Below is a list of historical information from foreign sources about Russia and the Rugs (in the first millennium) compiled by the professor.
1. 1st century. Tacitus (c. 55-120) mentions Rugov on the southern coast of the Baltic.
2. II-III centuries. Jordan (VI century) reports on the struggle of the Goths in the Baltic with the Rugs, who were stronger than the Germans "in body and spirit" and nevertheless were defeated by the Goths.
3. Between 307-314 years. In the Verona Document, the Rugi are named among the Roman federates.
4. Until 337. The Byzantine writer of the first half of the 14th century, Nicephorus Grigora, mentions a Russian prince who held a court position under the Emperor Constantine.
5. Second half of the 4th century. Jordan mentions the Germanariharog as part of the state, and then speaks of the Rosomon (or Rosomon) tribe, which has gone out of control.
6. Between 379-395 years. The Book of Degrees (XVI century) speaks of the "battle with the Russian warriors" of the emperor Theodosius. The information was borrowed, apparently, from the life of the Egyptian hermit Ivan mentioned here. It also mentions the attack of the Rus on the "Selunsky Grad". The news goes back to the Life of Dmitry Solunsky.
7.443-435 years. Rugs appear on the Sava River near the city of Novieduna (present-day Yugoslavia), where they clash with the Goths.
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8454 Part of the Rrugs joined the Huns and together with them was defeated by the Gepids and the tribes who were on their side, including most of the Rugs. The defeated retreated from the Danube to the Dnieper and the Black Sea, and partially retreated to the Adriatic coast. Some rugs, according to Jordan, received places for settlements in cities adjacent to Constantinople.
9.469 year. The Rugi are defeated by the Goths in the fight for Pannonia.
10.476 year. Odoacer (according to Jordan - Rrug, according to other sources - Skirr), at the head of an army consisting of Rugs, Skirrs, Turkilians, overthrew the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire. In the later tradition, he is called the Russian prince, Gerul from the island of Rügen, the Slavic prince. His descendants will rule in Styria, and in the XII century also in the Austrian Duchy. A clan and some Bohemian surnames originated from Odoacer.
11.487. Odoacer captured the king of the rugs Feleteus and his mother Giza and executed them in Ravenna for attempting to invade Italy at the instigation of the Byzantine emperor Zeno.
12.488 year. Odoacer defeated Feletey's nephew Frederic and ravaged his possessions in the Danube. Frederick fled to the King of the Goths Theodoric.
13489 Theodoric opposed Odoacer. There are rogue in both troops.
14493. Theodoric treacherously killed Odoacer. Rugi Frederick participated in the proclamation of Theodoric king of Italy.
15. Mid-6th century. The Rugi (rogi) seized power in Italy for some time, elevating their leader Erarich to the royal table.
16. 568. The Avars occupied Pannonia, and the Lombards marched through Rugiland into northern Italy.
17. VI century. The Syrian author Pseudo-saccharius mentions the people who grew up in the Black Sea region.
18. VI century. The historian of the beginning of the 11th century, as-Sa'alibi, in his story about the construction of the Derbent wall by Khosrov I (531-579), along with the Turks and Khazars, names the Rus.
19. VI century. The Caspian author of the 15th century, Zahir ad-din Mar'ashi, mentions the Rus in the region of the North Caucasus.
20.626. The Byzantine poet Konstantin Manassi (XII century) names the Russians among those who besieged Constantinople together with the Avars.
21. 643. The Arab author at-Tabari (838-923) twice names the Rus as enemies of the world, especially the Arabs.
22.765 (or 773) year. The Byzantine chronicler Theophano (d. 817) mentions Russian Helandia (ships). The Normanists read the Greek "ta rousia" as "red."
23.773-774 years. In the French poem about Ogier the Dane (XII-XIII centuries), the Russian Count Erno is mentioned, who led the Russian detachment that defended Pavia, the capital of the Lombards, from the army of Charlemagne. In Northern Italy, the Rus occupied the Garda region near Verona (the Scandinavians called Eastern Russia "Gards").
24. Ok. 778 years old. The Song of Roland (records of the XII-XIV centuries) names the Rus among the opponents of the Frankish army. "Russian raincoats" are also mentioned.
