But the emergence of life is possible not only on Mars, which is located in the "life belt" around the Sun. Recent explorations of Europa (Jupiter's moon discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610) have yielded amazing photographs. They were made by the Galileo apparatus in February 1997, flying from the satellite at a distance of 692 kilometers, and in the images one could see objects up to 22 meters in size (this is the current equipment with excellent resolution). It turned out that the whole of Europe is covered with ice 1.5 kilometers thick, and the temperature on its surface reaches minus 200 degrees Celsius. But this ice is broken into blocks 3-5 kilometers across, and blocks of ice are constantly in motion! That is, they are drifting! It is possible that under this ice shell in the water a special form of life could well have developed, which exists in Europe to this day. After all, the ocean saturated with mineral salts is an excellent broth for microorganisms, and maybe not only for them …
A lot of ambiguity and hassle is now given to astrophysicists by gamma-ray bursts detected by terrestrial equipment. Despite constant experimentation, scientists cannot understand their nature in any way. There are already twenty-one hypotheses of their origin! Starting from the "collapse" of magnetic fields in the solar wind and complex processes somewhere on the borders of the Universe - to witches and ghosts! It must be said that with quasars (they were discovered by the American M. Schmidt back in 1962), things are also not in the best way: astronomers have estimated their distance and other parameters, but cannot understand the origin of their giant radiation, which is 100 times greater than the radiation of a million stars from normal galaxies! For example, we can take radio pulsars as a sample of ideal stars. They are observed in infrared, x-ray, radio bands; astronomers accurately determine the distance to them,size, temperature, understand the nature of their radiation, can even predict their future.
Gamma-ray bursts are a unique phenomenon recently discovered. If we compare the power of their radiation during a burst with the Sun, then our star will lose a lot, because the Sun will take as much as 10 billion years to release so much energy! And the luminosity of our entire Galaxy is twenty times less than during one such gamma-ray burst! Burst duration - from fractions of a second to several minutes! Until now, no one knows where the source of the outbreak is located, how and why the outburst occurs …
But this is not enough! Now many scientists are questioning the theory of Edwin Hubble (the theory of the Big Bang of the Universe), from which it follows that all the stars of our Supergalaxy were formed simultaneously. The abrupt emergence of stars, the merging and separation of galaxies and supergalaxies - all this suggests that the evolution in the Universe is uneven, as, indeed, on our Earth. So there is a possibility of the existence of more and less developed civilizations and worlds.
Many are aware of the existence of intergalactic hot gas, the starting material, so to speak, for sculpting stars. Its temperature reaches one hundred million degrees! But few people know about the existence of a mysterious substance, which astrophysicists jokingly or seriously called "hidden mass". The fact is that this substance does not allow star clusters to fall apart, does not allow the universe to come to chaos. Who knows, maybe the words about the One Divine Will are not a religious fiction, but just a simple-hearted understanding of the most complex processes?..
The existence of parallel worlds now can also get an interesting scientific basis. Otherwise, we have forgotten something a little where this term came from, and use it as if the parallelism of systems and universes is a completely proven phenomenon. And he came - from fantasy!
The recently derived M-theory, or, as it is also called, "the discovery of the XXI century", speaks of the 12-dimensionality of the universe. Our four-dimensional world is just a thin film on the body of the multidimensional world. If we, for example, were able to look along these extra dimensions, then we would see them rolled into confined spaces. In these very spaces, there are a lot of non-contractible cycles, that is, closed subspaces of a much smaller size. These subspaces cannot be squeezed into one point because of the hole in the middle, which reminds everyone of the well-known joke about the "donut hole". In 12-dimensional space-time, the laws are fully described by the M-theory, and there, as strange as it may seem to many of us, there are two different flowing times! Maybe time travelfantastic experiments with the corridors of time - not so fantastic?.. Let us recall the "twelve devil's zones", one of which is the "Bermuda Triangle"! How quickly the mystery disappears, how short is its duration! UFO boom in 1947 - and in 1998 we talk about unidentified flying objects, suppressing a slight yawn … Give us a parallel world!
