulled off the wig from his escort, dressed it with a pigtail in front and walked past them. The same thing happened later in Dresden, where he, during his meeting, getting out of the carriage, repeated the same action - he pulled off someone else's wig, put it on the other way around and walked past the greeters. Who was he hiding from and who could recognize him there?
7. In the City History Museum of Amsterdam, right at the entrance, according to the testimony of my friends who visited this museum in early 2000, there was a bust of the "Honorary Citizen" - an exact copy of the false Peter. The inscription under it sounded something like this: "This is a tribute to the father, who sacrificed his son to fulfill the conspiracy of European kings." In 2016 and 2017. this bust was gone. Perhaps it was some kind of anniversary exhibition dedicated to the life of this person, or some other historical event? I do not know. There is also a number of testimonies that during the Second Embassy to Europe, in Holland, the liar visited ordinary Dutch families and generously presented them with gifts. The reason for this generosity is unknown. There are a number of versions that link these events to his Dutch origin. But it can also be explained bythat his family or relatives from Sweden (a significant part of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea under Charles XI was part of Sweden) moved and lived first in Denmark, and then they moved to Holland.
8. During his visit to Denmark in 1716, the liar performed a strange act. There is a Round Tower in Copenhagen. It was built in 1642 as the astronomical observatory of the old Copenhagen University. The tower is 36 meters high. Inside the structure there is a spiral, gentle rise that has no steps, the length of which is 209 meters. Along this unique climb, in 1716, the liar rode on horseback to the very top of the tower, accompanied by a carriage with Tsarina Catherine. Nobody has ever allowed such a thing. Otherwise, you cannot call it some kind of self-affirming ritual. There is indirect evidence that during this visit he was seen reading and studying documents in Danish (?).
9. It is difficult to explain his benevolence or condescension towards the enemies of the Swedes. So before the Battle of Poltava, he sends a wagon train with provisions for the starving Swedish army. Throughout the Northern War, he seeks peace with Charles XII, and only his murder prevented the liar from doing this. Here one can express a version that the liar could come from an impoverished noble family of Danish or Swedish origin. King Charles XI of Sweden (1655 - 1697), who ruled from 1672, waged war with Denmark and annexed part of its territories, after which the “Swede” of the conquered population began, in addition, he also waged an internal struggle with his feudal lords to strengthen his central power, as a result bringing some of them fled from Sweden.
10. For a long time, upon arrival in Moscow, he displayed strange behavior inherent in the long convict way of life. He slept using the soldier's naked belly instead of a pillow; for a long time he did not show any interest in women, and everything suggests that the commoner Catherine, the first who managed to restore his male naturalness. It should be noted that hostility towards women could also be caused by the consequence, as noted by the historian M. N. Pokrovsky, his venereal and urological diseases.
11. Many questions arise in connection with the fact that St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg became the main temple of Russia after the false Peter. Its history begins with the construction of St. Isaac's Church in 1710 in honor of the Byzantine saint, St. Isaac of Dolmatsky, who lived in the 3rd century. With all that in Russia, and then in Russia, all Christian saints are venerated, and there are thousands of them, his name in the dedication of the Main Temple of the State is unconventional. This choice is explained by the fact that Peter was born on that day. And the assumption arises that the liar wanted by this to perpetuate his name and the time of birth for the nationwide veneration. In recent years, hypotheses have appeared that the officially known time of birth of Peter does not correspond to reality, and he was born, most likely,on the eve or on the day of the celebration of the Orthodox Feast in honor of the Apostles Peter and Paul, that is, at the end of June or the beginning of July. This can explain the choice of his name, which is new and not characteristic of the Russian tsars who reigned before. This version is also supported by the fact that the liar does not have in his appearance anything similar to his parents, but the lifetime portraits of the real Peter have.
