In modern genetics, crossing of closely related individuals is called inbreeding. The higher the coefficient of inbreeding, the more chances the recessive genes of inherited diseases will meet. So for an uncle and niece, it is 1/8, a cousin and cousin - 1/16, second cousins - 1/32, four cousins - 1/64.
Even if the degree of kinship is greater, the inbreeding coefficient will still be sufficient for a child in a pair of distant relatives to die while still in the womb or be born mentally retarded or physically underdeveloped. This percentage and the related regularity was described by the geneticist of the highest category, professor and author of many scientific works on genetics Elena Leonidovna Dadali.
Distant kinship is also dangerous because the spouses may not even be aware of their blood ties and the presence of an unwanted recessive gene. The birth of a sick child then becomes a complete surprise and a very painful blow to the well-being of the couple. When people who do not have any family ties are married, the percentage of coincidences of mutant recessive genes is negligible, and therefore children are born healthy.
Mutant recessive genes are a very dangerous thing, hidden from prying eyes like a time bomb. They can cause a variety of mutations, ranging from albinism and deafness to serious ailments such as hemophilia or Tay-Sachs disease. The latter is common in some peoples of the world and is fraught with severe lesions of the nervous system. A sick child never lives longer than 4 years.
As is known, representatives of the Russian royal family suffered from hemophilia. But these 2 ailments are only a tiny tip of the iceberg of hereditary diseases that can be provoked by the meeting of mutant recessive genes. It can be prevented only by genetic analysis, which is a normal pre-wedding practice in many civilized countries of the world.
Society has a negative attitude towards incest, and in many, especially Western, civilizations, it is under the strictest prohibition. However, a study by Icelandic specialists has shown that consanguineous marriages lead to increased fertility. However, this observation does not apply to siblings and cousins - their children, as a rule, die earlier than others and show a reduced ability to reproduce.
Incest
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In Russian, incest, or incest, is usually called sexual intercourse only between the closest relatives, the circle of which is exhausted by the relationship of father, mother, daughter, son, sister and brother. The term is used less confidently in relation to the connection of half brothers and sisters (from the same father and different mothers or the same mother and different fathers).
In Western literature, incest is sometimes also called sexual intercourse between cousins and second cousins, but in the Russian tradition, they are considered a close relationship, but not incest.
It has long been known that marriage with a representative or a representative of a different family tree is more beneficial, since in this case the offspring receives fresh genetic material, the dominant genes of which subsequently do not allow manifestation of recessive ones, causing hereditary genetic diseases. For example, members of royal families suffered from such diseases.
However, it turned out that incest in some cases may be even more beneficial than a marriage contracted outside the family.
Incest was widespread in the past, especially among the rural population, where the search for a betrothed or a bride from a strange family often meant a long, costly and tedious tour of the surrounding villages and villages. Today, marriages between first-line cousins are common in Eastern countries, where it saves on dowry and consolidates family resources.
Attempts to assess the impact of such marriages on the health and prosperity of the nation have been made in the past, but the interpretation of the results of these studies has always been complicated by the presence of social and economic factors. As the author of the study, Kari Stefanson, notes, her team was lucky in this regard, since the Icelandic nation lives on the island and demonstrates high homogeneity, both culturally and economically.
Scientists analyzed one hundred and sixty thousand married couples who lived from 1800 to 1965.
The study confirmed the well-known fact - mixing the blood of close relatives leads to the birth of children more prone to illness and early death, as well as less capable of procreation. Although more children are born in such families than those of distant relatives who have married, this advantage turns out to be illusory: children are often born sick and are unable to have children, or even die before reaching childbearing age. As a result, in the next generation this line starts to lose.
However, as it turned out, married couples formed by relatives through the third and fourth generation have the largest number of grandchildren among all the others.
This may indicate not only the increased fertility of children in such marriages, but also to a large extent about excellent genetic health. Thus, marriages between relatives of the third row of the family tree are most beneficial for increasing the size of the nation and for maintaining health.
