A powerful explosion tore apart the cosmic darkness and gave rise to an endless expansion of the newly formed matter of the Universe in time and space. In Space, nebulae formed, consisting of clouds with particles of gas, dust and stellar remnants, from which supernovae are subsequently formed.
Our Sun has existed for more than four and a half billion years. It was formed in the Milky Way galaxy when the giant nebula gradually collapsed under its own gravity. The resulting object continued to thicken and heat up strongly under the influence of the reaction of the conversion of hydrogen into helium at the very center. The remnants of stellar matter continued by inertia to circle around the formed star, and subsequently gained mass, turning into planets of the solar system.
Dying, our star will be a hundred times brighter than usual. From this, the entire surface of the Earth will inevitably heat up and seethe. All life on our planet will literally evaporate.
The temperature on the sun's surface is currently sixteen million degrees Celsius. This gigantic temperature regime is maintained thanks to the stellar core. In this colossal natural nuclear reactor, three-quarters are occupied by hydrogen, one-quarter by helium and heavy elements. During the endless reactions of creating helium from hydrogen in the core of the Sun, a huge amount of energy is released, which maintains the high temperature regime of the star. When all hydrogen atoms are reborn, that is, the star's fuel will completely burn out, complete extinction will begin and its death will begin.
The sun is ninety-three million miles from the earth. This is the optimal distance for our planet so that the water in the oceans remains in a liquid state, which means that life exists on Earth.
The sun is a white star. The brightness of light from it is now thirty percent greater than at the time of its inception. And in the future, the Sun will grow in size, burn brighter, and will splash out more powerful energy. If the radiance of our luminary after a billion years increases by ten percent, then the temperature regime on Earth will become forty degrees higher. The increasing energy of the Sun is to blame for the global warming of the climate on our planet.
At the beginning of its inception, the Sun rotated at a tremendous speed, much higher than now (about two thousand meters per second). Now our star has, one might say, an average age of about four and a half billion years and the rotation rate has noticeably decreased, but the Sun continues to generate a lot of energy. On the Sun, the speed and power of the process of converting helium from hydrogen is incredible, like ninety billion megaton bombs would explode there every second. Only one billionth part of the colossal energy emitted by the Sun under the influence of internal processes reaches the Earth's surface. Since the helium nucleus already contains two protons and two neutrons, that is, more than in a hydrogen nucleus with one proton, the frequency of collisions of helium nuclei in the interior of the star will be higher. In this regard, energy will be released in much larger quantities. This also happens in the following stages. After all the hydrogen is burned out, helium will begin to turn into lithium, then lithium into beryllium, beryllium into carbon and oxygen. During the transition from one stage to another, the intensity of energy release will increase by an order of magnitude and the life time of the next stage will decrease by an order of magnitude.
The entire life cycle of the Sun will take about twelve billion years. First, there will be an intermediate stage, when our star will turn into a subgiant. At this stage, the chain of thermonuclear reactions of hydrogen transformation is already terminated in the stellar depths, but the combustion of helium has not yet begun due to insufficient heating of the core. Subgiants have hot dense cores, but have too long and cold shells, which leads to the appearance of an intense stellar wind at this stage.
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Then the Sun will be a Red Giant when its size expands to the border of the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and the radius will increase by a hundred or even, according to some estimates, eight hundred times. This stage will last about ten percent of the active life time of the Sun, that is, the stage when nucleosynthesis reactions occur in the interior of the star.
The next stage is transformation into a blue dwarf. It has a much higher surface temperature, but its mass in comparison with the original mass of the star becomes less than half.
Dying, our star will never explode, becoming a supernova, due to the fact that the mass of the Sun is insufficient for this. The mass of a star before exploding and turning into a supernova usually becomes eight times more massive than the Sun. In addition, our Sun does not have a binary companion star from which one could take energy, gaining the mass necessary for an explosion.
At the final stage of its existence, the Sun will turn into a White dwarf with a radius like the Earth, but heavy like a star due to its very high density. The white dwarf's photosphere reaches about three thousand two hundred Kelvin, while it is a very faint object. Its glow reaches a maximum of sixteen absolute magnitudes. Typically, White dwarfs make up a hidden mass involved in the formation of galactic halo objects.
When the White Dwarf cools down completely, it will turn into a cold Black Dwarf, which becomes completely invisible, due to the fact that it does not radiate energy at all. It will infinitely be in hydrostatic equilibrium, which will be maintained under the pressure of the degenerate electron gas of its interior.
Even giant stars that provide heat and energy to their space systems are gradually dying and extinguished. However, in the distant future, the nebula of our Sun will merge with another nebula and give birth to a new cosmic system with nascent new stars. The life cycles of stars replace each other, leading to the death of not only individual systems, but entire galaxies, while the life of the whole Universe continues indefinitely.