St. Isaac's Church in appearance was completely similar to the Lutheran church of the Baltic states. In it, in 1712, the liar married Catherine. In 1717 this church burned down and in the same year they began to build a new stone one, in which the liar personally laid the first stone, and which already looked a little like an Orthodox church. In 1727 the construction was finished, but in 1735 there was a fire, after which the church was dismantled. For many years, the lost church was not remembered.
Only in 1762, Catherine II decided to "recreate" St. Isaac's Church. The construction was repeatedly started and stopped, disassembled and completed. According to official data, the modern St. Isaac's Cathedral was built for 40 years (1818-1858) by the project of the French architect Montferrand, who took the pagan temple of Zeus as its basis.
Isaac's Cathedral was not transferred to the jurisdiction and management of the Synod, but was maintained by the state and was privileged. The salary of its priests was 3-4 times higher than that in ordinary churches.
It is interesting to note that the construction, the fires and restructuring of St. Isaac's Church, and then the Cathedral, if we compare and add 100, 200 and 300 years to their dates, then they coincide with critical periods in Russian history. And, probably, this is not just an accident.
When the construction of St. Isaac's Cathedral was still going on, rumors circulated in St. Petersburg: "When the Cathedral is built and the reign of Nicholas will come to an end." According to another version, this refers to Montferand, the main builder of the Cathedral, who died shortly after its consecration. This also explained the lengthy construction of the Cathedral, which he deliberately delayed.
As soon as the Cathedral was built and finishing work began on March 2, 1855, Nicholas I died of pneumonia, in the midst of the Crimean War, which ended a year later with the defeat of Russia. According to various versions, he was poisoned by the attending physician, life-doctor Mandt, who soon left Russia. According to him, Nicholas I himself asked for poison. Signs of poisoning are evidenced by the fact that Nicholas I died in agonizing agony that lasted several hours (which does not happen with pneumonia). An autopsy and embalming were not carried out, allegedly at the request of the emperor himself.
Was a coup d'état similar to the Decembrist uprising of 1825 being prepared? …. It is quite possible, although such a question has not yet been asked.
St. Isaac's Cathedral was consecrated on May 30, 1858. 400,000 workers, state and serfs, took part in the construction of the cathedral, about a quarter of them died of diseases or died as a result of accidents.
This temple of three kingdoms is pictured:
Granite, brick and destruction.
It would seem that it is not difficult and not very expensive to determine the imposture of a liar now; it is enough to compare the genetic analysis of representatives of the Romanov family. But with the events of recent years, this seems to have become impossible. It is enough to observe the scandal that continues around the recognition and identification of the remains of the royal family of the last Tsar Nicholas II. As you know, the Russian Orthodox Church doubts their authenticity. And Archimandrite Tikhon (Shevkunov) bluntly stated that the royal tombs located in the tomb in the Peter and Paul Cathedral were not authorized to be opened, moreover, quite recently, Probably, this could have happened in the 20s - 90s of the last century, when the Cathedral was closed, and whose bodies are in them are now impossible to determine precisely. The tomb of the false Peter was also opened, and even earlier the tomb of his parents in the Kremlin. True later,When the official opening of the tomb of Emperor Alexander III took place, this version was no longer raised, but how was it really ….?
You can try to conduct archival research on the handwriting and other documents of the liar. But this is unlikely to give a result, because the originals began to be destroyed during the life of the liar. Most of the documents confirming this version should be in the West. Surely informed residents of the German settlement and some politicians in Europe shared this information in their diaries and letters. The most accurate information is available from the archives of the Jesuits, who were present everywhere and obtained at that time intelligence information for the Vatican and not only for him from all over the world. It would be interesting to see the archives of the police, courts, prisons and penal servitude of European states dating back to that time, primarily Poland, Denmark, but possibly Italy. Maybe there is a document on the pardon of some criminal,after all, it was not so easy to release him from prison or hard labor. After all, such a noticeable, even in physiognomic, personality should have left documented traces.