Apparently, genetic similarity is of some importance for further procreation. For example, the world knows such a dangerous phenomenon as Rh incompatibility, when one of the partners has a positive Rh factor, while the other has a negative one. If at the same time the fetus developing in the mother's womb inherits the Rh factor from the father, then Rh incompatibility can cause an immune conflict between the mother and the fetus. As a result, the mother's body will launch the mechanism of dealing with the fetus as with a foreign object, which may result in congenital diseases or even lead to the death of the newborn.
Alan Bittles, a specialist in human genetics from Australia, believes that there is some optimum in the genetic relationship of people, allowing them to produce the most genetically healthy and numerous offspring.
However, the study of the Icelandic population cannot answer the question of how this optimal degree of relationship is individual and how it depends on other factors. Who knows, maybe in the East, where family marriages are more common, this state of affairs is more beneficial to the entire population? Or maybe in small Iceland it is simply difficult to find couples who are more distantly related to each other than the third and fourth knees?
Do not assume that cities on earth are the result of the urbanization process. Urbanization is not the reason. This is just a screen behind which the essence of what is happening is hidden. A kind of fig leaf. And it is wrong to consider cities a natural phenomenon, they say, the earthly civilization cannot do without them. Wow, in megalopolises - the focus of culture, and science, and industry! Just what culture? Artificially created, divorced from reality, mass, perverted and inherently slave. The same can be said for science. The city only hinders the accumulation of knowledge about the surrounding world.
Too much interference: no clean water, no air, no space. In addition, scientific experiments are constantly influenced by artificial electromagnetic fields. The latter factor has a detrimental effect on the psyche. As it became known from numerous studies, electromagnetic fields destroy neurons. What kind of science is there when the human nervous system is suppressed and works in hostile conditions? Memory is lost and there is a constant lack of energy. All major discoveries, as a rule, are made in special laboratories outside the city, in nature. So there is no need to talk about serious science in megacities. It's a well-choreographed comedy.
Only industrial enterprises remained, where modern slaves, stunned by the hustle and bustle of various everyday problems, the harmful effects of cellular stations and other types of electromagnetic influence, being in constant stress, sell their strength and time allotted to them "from Above" for life. I said "slaves", and this is not a hyperbole, but a sad fact. The cities of our vaunted civilization were created, first of all, as gigantic repositories of humanoid bipedal creatures that have lost their higher purpose.
The Central Asian spirit of huckstering - at the dawn of time, realized that it is almost impossible to manage independent people living on the earth by their labor. They are self-sufficient. They feed themselves, dress themselves, live in harmony with nature. And what is most unpleasant, not according to their far-fetched, but according to her, Nature - universal laws. And the Semitic Desert Spirit worshipers began to act. You should know that it all starts with an ideology that people themselves do not invent. They usually slip it on them.
The first money appeared, and their owners appeared. Who they are is no longer a secret.
Now it is clear why, according to the Talmud, God's chosen ones are forbidden to cultivate the land in exile? So that they always concentrate in cities and do not try to go to the ground.
Back in the 7th century, Russia was called Gardarika, i.e. country of cities. And there were indeed many cities in Russia. But it is interesting that the population of Russian cities, despite the fact that they stood for hundreds of years, never exceeded the mark of seven or eight thousand. For a long time, scientists could not understand the reason for this. All over the world cities grew faster, but in Russia they did not. There were more of them, in fact, but the number of inhabitants in Slavic cities has always been limited. Finally, the pundits figured out what was the matter. It turns out that the inhabitants of Russian cities, whoever they were: blacksmiths, potters, shoemakers, never lost touch with the land. Living in cities, they remained half peasants. The same can be said about boyars and even princes. In Pagan Russia, work in the field was considered sacred and the most prestigious. In Russia at that time there was a saying “The second mother is our land”. Each Russian had two mothers: one gave life, the other helped to become a full-fledged person.
If we recall the ancient epics, which of our heroes was the most famous? Mikula Selyaninovich, a hard worker-plowman. In terms of strength, it turned out to be more powerful than Svetogor itself. In his bag lay earthly cravings. In other words, he could easily carry the planet's gravitational field! In pre-Christian times, he was the most respected person in Russia. Does this mean something? But in the Christian era the very ideology of contempt for everything rural and natural arose, which we observe in our time. In the Christianized cities, Oratis from the 10th century began to be called smerds. Hence, stinking - dirty. You can still hear: "Hey you, village!" The word "collective farmer" has become synonymous with the word "moron". But this is only the background, the field on which the tragedy that we are now witnessing unfolded. When cities began to grow rapidly in Russia, and throughout the world,The Jewish Money Masters embarked on the second phase of the urban herd.