25. Late VIII - early IX century. In the poem by Renaud de Monteban (late 12th - early 13th century), a Russian count is named among the associates of Charlemagne.
26. In the poem "Sesn" (end of the XII century) the Russian giant Fierabras stands on the side of Gyteklen-Vidukind of Saxony against Charlemagne. "Fierabras from Russia" is a giant "with a beautiful mane of light brown and curly hair, a reddish beard and a scarred face."
27. In the poem "Fierabras" (second half of the XII - beginning of the XIII century) - the hero Fierabras, the son of Emir Balan, - the king of Alexandria and Babylon, as well as the ruler of Cologne and Russia. Once captured, he becomes a loyal servant of Charlemagne.
28. In the poem "Flooan" 12 peers of Charlemagne, being in captivity, beat the Saracen leaders and the Russian king.
29. In the poem "Folk from Candia" (XII century), Ganita the Beautiful received Rus and the "Amoravs" as her inheritance. In the absence of her father, she surrenders the city to the Franks and is baptized.
30. End of the VIII century. In the Life of Stephen of Sourozh, the Russian prince Bravlin is mentioned. The name of the prince, perhaps, comes from Bravalla, during which in 786 a great battle took place between the Danes and the Frisians. The Frisians were defeated, and many of them left their country, moving to the east.
31. End of the VIII century. The Bavarian geographer calls the Rus alongside the Khazars, as well as some dews (rotses) somewhere in the Elbe-Sala interfluve: Attoros, Viliros, Khoziros, Zabros.
32. VIII-IX centuries. Popes Leo III (795-816), Benedict III (855-858) and other table-holders sent special messages to the "clerics of the horns." Apparently, the Rrug communities (they were Arians) continued to keep themselves apart from the rest of the Christians.
33.839. The Bertine annals report on the arrival of representatives of the people to Louis I the Pious with the ambassadors of the Byzantine emperor Theophilus, whose ruler bore the title of kagan.
34. Until 842. The life of George of Amastridsky reports on the attack of the dews on Amastrida (Asia Minor).
35. Between 836-847, Al-Khorezmi in a geographical work mentions the Russian mountain, from which the river Dr. mustache (Dnieper?). There is also news in a treatise of the second half of the 10th century (Khudud al-Alam), where it is specified that the mountain is located to the north of the "Inner Bulgarians".
36.844. Al-Yakubi reports on the Rus attack on Seville in Spain.
37.844. Ibn Khordadbeh calls the Rus a species or a genus of the Slavs (two editions of his work are known).
38 June 18, 860. Dew attack on Constantinople.
39.861. Constantine-Cyril The philosopher, the future creator of the Slavic alphabet, discovered in the Crimea the Gospel and the Psalter, written in Russian letters, and, having met a person who spoke this language, learned the spoken language and deciphered the writing.
40. IX century. According to the Persian historian Fakhr ad-din Mubarakshah (XIII century), the Khazars had a letter that came from the Russian. The Khazars borrowed it from the nearby living "branch of the Rumians" (Byzantines), whom they call the Russians. There are 21 letters in the alphabet, which are written from left to right, without the letter Aleph, as in Aramaic or Syriac-Nestorian writing. The Khazar Jews had this letter. Alans are believed to be called Russ in this case.
41.863. The document confirming the previous award mentions Rusaramarch (Rusarov brand) on the territory of modern Austria.
42. Ok. 867 year. Patriarch Photius in the district message informs about the baptism of the Russians (the area of residence is unknown).
43. Ok. 867 year. The Byzantine emperor Basil, in a letter to Louis II, who accepted the title of emperor, applies the title of kagan, equal to the royal one, in relation to four peoples: Avars, Khazars, Bulgarians and Normans. The news is usually associated with the mention of the kagan among the Russians under the year 839 (see indication 33), as well as in a number of eastern and proper Russian sources.
44. Ok. 874 years old. The protege of Rome, Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople, sent the bishop to Russia.
45.879. The first mention of the Russian diocese of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which was apparently located in the city of Russia in the Eastern Crimea. This diocese has existed until the 12th century.