The general characteristics for identifying the identity of a liar are as follows:
1. A native of a small European, possibly Baltic state (Holland, Denmark or Sweden).
2. By religion, not a Catholic, most likely a Lutheran, but maybe a Protestant, as he is especially favored by him.
3. A commoner or from a ruined noble family and his name was Isaac.
4. Has the beginnings of basic literacy.
5. Was a sea pirate or privateer (pirate with a state license).
6. Swam in the southern seas, where he contracted malaria.
7. He spent many years in hard labor or in prisons, from where he was released or taken for his role - mission.
8. Born on May 30 [June 9] around 1666.
The relationship between the Liar and the King of Poland Augustus
After a short stop, the suite was completed again. But the liar is terrible, he trembles all the time, his face twitches, the tsar's clothes do not suit him, in this form it is impossible to lead him to Moscow, the deception will immediately be revealed. It is necessary at least a little to get rid of his characteristic convict appearance, to fatten and calm him down.
It is not known how and in what language the future liar and Augustus communicated with each other in private. Most likely, they spoke some European language well-known to them. Perhaps the translator Shafirov helped them to communicate, who rose to prominence upon his return to Moscow. The liar is dressed in Polish clothes (drawings remain). It was difficult for him to find in these clothes, and the other, due to his height and thinness, he then comes to Moscow. History claims that the Liar and Augustus became very good friends, but this is hardly possible. The king studies him, frightens him, instructs him, perhaps at this time he is forming his own plan - a conspiracy different from the one that he concluded with Lefort. The liar demonstrates the skills of martial robber arts, for example, tossing a scroll of cloth, with one blow of a sea dagger, cuts it in half on the fly. August teaches him the elements of court etiquette, table behavior, communication with those close to him.
Conspiracy number 4. Return to Moscow
The next stage of conspiracies could no longer do without professional conspirators and foreign specialists, and most likely P. Gordon and F. Lefort, who have now become the central participants in the conspiracy from being coordinators. Perhaps a special consultant arrived in Moscow especially for this, since all the actions of the conspirators are very thought out and highly professional.
The liar is brought to Moscow and hid in a German settlement, whose inhabitants actually become hostages of the situation. A new conspiracy scenario has been thought out:
1. It is necessary to distract the attention of the people from the arrival of the king and find a reason for him not to appear in public and hide somewhere.
2. For this, the threat of a repeated uprising of the archers is initiated, based on nothing, and the investigation is hastily resumed on this occasion.
3. With the aim of recognizing the impostor, negotiations are being held with the relatives and confidants of Tsar Peter, based on the threat of reprisals of the people over them in the event of a substitution and accession to Sophia. Choosing between a rock and a hard place.
4. Actions are needed that can intimidate the people, such as mass executions.
5. It is necessary to disarm the army and all who are capable of resisting.
Who exactly negotiated is unknown. But it is clear that it was not Lefort or Gordon, although no doubt they were instructing the negotiators. These were not people from the entourage of Queen Sophia, it was not in their interests. This someone, who witnessed the entire accident, told about what happened, justifies himself and explains why they did this, it is very possible that it was a professional diplomat Golovin. They are not intruders, but they are their saviors. In fact, Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin became the godfather of the newly-minted liar. What you can read about in the article “Godfather of a liar.
It was not possible to agree only with the wife of Tsar Peter Evdokia and she was sent to prison in a monastery. Tsarevich Alexei is still small, and he rarely saw his father. Whom that and the father will show.
There was one more exile - the confessor of Tsar Peter. He was also at this time forcibly tonsured a monk and exiled to a hermitage on the Anzer Island on Solovki. He was there, though disgraced, but a very revered monk. First, his name was Job, in honor of the long-suffering Job, and then in the schema Jesus, in honor of Joshua.
The investigation into the case of the archers is being carried out with sadistic enthusiasm. And then the worst thing. A bloody sacrifice of his people and an oath to a new liar, which must be made by those who want to preserve their lives, privileges and serve the impostor. The executions of the archers instead of the executioners should be carried out by the "new Russians" at the throne. This will be their oath to the liar.