What is the mechanism of urban growth in the West? Each serf, having got into the city and lived in it for a year, received freedom. How everything was arranged for them: the city imperceptibly turned into a trap for the peasants. First, people were crushed by feudal dependence, and then they opened the gates, they say, come here. But without any property. In what capacity? Hired worker. More precisely, a real slave! Only instead of the overseer and the whip began to appear dependence on money. Now about the money. We will not say who invented them. Some researchers argue that they were chosen by God, others that they appeared as if by themselves. Both are wrong. Money on earth was created by those who wrote the Torah or the Bible. But at first they were gold, silver and precious stones. For the first stage of concentration of power in the few who had enough. In one person, the merchants-usurers for seven centuries, trading in slaves, furs, Chinese silk and other things, distributed among themselves the entire bulk of metallic money. And not only in the west, but also in the east. After that, a transition to paper fakes began across the planet. It was the bankers who created them. It's true. And the owners of God's chosen ones. How was this done? It's very simple: paper money appeared as bills-receipts for some values invested in banks. But the fact is that the bankers, realizing that no one would take away all the gold deposits from them at once, besides, they also had their own stock of gold, began to write out such a number of paper bills, which was several times higher than the stocks stored in their basements precious metal. Fakes? Yes, of course, and in great numbers! Not secured by anything. But, giving them away at interest,they have already received a real refund.
We exchanged air for gold and jewelry. Unfortunately, this process is also valid in our era. Nothing changed. True, for some time the role of private banks was assumed by state banks. By law, only they could mint gold and issue paper money. But this did not last long. After 1913, the issue of the world currency, the dollar, again passed into the hands of private traders. I mean the Fed.
This is where a huge mass of essentially counterfeit money came from on Earth, and these counterfeits are directly related to the number of urban population. A limited amount of gold and silver money at some point stopped the flow of rural population into the city. You can't live in the city without money. No matter how much you advertise it, if a small part of its population has money, mainly the rich, then you will not run to the city, but, on the contrary, from the city, for free bread. This process began throughout Europe. One part of the urban poor began to return to the countryside, while the other undertook, together with the bankers and the petty bourgeoisie, to destroy the feudal order. Lack of money roused the masses to bourgeois revolutions. This was also a plan. Only in Russia everything turned out differently. And in the east. The Russian peasant, even a serf, was not very eager to enter the city. Moreover, the city,in contrast to Western European practice, it was not freed from serfdom. Instead of a sweet city life, he strove to Siberia, away from the rule of the landowners. At will. That is why Russia until the first half of the 20th century, despite the actions of propaganda against the countryside, remained an agrarian country. It turned into a state of megacities only after industrialization carried out by Stalin. The West forced her to do it, otherwise she would have died. The West forced her to do it, otherwise she would have died. The West forced her to do it, otherwise she would have died.
But back to the counterfeit paper money. Now, thanks to them, it was possible to keep any number of slaves in the cities. Papers are not gold. You can print as many as you like. Here's the secret. But for counterfeit money, the same counterfeit person was needed. In fact, a hominoid of a different race and a completely different culture. Not able to feed himself with his labor, completely dependent and cannot imagine his life without pieces of paper, which are called money. I didn't make a reservation about race. It is a different race.
What does it mean? After all, the townspeople successfully not only feed themselves, but also accumulate considerable material values. They feed from shops - supermarkets, thanks to pieces of paper that allow them to do this. So to speak, permissive nature of universal documents issued by their owners. And deprive our citizens of life-saving shops, take away utilities: electricity, heating and hot water in winter, or, even easier, deprive them of their money! What happens? All this huge mass of civilized non-humans will immediately turn into a wild, brutal herd of monkeys. A massive looting will begin. Brother at brother's will pull a piece of bread out of his mouth. Without hesitation, kill for a warm blanket. And it would never occur to anyone to leave the city for nature, to mother earth. Go fishing, collecting wild plants, raising livestock and, finally, farming. It will be easier for them to strangle their own kind than to take a shovel and dig up edible roots or make a wick for fishing. I'm not talking about building a primitive dwelling and a simple Russian stove.