46.879. Baptism of the dews by Emperor Basil (message of John Skilitsa).
47. Until 885. The Chronicle of Dalimila of the early 14th century calls Archbishop Methodius of Moravia a Rusyn.
48. Until 894. The Czech chronicle of Pulkava at the end of the 14th century includes Polonia and Russia in Moravia during the era of the Moravian prince Svyatopolk (871-894).
49. The historian of the middle of the 15th century, later Pope Pius II, Aeneas Sylvius speaks of the subordination of Svyatopolk to Rome, Polonius, Hungaria (later Hungary, formerly the region of the Huns) and the Rusans - Rus.
50. In the "Chronicle of the whole world" by Martin Velsky (16th century) and the chronograph of the Western Russian edition (16th century) it is said that Svyatopolk "held the Russian lands." Svyatopolk "with the Russian boyar" baptized the Czech prince Borzhivo.
51. The Czech chronicler Hagetius (d. 1552) recalls that Russia was formerly part of the Moravian kingdom.
52. A number of Eastern authors retells the story about the Russians living on the island “in three days' journey” (about 100 km), whose ruler was called Khakan.
53. Late IX - early X century. Al-Balkhi (c. 850-930) speaks of three groups of Rus: Kuyab, Slavia, Arsania. The closest to Bulgar on the Volga is Kuyaba, the most distant is Slavia.
54. Ok. 904 years old. The Raffelstetten trade charter (Austria) speaks of the Slavs coming "from Rugia". Researchers usually choose between Rugiland on the Danube, Rugia in the Baltic and Kievan Rus.
55.912-913 years. The Rus campaign to the Caspian Sea from the Black Sea, noted by the Arab scientist Masudi (mid-10th century) and other eastern authors.
56.921-922 years. Ibn Fadlan described the Rus, whom he saw in Bulgar.
57. Ok. 935 year. The charter of the tournament in Magdeburg names among the participants Velemir, the prince (princeps) of Russia, as well as those performing under the banner of the Duke of Thuringia Otto Redebotto, Duke of Russia and Wenceslas, Prince of Rugia. The document was published among other Magdeburg acts by Melchior Goldast (17th century).
58.941. Dews or Rus attack on Byzantium. The Greek authors Theophanes, the Successor of George Amartolus and Simeon the Magister (all mid-10th century) explain at the same time that the dews are "dromites" (that is, immigrants, migrants, fidgets) originating "from the Franks clan." In the Slavic translation of the Chronicle of George Amartol, the last phrase is translated as "from the Varangian clan." Lombard Liudprand (c. 958) wrote a story in which he called the Rus "the northern people", whom the Greeks "in appearance call the Rus" (that is, "red"), and the inhabitants of Northern Italy "by their location Normans." In northern Italy "Normans" were called those living north of the Danube, in southern Italy the Lombards themselves were identified with the northern Veneti.
59. Until 944. In the Jewish-Khazar correspondence of the 10th century, the "king of the Rus Khlgu" is mentioned, who first attacked the Khazars, and then, at their instigation, under Roman Lakapin (920-944) went to the Greeks, where he was defeated by Greek fire. Ashamed to return to his country, Halegwa went to Persia (in another version - Thrace), where he died along with the army.
60.943-944 years. A number of eastern sources close to the events speak of the Rus campaign against Berdaa (Azerbaijan).
61.946. This year is dated a document in which the Baltic Sea is called the "sea of rugs". A similar name is repeated in a document of 1150.
62. Between 948-952. Konstantin Porphyrogenitus mentions Russia "near" and "distant", and also gives a parallel designation of the names of the Dnieper rapids in Russian and in Slavic.
63. 954-960 years. Rany-Rugi are in alliance with Otto I, helping him in the conquest of the rebellious Slavic tribes. As a result, all the tribes living by the sea "against Russia" were subdued. Likewise, Adam of Bremen and Helmold define the location of the Rugov Island as "opposite the land of the Wilts."
64.959. Embassy to Otto I, “Queen of the Rugs Helena” (Olga), who had been baptized by the Byzantine Emperor Roman shortly before, with a request to send a bishop and priests. Libucius, a monk of the Mainz monastery, was appointed bishop in Russia. But Libucius died in 961. Instead, Adalbert was appointed, who made a trip to the rugs in 961-962. The venture, however, ended in complete failure: the missionaries were driven out by the rulers. The message about these events is described by the so-called Continuer of Reginon, behind whom the researchers see Adalbert himself. In other chronicles, instead of Rugia, Russia is called.