The liar, contrary to the version of the famous painting, was not present at the executions. It is interesting to note that none of the foreigners took part in these executions openly. Only after their completion and bloody "dedication" does the liar appear in public. In the German settlement, for less recognition, he is dressed in European clothes. Now he looks like the old tsar only in height, but only abroad he grew up and grew thinner, and he grew old from all the trials that fell.
Conspiracy number 5. Struggle for influence on the impostor and the transfer of power to the liar
After the ritual executions, an equally fierce struggle unfolded for influence over the liar. As it was back in the Time of Troubles, the so-called "Russian nobility", hating and fearing each other, is ready, as in distant times of troubles, to go under the rule of any foreigner, but not their own Russian. Therefore, the liar did not fall ill with an unknown disease, did not fall down the stairs or off the horse, but became, like any other Russian tsar, a new symbol of power, an object of worship and pleasing, and most importantly, his assertion in power.
The liar, always trembling, with a twitching face, soon realized his importance for the court nobility. A liar, who has mastered the laws of establishing power in gangs of robbers well, easily gathers around himself, in modern terms, a support group. His most devoted and trusted assistant is Aleksashka Menshikov.
First of all, they got rid of the rival of Princess Sophia, she, like Queen Evdokia, was imprisoned in a monastery. Then came the turn of the main conspirators Gordon and Lefort, who undoubtedly tried to control the situation and the liar. They both passed away suddenly in less than a year. Just in case, Anna Mons, who knew a lot of things, was also put under house arrest. Patriarch Adrian, who spiritually nourished and was friends with Tsar Peter, died soon after. Ambassador P. B. Voznitsyn, who returned with important news after negotiations in Vienna and Venice, was not allowed to see the liar, and soon he completely disappeared, according to rumors, he seemed to have died of drunkenness.
Who became the political curator of the liar and mediator from the Western conspirators? Most likely, it was Shafirov, who was authorized by the Polish king Augustus. The liar, of course, was blackmailed and at the same time seduced with new opportunities, for all this they had the necessary compromising evidence and leverage. Moreover, the Russian army was literally beheaded, a new one had not yet been created, and even a weak external aggression Muscovy would not have withstood.
Who was preparing numerous state reforms? All reform projects, the need for which, undoubtedly, was, were mainly prepared by foreigners, the liar only asserted. The liar approved the following rule: for all projects, different, sometimes contradictory decisions were prepared in advance, the one who was more convincing, and he only listened to the disputants, he accepted the opinion of those.
The liar could not evaluate these projects himself due to low intelligence and a complete lack of education, but he was cunning and could choose from the right one, the more correct and suitable for him. In general, the collegiality of decision-making is the main principle of false royal illegitimate government, when it is difficult to figure it out yourself, but you can find and appoint someone responsible for the decision. Perhaps these projects were prepared by the Scots, who landed in Muscovy with a large landing, and in particular the Templar and Freemason Bruce. It is known that at this time Scotland was the fiefdom of the Knights Templar and the founders of Freemasonry.
Jacob Bruce (1670-1735)) - a representative of the noble Scottish family Bruce, younger brother of Roman Vilimovich Bruce, the first chief commandant of St. Petersburg. The ancestors of J. Bruce lived in Russia since 1647. Participated in the Crimean (1687, 1689) and Azov (1695, 1696) campaigns of Peter I, participated in the formation of Russian artillery during the Northern War. Participated in the foundation of St. Petersburg on May 16, 1703. Signed by the Nystadt Peace Treaty. For command of the Russian artillery in the Battle of Poltava in 1709, he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. After the death of the false Tsar, in 1726, he became a general-field marshal and resigned, devoting himself entirely to scientific activities. More …
Soon the very first Masonic lodge in Europe was officially formed in Muscovy, the first member of which was the liar himself. The following facts are given of the special reverence by the Masons of the role of Peter: songs in his honor in the Masonic lodges, sung by the choirs; establishment in 1810 of the lodge "Peter to Truth", the statement of Prince M. P. Baratayev in 1818 in the lodge of the "United Friends" that "Great Peter was the first to reveal the light of Russian Freemasonry," establishing the first lodges. Since that time, all commemorative Russian medals of this new time are decorated only with Latin inscriptions and Masonic symbols. For example, one of the first, the medal of suppression of the Strelets uprising. It depicts Samson with a club, it was handed out to the “new Russian” executioners.