Why will it be so? On the one hand, because a city dweller cannot do anything like that. On the other hand, he simply does not want to. He has long been disaccustomed to really work. A highly specialized psyche, formed by an urban lifestyle, will not allow it. It is easier for a city dweller to engage in robbery than to try to save himself with labor. The urban population, or a swarm of slaves, is so dependent on the pieces of paper they receive from the owners, which are called money, that they, these fakes, have become a god for the townspeople. Their only real value, which allows the slaves of the spirit to get pleasure from life. Such is the pseudo-value that formed the subrace of urban residents. Many researchers have noticed that this is a kind of subrace. And not only ours, but also Western ones.
So what is the mechanism for the formation of the slave race in cities? He, like everything ingenious, is very simple. It is known that everything external in a person is connected with internal, this is the law of nature. Overconcentration on some aspect or image inhibits the development of other qualities in consciousness. The psyche begins to malfunction in the direction where it was directed by the human ego. Where does this lead? Only one thing - to consolidate such a quality in the depths of the subconscious. Here is a mechanism for building a degenerate human psyche, one for which spiritual values cease to exist as such. For her, only the value of money is real, which allows her to acquire various material goods in the trading network. Vulgar materialism was not born in the countryside, it is a product of megacities. It was formed as a result of the over-concentration of people on the extraction of money. This is a very serious factor. The ocean of paper forgeries used by the system to drive the innocent rural population into the cities, at the same time turns normal people into mentally defective. In those for whom the pursuit of material values becomes the meaning of life. For money, such non-people are ready for any crime. Because besides materialistic interests, their consciousness does not perceive anything else. Not village dwellers, but just city dwellers with a shifted psyche are easily sold and easily bought. Statistics show that our officials have been and remain in first place in terms of venality. Traditionally, they are followed by the pathetic, hating their people, the intelligentsia. Together with her, the Orthodox Church. Basically, its tip. Then come all sorts of traders-speculators and the like. That,that urban workers are least of all susceptible to such an infection does not indicate their beliefs, but that they still have a healthy gene pool, since their grandfathers, and even their fathers, came from the countryside. Only sudras or slaves, people with a slave mentality, can be easily controlled.
Such people are forged by the civilization of megacities. And, I must say, successfully. For a long time, especially at school, we were taught that a slave is someone who is whipped to work, poorly fed and can be killed at any moment. If a slave realizes that he has been turned into slavery, then in spirit he is already free. The real slave is one who does not even suspect that he, his family and all the people around him are slaves. Anyone who does not even think that, in fact, he is completely powerless. That his owners, with the help of specially created laws, law enforcement agencies, utilities and, above all, with the help of money, can force him to do whatever they need from him.
Modern slavery is not the slavery of the past. It is different. And it is not built on forceful compulsion, but on a radical change in consciousness. When from a proud and free person under the influence of certain technologies, through the influence of ideology, the power of money, fear and cynical lies, a mentally defective, easily controlled, corrupt degenerate is obtained. A slave to the spirit who delights in enjoying his chains. It is customary for us to call him a man in the street. Officials, well aware of whom they are dealing with, call such a crowd of city slaves with the capacious word "cattle". What are the world's megacities? Giant concentration camps, of course. Reservoirs of the mentally broken, crippled and absolutely disenfranchised commoners-sudras. To live in a city you only need money. To hell with talents, vocations. Long live the placewhere they pay more! Here it is - a simple and effective mechanism for the death of the one for which we came to this world. Everything changes for money. Even life itself.
Let's talk about this aspect separately. It's no secret that in modern cities, the exhaust gases of cars are poisoned by the air. In the centers of such cities, there is generally nothing to breathe. In summer it becomes especially unbearable in the heat. During traffic jams, you can lose consciousness. Poisoned air destroys the health of children, kills the elderly. In the calm, cities become especially dangerous. But the paradox is this: the most expensive land and the most expensive apartments are being sold in the central part of megalopolises! How to understand this? Crazy, but true! This behavior of people is not able to explain any science. Is the prestige changing for health? But is it only prestige that can explain such a phenomenon?