65. Mid X century. Masudi mentions the Russian River and the Russian Sea. In the view of Masudi, the Russian Sea - Pontus are connected to the Ocean Bay (Baltic Sea), and the Rus are called islanders who rotate a lot on ships.
66. Second half of the 10th century. The Jewish collection of Josippon (Joseph ben Gorion), compiled in southern Italy, places the Russians immediately on the coast of the Caspian Sea, and along the "Great Sea" - "Ocean" next to the Angles and Saxons. The confusion, apparently, was facilitated by the mention in the Caspian regions, in addition to the Rus, also of the Saksin people in a number of sources.
67.965. Ibn Yakub visited the German (Holy Roman) Empire on a diplomatic mission and met with Otto I. In a report on the trip (included in the essay of the 11th century author al-Bekri), he describes the Slavic lands and names the Rus that border in the east with the possessions of the Polish Prince Meshko, as well as from the west on ships, they attack the Prussians.
68.967. Pope John XIII with a special bull, which authorized the establishment of the Prague bishopric, forbade the attraction of priests from the Russian and Bulgarian people and the worship in the Slavic language. The document is reproduced in the Chronicle of Kozma of Prague (c. 1125), and also by the Annalist Saxon (c. 1140).
69.968. Adalbert was approved by the Magdeburg Archbishop. The letter recalls that he had previously traveled to the rugs.
70.969. The Magdeburg annals call the inhabitants of the island of Rügen Russians.
71.968-969 years. Ibn Haukal and other Eastern authors talk about the defeat of the Volga Bulgaria and Khazaria, after which the army of the Rus went to Byzantium and to Andalusia (Spain). In the annals, these events are dated 6472-6473, which according to the Constantinople era should mean 964-965. But in the texts of the 10th century, another space era is often used, four years different from the Constantinople era, and therefore the chronicle indicates the same dates as the eastern sources. As for the campaigns in Spain, we could talk about other Russians.
72.973. Lambert of Hersfeld (XI century) speaks of the arrival at the court of Otto II in Quedlinburg, among others and ambassadors of the Rus.
73. Ok. 990-992 years. The document "Dagome Udex" mentions the place of Rousse, adjacent to Prussia, and also indicates that the border of Rus extends to Krakow. We can talk about Ruthenians, whose settlements in the Carpathians adjoined directly to Krakow.
74.992. The Hildesheim annals (XI century) mention the impending war against the Russians for the Polish prince Boleslav.
75. Until 995. In the saga about Olav Tryggvason (lists of the XIII-XIV centuries), it is said about the stay of Olav in Russia at the court of Vladimir. Mentioned is his mother (or wife) the seer Allogy, obviously the historical Olga. This spelling of the name of the princess allowed the anti-Normanists of the last century to reject the Scandinavian etymology of the name (from Helga). According to the saga, Olav suggested to Vladimir the idea of adopting Christianity, which is practically the only argument of Catholic historians trying to attribute to Rome the merit of the Christianization of Rus.
76.997. In some lists of the Life of Adalbert, who died in Prussia, ruthenes are called murderers, and instead of Prussia, Russia is called.
77. Ok. 1002 years old. The commentator of Adam of Bremen (c. 1075) speaks of the subordination of Boleslav the Brave in alliance with Otto III (d. 1002) of all Slavonia, Russia and Prussia. Slavonia - Western Pomerania or all the lands of the Baltic Slavs.
78.1008-1009. Bruno of Querfurt visited Kiev and gave a description of the trip in a letter to Henry II. After a trip to the Pechenegs, he went to the Prussians and was killed on the border of Prussia and Russia. In the life of Romuald, written in 1040 by Peter Damiani, Bruno is mentioned as a missionary who baptized Russia.
Kuzmin Apollon Grigorievich, (1928 - 2004), Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, a famous Russian historian, a prominent specialist in the history of Ancient Rus, chronicles, history of social thought, author of many books on Russian history and methodology of historical knowledge