Conspiracy number 6. Liar on the Russian throne, and Tsar Peter in the Bastille
The first secret agreement of the false king with the Saxon elector and the Polish king was concluded on November 1, 1699 during August's visit to Moscow. After the confirmation of the liar in power, King Augustus came to Moscow. He is not afraid of a possible threat for him, because he has dirt that destroys the liar, and, if necessary, discloses his secrets for the rulers of all states. Now he has well thought out what he needs and gets his way by blackmail and threat. All negotiations they conducted only face to face (in what language?). They resulted in military and economic assistance to Poland in the amount of the annual budget of the Moscow Kingdom (about a million rubles) and a military alliance in the war with Charles XII, in which the Russian army should become the main force. Thanks to this, Augustus, for a while, strengthened his position on the Polish throne and secured Poland from the Swedish threat. It should be notedthat such financial assistance was provided to Augustus on several occasions and was spent mainly on the construction of new palaces and his many mistresses. Since that time, the policy of Muscovy has been oriented in the opposite direction, not against Turkey to the south, but to the north against Sweden. Less than a year later, the Northern War, absolutely unnecessary and unprofitable for the Muscovite kingdom, begins, which will go on almost throughout the reign of the false king until 1721.which will go on almost all the time of the reign of the liar until 1721.which will go on almost all the time of the reign of the liar until 1721.
There was one more demand of King Augustus about the transfer of Ukraine into the possession of Poland. But here the liar answered evasively, and soon this question was completely removed. The king on the Polish throne was sitting insecurely, as the proud gentry did not really like the newcomer German, and soon they drove him out, choosing Sapieha as their king, after which, again, the Russian troops had to forcibly perch Augustus on the Polish throne.
Since that time, the main strategic partners of Muscovy in Europe, and its interests are not in advancing south for access to the Black Sea, but in the fight against Charles XII, who, generally speaking, is fighting not with Muscovy, but with Europe. It was under this war, under the leadership of foreign officers, that they began to create a new Russian army capable of resisting him. Not a single European state could have such an army, because there it was formed from mercenaries who needed to be paid and maintained so that its soldiers would not scatter.
The struggle against the Church is intensifying. After the death of Patriarch Adrian, a new patriarch is not elected. In 1701, PA Golitsyn, being ambassador in Vienna, through the papal nuncio, begins to negotiate with the Pope about the transfer of Muscovy under his spiritual care. The liar was ready to convert to Catholicism and establish an alliance between the Orthodox and Catholic churches. The result of the negotiations was the permission to publicly conduct Roman worship in Russia and to allow Catholic missionaries to enter China. Fortunately, under the pressure and threat of the boyars-oligarchs, and most likely the expected indignation and popular revolt against such an alliance, they cease. The synodal administration of the Church was established. Church reforms begin to be carried out by the Uniates (the repentant), at first,locum tenens of the patriarchal throne (possibly a secret Jesuit?) Little Russian Metropolitan Stefan (Yavorsky) (1660 - 1721), and then (Protestant by conviction) Feofan Prokopovich (1681 - 1736), distinguished by the fact that he took personal participation in the torture of priests who protested against church reforms. Absolute state control is established over the Church and its clergy. Rural priests become completely dependent on the power and whims of the new Russian slave owners. New, even more severe persecutions against the Old Believers are renewed. Absolute state control is established over the Church and its clergy. Rural priests become completely dependent on the power and whims of the new Russian slave owners. New, even more severe persecutions against the Old Believers are renewed. Absolute state control is established over the Church and its clergy. Rural priests become completely dependent on the power and whims of the new Russian slave owners. New, even more severe persecutions against the Old Believers are renewed.