Incest or incest is a marriage between consanguineous people. Siblings are married, the father marries his daughter - all this is incest, which is translated from Latin as "criminal" or "sinful" marriage. If by the bonds of Hymen the cousins or second cousins are united, then in some countries, including European ones, such an act is not a crime.
If we turn to history, then in Ancient Egypt such marriages were obligatory among the reigning persons. It was believed that the pharaohs had no right to dilute their divine blood with the blood of other people. This point of view prevailed both in the courts of the Macedonian kings and in the Inca empire.
The same Ptolemies, who gained power over Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great, adhered to marriages based on incest. Siblings married sisters. In this way, Cleopatra was born, who is considered the most famous woman who lived at the beginning of a new era.
Biblical hero Lot indulges in the sin of incest with his daughters
So what? Just think, blood relatives married each other. They were prompted to do this by certain conventions and rules that had to be observed at that distant time. After all, the customs of all peoples are different. For some, incest was considered in the order of things. Nowadays, Mormons, having US citizenship, are combined in marriage with 14-year-old girls, and even contain whole harems of such wives. Everyone has their own cockroaches in their heads, so there is nothing to breed demagoguery here.
Morality aside, incest is not terrible. Both close relatives, and distant ones, and people of completely different genealogical lines have children. There is nothing wrong with this, since people simply have to continue their race. However, in all ages, there were peoples who did not allow marriages between young men and girls who were tied by blood. Today, the church and medicine are also strongly opposed to such ties.
Incest and hereditary diseases
Why does incest cause such a negative reaction? It all comes down to heredity. Nowadays, what in ancient times could only be guessed at has found its scientific explanation. It became possible thanks to genetics.
She claims that incest leads to genetic purity. In this case, hereditary traits appear very clearly. It's good if they are positive, and if negative. For example, a father and mother have a combination of genes that reduces the vitality of the organism. For their child, it can be fatal or cause congenital deformity and serious mental illness.
Such risks are characterized by the inbreeding coefficient. Inbreeding is the interbreeding of close relatives and duplication of homogeneous genes in their children. For uncle and niece, it is 0.125. For cousins and sisters - 0.062. Second cousins have 0.032. In the fourth generation, the coefficient is 0.016. These numbers show how many similar genes (with the same hereditary characteristics), depending on the closeness of kinship, are in the body.
From this it follows that with incest, the likelihood of the birth of sick offspring is the higher, the closer the relationship between husband and wife. The point is that in their genetic apparatus there may be a “defective” gene. It can be dominant or recessive. The "diseased" dominant gene always suppresses its "healthy" counterpart. That is, in this case, the degree of kinship does not matter.
A “defective” part of a DNA molecule can be recessive for several generations and then turn into a dominant one. In this case, the child will receive some kind of hereditary disease. At the same time, a mother can generally be a born African, and a father a resident of Brazil.
Incest marriage
But if close relatives who have married have the same recessive gene, then as a result of fertilization, a sick child will be born, since there will be no one to suppress this gene. The nascent life will be absolutely defenseless against some terrible disease.
For example, there is a rare disease called Huntington's chorea or Huntington's chorea - it's the same thing. It is provoked by only one “defective” gene. The person who became its owner is doomed to a terrible death. Up to 35 and even 50 years, a carrier of a deadly disease can be absolutely healthy.
The insidious blow comes unexpectedly. The patient's memory is lost, speech is impaired, paralysis of the whole body occurs. This is accompanied by severe physical pain. It is not possible to heal the poor man; you can only slightly alleviate his suffering by introducing strong painkillers. But in any case, the patient dies.
Now let's imagine that a woman's genetic apparatus contains such a gene. It is recessive and does not manifest itself in any way. Having reached marriageable age, a woman marries a man who is not related to her in any way. Naturally, the husband's “normal” gene will suppress the wife’s “sick” recessive gene, and the child will be born healthy.
But if this woman marries her next of kin, who also has a recessive “diseased” gene, then the child will inherit a terrible disease from both parents. This is why incest is condemned by medicine and the church. Indeed, in strangers, "sick" genes may coincide very, very rarely, and in relatives, such a probability is extremely high.
