A group of American and Hungarian astrophysicists suggests that the expansion of the Universe, which is constantly accelerating, can be fully explained without dark energy, but at the same time taking into account the changes in its structure that have occurred since the Big Bang.
The basis for understanding the ways of evolution of the Universe is the theory of relativity. According to Lazlo Dobos from the University of Budapest (Hungary), scientists have no reason to doubt its veracity, they just thought about the extent to which its approximate solutions are fair. The new hypothesis of scientists is based on a different mathematical concept regarding the expansion of space, and how the formation of various structures affects this process. Previously, such things were discarded, however, if you take them into account, it becomes obvious that there is no need for dark energy.
For a long time, cosmologists were convinced that the expansion rate of the Universe is constant, it practically does not change. However, in 1998, Nobel Prize winners Brian Schmidt, Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess, while observing Type I supernovae, proved that this is not the case, and that the limits of Selene are expanding at an increasing rate.
Scientists currently believe that the reason for this acceleration lies in dark energy - a kind of mysterious substance with exotic properties, which makes up about 70 percent of the contents of the universe. Researchers know practically nothing about its features, so they are currently trying to find traces of dark energy in the microwave background radiation and the movements of galaxies.
Last summer, Rees and a group of colleagues made a calculation of the exact rate of expansion of the universe at present. In the course of calculations, they unexpectedly found that the rate of expansion of the Universe was much higher than those predictions that were based on observations of the so-called "echo" of the Big Bang. This discovery pushed cosmologists to another dispute about whether dark matter really exists and what are its properties.
Scientists from the University of Budapest and the American University of Hawaii, led by Dobos, have suggested that all the differences between theoretical calculations and observational data are explained by the fact that all existing cosmological models of the Universe do not take into account changes in the properties of its space as the universe “stretches.
According to scientists, the theory of relativity says that all large clusters of matter that are inside the universe, the entire mass of which is distributed uniformly, will affect its expansion. However, this fact is not taken into account in almost all cosmological models for some reason - the force of matter was considered by scientists to be very insignificant, and besides, it is very difficult to calculate it even with the use of supercomputers.
A group of scientists led by Dobosch managed to figure out how to get around the second problem - they presented the Universe as a set of hollow "bubbles", each of which was a kind of mini-universe with its own physical laws. The walls of these bubbles were composed of the dark and visible matter of galaxies and their clusters, and inside them there was a void between the threads of the "web of the Universe". Each of these bubbles will grow at its own speed, which will be determined by its physical parameters, including the mass.
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Having represented the Universe in this way and made the necessary calculations, scientists were surprised when they found that its current appearance can be obtained without adding dark energy or some other source of the Universe's expansion, which is constantly accelerating, to the model.
In the event that the dark model is nevertheless added to the model, then the final picture of the development of the Universe will practically not differ in any way from the one where there is no dark energy, with the exception of small but noticeable differences in size. According to physicists, this is of great importance, since it makes it possible, in the course of observations of the distribution of large clusters of matter in the Universe, to check which of the hypotheses is correct.