It is interesting to note that the so-called “new Russians”, despite the fact that the liar favors them all, feel fragility and uncertainty about their well-being and existence in Russia and try to buy estates and real estate abroad, and foreigners, having saved up money, return to their countries …
Tsar Peter was kept in the Bastille even before September 1703. It is likely that the international conspirators had an alternative plan in case the liar was exposed. Even the return of the prisoner is possible under certain conditions. As soon as the liar was established, the prisoner in the iron mask under the name Mikhailov became unnecessary and useless. He was first poisoned, and then beheaded, and the headless body was buried somewhere.
Undoubtedly, the liar knew where the abducted Tsar Peter was. King Augustus and his curators had to tell him about this, for the purpose of blackmail and intimidation. In order to understand what threats may come from France, he sends there, in a completely incomprehensible status, Pyotr Vasilyevich Postnikov, without any authority, either as a spy agent, or a sales representative. He has to "report the behavior there." There were probably several reasons for choosing Pyotr Postnikov as such. He knew perfectly French, Italian, Greek and, possibly, other languages. It is also important that he knew Tsar Peter personally, he was part of the Grand Embassy and was preparing Tsar Peter's visit to Venice. Postnikov only returned to Moscow in January 1701, received an honorary appointment with a huge salary for those times,but in the fall he was sent to France. It can also be assumed that the liar or his entourage somehow convinced him to go to Paris, explaining this by concern for the fate of the kidnapped tsar, in which there was no need to persuade the honest and loyal Postnikov. Petr Postnikov, having no diplomatic and material support, stayed in this capacity for almost 9 years. In the summer of 1702 he returned to Russia, but from March 1703 he was again in Paris (note: Tsar Peter was held in the Bastille until September 1703, and was later killed). It is not known whether he had a specific assignment to clarify the fate of the abducted Tsar Peter, however, upon returning to Russia in 1710, he immediately disappeared or died suddenly at the age of 44, and the circumstances of his death and even the exact date are unknown, as well as his former chief P. B. Voznitsin. It can also be assumed that the liar or his entourage somehow convinced him to go to Paris, explaining this by concern for the fate of the kidnapped tsar, in which there was no need to persuade the honest and loyal Postnikov. Petr Postnikov, having no diplomatic and material support, stayed in this capacity for almost 9 years. In the summer of 1702 he returned to Russia, but from March 1703 he was again in Paris (note: Tsar Peter was held in the Bastille until September 1703, and was later killed). It is not known whether he had a specific assignment to clarify the fate of the abducted Tsar Peter, however, upon returning to Russia in 1710, he immediately disappeared or died suddenly at the age of 44, and the circumstances of his death and even the exact date are unknown, as well as his former chief P. B. Voznitsin. It can also be assumed that the liar or his entourage somehow convinced him to go to Paris, explaining this by concern for the fate of the kidnapped tsar, in which there was no need to persuade the honest and loyal Postnikov. Petr Postnikov, having no diplomatic and material support, stayed in this capacity for almost 9 years. In the summer of 1702 he returned to Russia, but from March 1703 he was again in Paris (note: Tsar Peter was held in the Bastille until September 1703, and was later killed). It is not known whether he had a specific assignment to clarify the fate of the abducted Tsar Peter, however, upon returning to Russia in 1710, he immediately disappeared or died suddenly at the age of 44, and the circumstances of his death and even the exact date are unknown, as well as his former chief P. B. Voznitsin.somehow they persuaded him to go to Paris, explaining this by concern for the fate of the abducted tsar, in which there was no need to persuade the honest and loyal Postnikov. Petr Postnikov, having no diplomatic and material support, stayed in this capacity for almost 9 years. In the summer of 1702 he returned to Russia, but from March 1703 he was again in Paris (note: Tsar Peter was held in the Bastille until September 1703, and was later killed). It is not known whether he had a specific assignment to clarify the fate of the abducted Tsar Peter, but upon his return to Russia in 1710, he immediately