It is in this way that deafness, dumbness, disorders of the nervous system and other serious diseases are inherited. Incest provokes miscarriages and incurable vices. But one should not make a tragedy out of blood marriages. According to statistics, only 20% of newborns receive any hereditary abnormalities. 30% are absolutely healthy children. But 50% of newborns become carriers of the recessive gene.
At the same time, crossing of two completely different genealogical lines also does not give a 100% guarantee that an absolutely healthy child will be born. Among such children, there are also enough terminally ill children. After all, a recessive "sick" gene can turn into a dominant one at any moment. At the same time, doctors will not be able to do anything, since the whole process takes place at the molecular level.
Incest and intelligence
Now let's look at incest from a slightly different angle. Let's not talk about diseases, but about hereditary mental abilities. It turns out that intelligence in incest is very actively inherited. For example, among the relatives of Johann Sebastian Bach, there were 47 professional musicians. In this large family, marriages between cousins and sisters were adopted.
Let's look at the genealogical lines of Leo Tolstoy and Alexander Pushkin. Their great-grandmothers were sisters. By the way, an analysis of the genealogies of many outstanding people of the past was carried out recently. So, studies have shown that 50-year-old fathers are 20 times more likely to have a talented child than young 20-year-old dads.
These results and incest are not related in any way. It just underscores the complex and varied world of genetics. It is filled to the brim with various surprises and surprises. And therefore, it provides a huge field of activity for researchers.
As you know, in the past, representatives of the ruling aristocracy entered into so-called dynastic marriages. As a rule, the spouses were related to each other, which is believed to have led to the degradation of the clan. Recently, however, Francisco Ceballos and Gonzalo Alvarez from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) have questioned this fact.
With closely related crosses, the likelihood of genetic mutations and hereditary diseases increases. Therefore, in families of monarchs and rulers, the percentage of inferior individuals was higher than in families where such marriages were not concluded.
For example, in one of the most influential royal dynasties in Europe - the Habsburgs - marriages between cousins and uncles and nieces were more the norm than the exception. King Philip II of Spain was married to his own sister's daughter. His great-grandson, King Charles II, suffered from physical and mental disability and died at the age of 38, leaving no offspring … By the way, the family sign of the Habsburg family was an ugly lower jaw - experts today consider this a sign of degeneration.
Meanwhile, according to the theory of evolution, during inbreeding, the mechanisms of natural selection are turned on, designed to mitigate the negative consequences of incestuous unions. Signs of this are found in the animal and plant world, but until recently there was no evidence of such tendencies among people - after all, in modern human society, closely related marriages are for the most part not accepted.
Ceballos and Alvarez decided to use written sources to trace the statistics of marriages, births and deaths of more than 20 generations of Europeans, in whose veins "blue" blood flowed. So, they found out that throughout the history of the Habsburg family, the degree of inbreeding gradually increased, therefore, from the point of view of genetics, the parents of the same Charles II were more closely related to each other than if they were siblings. Therefore, it is not surprising that the family had high rates of morbidity with various ailments, as well as early mortality. So, Charles II apparently suffered from two hereditary diseases at once: a deficiency of the pituitary hormone (possibly this led to infertility) and distal renal canaltic acidosis, which caused renal failure.
However, in addition to the Spanish branch, there were others in the Habsburg family, and they all practiced inbreeding. Researchers found that 502 pregnancies in women who were consanguineous to their husbands accounted for 93 deaths of infants under one year of age, not including miscarriages and stillbirths, and 76 child deaths between the ages of one and ten. years.
Ceballos and Alvarez believe this may be a sign of natural selection. That is, early deaths serve as a mechanism to "cleanse" the population of harmful genes and prevent them from being passed on to subsequent generations. In this case, over time, early mortality should fall, experts reasoned. And it seems that their hypothesis is indeed confirmed, since in the years 1500-1800, the level of infant and child mortality in ruling families remained relatively stable, while in Europe as a whole it was changing. In addition, representatives of the highest aristocracy were less likely to die of wars or hunger than the rest of the population, who did not practice incestuous marriages.