For example, as they say about M-theory, if one of the time directions is destroyed in its 12-dimensional space, then 11-dimensional supergravity appears in 11-dimensional space, and some superstrings appear on its 10-dimensional "film". They fold the "extra" six dimensions, winding around them, as if on a closed ring. Isn't it true that the descriptions of the behavior of aircraft and ships that managed to escape from the "zones" are similar to such "reeling"? But something too many of them in the last decades "hit the road" from us. We are still more inclined to believe in the reason why in 1974 a German trawler was empty, accidentally "forgetting" an experienced ship mechanic in the water …
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It's still surprising: we do not read each other well. It is very similar to the imported M-theory, described by Olga Kuchkina, the development of Boris Sokolov from Privolzhsk.
Stars, not to mention galaxies, are separated by tens or even hundreds of light years. One light-year is the number of kilometers expressed in approximately ten followed by thirteen zeros! Is it really possible to imagine that a civilization, even an advanced one, has enough technical power to overcome such distances? Indeed, in addition to a light year, there is a parsec, in which there are 3.26 light years, kiloparsec and a megaparsec, in which there are ten parsecs to the sixth power! The head is spinning from such numbers, and, probably, the skepticism of pundits could be excused or even shared with them, if not for the sensational discovery of two American scientists in 1988 - about the possibility of moving in space-time through the so-called time tunnels.
To be more consistent, it should be said about the American astrophysicist and writer Carl Sagan, without whom this discovery would probably not have taken place. He was often called "Jacques-Yves Cousteau of the Cosmos." For his novel "Dragons of Eden", where he talked about the stars, about cosmic processes, carried out a comparative analysis of the earthly race and aliens, in 1978 he received the Pulitzer Prize. He was not just an astronomer, but a great dreamer and enthusiast: at one time he persistently sought to open a program of "exobiology", which would be engaged in predicting and studying life forms that exist outside the Earth. Carl Sagan played an important role in the opening of the "Mariner" program, after which the Viking probes were sent in 1976. On his initiative, a "space letter" was sent to extraterrestrial civilizations,in the compilation of which he himself took an active part.
Probably many people know how popular the novel "Contact" of this amazing man is: nine months after Sagan's death, in 1997, a film based on his work was released, and in the first nine weeks the box office exceeded the one-hundred-million mark!
Now let's go back to 1988. Two American scientists, Kip Thorne and Michael Morris of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, are studying Carl Sagan's science fiction novel Contact. Honestly, their intentions were not strictly scientific, but humorous - it is popular to tell the layman about various fantastic hypotheses, and, perhaps, to lead him by the nose. But in the process of work, scientists changed their attitude to the material and came to the conclusion that the temporary tunnel is different from a black hole, which, as you know, lets in everything, but doesn’t let anything back out. They realized that it is possible not only to get into this temporary tunnel, but also to get out of it from the other side! Traffic through the tunnel should be moderate so that the journey is “comfortable” enough and people are not exposed to danger. In their opinion,there are only two possibilities for creating such a tunnel. The first way is from quantum fluctuations. According to quantum theory, at ultra-short distances - about ten to minus thirty-fifth powers of a meter (which is twenty orders of magnitude smaller than atomic dimensions) - fluctuations of the gravitational field become so strong that space begins to foam and boil, and not only bubbles can form there, but and tunnels. Later, scientists began to say that it is quite possible to increase these spatial corridors by artificial means. Agree, into such a small "eye of a needle" (and what a "needle" there is!) It would be very problematic to slip even the most modest size on a spacecraft …at ultra-short distances - about ten to minus thirty-fifth degrees of a meter (which is twenty orders of magnitude smaller than atomic dimensions) - fluctuations of the gravitational field become so strong that space begins to foam and boil, and not only bubbles, but also tunnels can form there. Later, scientists began to say that it is quite possible to increase these spatial corridors by