disappeared or died suddenly at the age of 44, and the circumstances of his death and even the exact date are unknown, as well as his former chief P. B. Voznitsin.somehow they persuaded him to go to Paris, explaining this by concern for the fate of the abducted tsar, in which there was no need to persuade the honest and loyal Postnikov. Petr Postnikov, having no diplomatic and material support, stayed in this capacity for almost 9 years. In the summer of 1702 he returned to Russia, but from March 1703 he was again in Paris (note: Tsar Peter was held in the Bastille until September 1703, and was later killed). It is not known whether he had a specific assignment to clarify the fate of the abducted Tsar Peter, however, upon returning to Russia in 1710, he immediately disappeared or died suddenly at the age of 44, and the circumstances of his death and even the exact date are unknown, as well as his former chief P. B. Voznitsin. Petr Postnikov, having no diplomatic and material support, stayed in this capacity for almost 9 years. In the summer of 1702 he returned to Russia, but from March 1703 he was again in Paris (note: Tsar Peter was held in the Bastille until September 1703, and was later killed). It is not known whether he had a specific assignment to clarify the fate of the abducted Tsar Peter, however, upon returning to Russia in 1710, he immediately disappeared or died suddenly at the age of 44, and the circumstances of his death and even the exact date are unknown, as well as his former chief P. B. Voznitsin. Petr Postnikov, having no diplomatic and material support, stayed in this capacity for almost 9 years. In the summer of 1702 he returned to Russia, but from March 1703 he was again in Paris (note: Tsar Peter was held in the Bastille until September 1703, and was later killed). It is not known whether he had a specific assignment to clarify the fate of the abducted Tsar Peter, however, upon returning to Russia in 1710, he immediately disappeared or died suddenly at the age of 44, and the circumstances of his death and even the exact date are unknown, as well as his former chief P. B. Voznitsin.whether he had a specific assignment to find out the fate of the abducted Tsar Peter, but upon returning to Russia in 1710 he immediately disappeared or died suddenly at the age of 44, and the circumstances of his death and even the exact date are unknown, as well as his former boss, P. B Voznitsina.whether he had a specific assignment to find out the fate of the abducted Tsar Peter, but upon returning to Russia in 1710 he immediately disappeared or died suddenly at the age of 44, and the circumstances of his death and even the exact date are unknown, as well as his former boss, P. B Voznitsina.
Reference:Petr Vasilievich Postnikov (1666 - 1710) was the first doctor and physician in Russia, studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, in 1687 he was among the best students of the Academy. In 1691, he was assigned to serve as a solicitor, in the spring of 1692, “by the decree of the great Emperor, he was released from Moscow to Venice to practice free sciences at the Potavin Academy,” that is, to the University of Padua. As a result of diligent studies, already on August 9 (19), 1694, Postnikov was elevated to the degree of Doctor of Medicine and Philosophy with the right to teach these sciences and to confer academic degrees. Continuing for some time to improve at the university, Postnikov on May 2 (12), 1696 received from the university administration a "Privileged Letter", in which the most flattering reviews of the Russian pet were given. However, Postnikov did not become a practicing doctor, but a diplomat,and later as a translator. Knowledge of Latin, French and Italian was the reason that the Russian government ranked him among the retinue of the Great Embassy. In 1697 Postnikov received an order to leave Venice for Vienna and then to Amsterdam and enter the service of the Grand Embassy under the command of F. Lefort and Golovin. Subsequently Postnikov (1697 - 1699) had to move alternately from Vienna to Venice (he was preparing the visit of Tsar Peter to Venice), and, finally, served under the Russian envoy Prokofiy Bogdanovich Voznitsyn as an interpreter during diplomatic negotiations at the Karlovytsky Congress. Postnikov returned to Russia only on January 2 (12), 1701 and on March 23 (April 2) of the same year he was assigned to the Pharmaceutical Order, but was to be used also as a translator. From 1701 to 1710with a short break he was in France in Paris. He translated the Koran from French, which was published in 1716 in St. Petersburg, and was published in the Synodal Printing House.
Reference: The almost official French version of the man under the iron mask claims that it was a disgraced Italian prince, there are a number of other versions and names, including literary ones, which are not considered here.
Conspiracy # 7. Why is the secret of the Liar kept up to this day and when will it be officially revealed?
Who was the liar? - and he was the crowned leader of a gang of oligarchs, with the following distribution of roles. Aleksashka Menshikov was his devoted assistant, who, after the death of the liar, and then of Catherine I, was soon deposed and sent into exile in disgrace. Shafirov was an authorized coordinator from the world community of that time, but he was "burned" by the fact that he began to drag a lot into his pocket and got into Menshikov's estate, and the liar was tired of his constant instructions on what to do. State "stability" and "security" was ensured by Romodanovsky.
The first attempt to understand the story of the liar, no matter how strange it may seem at first glance, was made by the French philosopher, writer, freemason and prisoner of the Bastille Voltaire (1694 - 1778).
Probably, Voltaire, under some circumstances or by accident, became aware of this state secret of France. But most of all he was interested not in the one who was under the iron mask (he probably established this for sure), but in how miraculously the impostor was entrenched on the Moscow throne. That is why he writes the history "The History of Peter", and shares his research with the Russian Empress Catherine II. It is interesting to note that the entire library of Voltaire after his death in 1779 was bought by Catherine II. The library was delivered to St. Petersburg and placed in the Hermitage. Under Nicholas I, access to it was closed. It is possible that it contained materials and notes relating to Tsar Peter and his imprisonment in the Bastille.
Until recently, the history of Tsar Peter and his antipode, the liar, did not interest anyone, except, perhaps, A. S. Pushkin, who most likely died because of this.
During the reign of the entire subsequent Romanov dynasty, it was more than a state secret. After the revolutions of 1917, all secrets were canceled for a short time except this one. And the historian Pokrovsky only denounced the vices of the previous government, and in the relationship of the liar he limited himself to mentioning his illnesses. And even then, soon the ideology of uncensored freedom changed. It was necessary to justify revolutionary reforms, and in the person of "Great Peter" such a historical image was found. Pokrovsky, one might say in time, died without arrest and imprisonment, and his historical works were prohibited. This image of a reformer was again in demand at the beginning of 90. of the last century, when again it was necessary to break the moral and spiritual foundations of the Russian people, and busts of the virtual image of “Peter the Great” adorned the offices and desks of the “new Russian” officials.
What can be changed in our Fatherland by the discovery of the secret of the liar and the truth about the martyr Tsar Peter? Can this historical lesson be beneficial to the entire people of Russia?
The story of the liar is just a historical example of the use of management technologies and power change and may be of interest only to political strategists and modern conspirators. The secret of the liar is guarded, and his virtual image is exalted by the heirs of the power and policy that was established under him and is preserved to this day. Signs of this power:
1. Controversial legitimacy of the authorities.
2. Sacrifice of the Russian people as an oath of the bureaucracy and its elite to the newly established government.
3. Formation of a privileged oligarchy.
4. Conclusion of an agreement and an alliance with the oligarchy.
5. Subordination of the domestic and foreign policy of the state to certain external obligations and forces.
Only in the 1920s, this scheme was violated, since the new government, in conditions of global isolation, had to survive, and this state power concentrated all finances and material resources in its hands, and the oligarchy became ideological and nomenklatura, and from science and from art level below. The mystery of the abduction and murder of Tsar Peter and the accession to the Moscow throne of the liar can be revealed and recognized as a fact only in two and, moreover, mutually exclusive cases:
1. When power in Russia and its historical science, as the legal basis of power and the spirit and strength of the people, become state and nationally oriented.
2. Or to humiliate Russia in the appropriate interpretation of history, suppress the spirit and strength of its people, and prepare the arrival of an absolutely anti-state and Russophobic ruler.
It is now possible to open, or rather to admit, this secret, but this requires political will!