artificial means. Agree, into such a small "eye of a needle" (and what a "needle" there is!) It would be very problematic to slip even the most modest size on a spacecraft …at ultra-short distances - about ten to minus thirty-fifth degrees of a meter (which is twenty orders of magnitude smaller than atomic dimensions) - fluctuations of the gravitational field become so strong that space begins to foam and boil, and not only bubbles, but also tunnels can form there. Later, scientists began to say that it is quite possible to increase these spatial corridors by artificial means. Agree, into such a small "eye of a needle" (and what a "needle" there is!) It would be very problematic to slip even the most modest size on a spacecraft …that these spatial corridors are quite possible to increase artificially. Agree, into such a small "eye of a needle" (and what a "needle" is there!) It would be very problematic to slip even the most modest size on a spacecraft …that these spatial corridors are quite possible to increase artificially. Agree, into such a small "eye of a needle" (and what a "needle" is there!) It would be very problematic to slip even the most modest size on a spacecraft …
In contrast, the American physicist Thomas Roman believes that these tunnels can grow on their own - in a natural way, following the inflationary expansion of the Universe. The whole difficulty lies in the fact that theorists still do not have a quantum theory of gravity, and they know little about quantum bubbles, about their properties, advantages and disadvantages in relation to temporal movements.
But back to the two American enthusiasts: according to Thorne's second method, you yourself bend and twist space. Of course, the process of the appearance of spatial holes is very complicated and catastrophic, because at the beginning and at the end of the tunnel there is an obligatory break in time-space, as at the singularity point of a black hole or the Big Bang. Therefore, the consequences can be very unpredictable, and until mankind learns to curb these "holes", it is doomed to drag its space "carts" along the waters (more precisely, the cosmos) of nearby planets.
But human thought is not asleep, and soon the Italian Claudio Maccone from Turin proposed curving space with a powerful magnetic field. As is known from the theory of relativity, everything with energy bends space. If you create a field of several tesla (a unit of measurement of the magnitude of the electromagnetic induction CU, named after N. Tesla (1856-1943), the great inventor, mathematician, physicist), which already means hundreds of thousands of earthly fields, then the radius of curvature of space will be every 70 greater than the distance from Earth to Sirius (this is 9 light years). On the Earth, of course, there are no such fields, but on the surface of neutron stars - very dense remnants of Supernovae - the field approaches a billion Tesla, and spatial corridors are likely to appear there. On Earth, to create even a small tunnel, you need to have as much as a three-kilometer magnet! But that's not all: even if you were lucky enough to create one, you need to keep the tunnel open …
And here it is worth mentioning once again the recently discovered M-theory. Back in 1988, Thorne and Morris wrote that for the stability of the transition, exotic matter is necessary, which will be able to support the tunnel wall from "collapse" by negative gravity. Apparently, at the moment of the Big Bang, if there was one, in the very first moments, the gravitational inflation that arose gave a means for maintaining open microtunnels, that is, it generated loops of cosmic strings, one-dimensional defects in space-time, in which the conditions of the first moments of the Big Bang were preserved.
Unlike Thorne and Morris, who distinguished their temporal and spatial tunnels from black holes, this opinion has now wavered, and the question of where the excess mass from a constantly shrinking black hole can "escape" has quite interesting answers from scientists. For example, academician M. A. Markov says: “The black hole turns out to be a source of new universes that appear in their space in the absolutely future time in relation to the times where the black hole appeared …” Indeed, how to explain the fact that some black holes shrink to a point ?! Most likely, this means that the entire mass of the black hole has flowed somewhere (into the future?)!.. It turns out thatthis is not such an incredible thing - moving in space for several hundred and thousand light years or the appearance of descendants in the distant past … And if the bold thought of the science fiction writer K. Sagan prompted scientists to unpredictable discoveries, then who knows - maybe our domestic fiction is still ahead?
"Secrets of UFOs", A. Varakin and others.
