Adolf Hitler (b. 1889 - d. 1945) Head of the German fascist state, Nazi criminal.
The name of this man, who plunged the peoples of the world into the crucible of World War II, is forever associated with the most terrible, most massive crimes against humanity.
Born Adolf Hitler on April 20, 1889 in the Austrian city of Braunau am Inn in the family of Alois and Clara Hitler. Little was known about his ancestors, and even about his father himself, that this aroused many rumors and suspicions among Hitler's close associates, to the point that the Fuhrer was a Jew. He himself in the book "Mein Kampf" wrote about his ancestors very vaguely, indicating only that his father worked as a customs officer. But it is known that Alois was the illegitimate child of Maria Schicklgruber, who worked at that time for the Jew Frankenburger. Then she married Georg Hitler, who recognized his son as his only in 1876, when he was already under 40.
Adolf's father was married three times, the third time he even needed permission from the Catholic Church, because the bride Clara Pelzl was in close relationship with him. Talk about Hitler's origins did not end until January 1933, when he came to power. According to the latest biographers, Adolf Hitler is a product of incest, because his paternal grandfather was also a maternal great-grandfather, and his father was married to his half-sister's daughter.
Clara Hitler gave birth to six children, but only two were able to survive - Adolf and Paula. In addition to them, the family brought up two children of Alois from his second marriage - Alois and Angela, whose daughter Geli became Adolf's great love. His own sister, to whom he subsequently treated like a father, had been running his household since 1936, and there is information that she secretly helped people sentenced to death on behalf of her brother.
Considering that Adolf should become an official and take a proper position in society, his father decided to give him a good education. 1895 - the family moved to Linz, and Alois retired, then bought a farm with 4 hectares of land, an apiary near Lambach. In the same year, the future Fuhrer went to the first grade of primary school. There, he, his mother's favorite, had a chance to learn what discipline, compliance, obedience are. The boy studied well. In addition, he sang in the choir at the Benedictine monastery, took singing lessons in his free time, and some of the mentors believed that in the future he could become a priest.
However, at the age of 11, Adolf told his father that he didn’t want to be a civil servant, but that he dreamed of becoming an artist, especially since he really had great drawing abilities. Curiously, he preferred to portray frozen views - bridges, buildings, and never people. An angry father sent him to study at a real school in Linz. There, Adolf was carried away by the ardent nationalism manifested among the Germans living in Austria-Hungary, and he and his comrades, greeting each other, began to say: "Heil!" He was greatly influenced by the lectures of the history teacher of the German nationalist Petsch.
1903 - his father died unexpectedly, and the next year Hitler was expelled from school for poor academic performance. Three years later, at the insistence of his mother, he tried to enter the Academy of Arts in Vienna, but failed. His work was considered mediocre. Soon the mother also died. The second attempt to enter the academy was also unsuccessful, and Adolf, confident in his talent, blamed the teachers for everything. For some time he lived in Vienna with his friend August Kubitschek, after he left him, wandered, and then settled in a men's hostel.
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He drew small pictures of views of Vienna and sold them in cafes and inns. During this period, Hitler began to often fall into hysterics. There, in taverns, he became close to the radical circles of Vienna and became an ardent anti-Semite. He did not tolerate Czechs either, but he was convinced that Austria should join Germany. A year before the First World War, Adolf, avoiding conscription into the Austrian army, because he did not want to be in the same barracks with the Czechs and other Slavs, moved to Munich.
Immediately after the declaration of war, he volunteered for the German army, becoming a soldier in the 1st company of the 16th Bavarian infantry regiment. 1914, November - for participation in the battle with the British near the city of Ypres, Hitler was promoted (became a corporal) and, on the recommendation of the adjutant of the commander of the Jewish regiment, Hugo Gutman, was awarded the Iron Cross of the II degree.
The future Fuhrer behaved with restraint with his fellow soldiers, with a sense of superiority, he loved to argue, uttering loud phrases, and somehow, having molded figures out of clay, addressed them with a speech, promising to build a people's state after the victory. If the situation permitted, he constantly read Schopenhauer's book The World as Will and Representation. Even then, the basis of Adolf's life philosophy was his statements: "The right is on the side of force", "I do not suffer from bourgeois remorse", "I deeply believe that fate has been chosen for the German people." He received deep satisfaction from military operations, did not feel horror and disgust at the sight of suffering and death.
1916, September - he, having received a shrapnel wound in the thigh, was sent to a Berlin hospital, but, plunging there into an atmosphere of pessimism, poverty and hunger and blaming the Jews for all this, in December he hastened to return to the front. 1918, August - at the suggestion of the same Hugo Gutmann, he was awarded the Iron Cross of the 1st degree, of which Adolf Hitler was very proud. In October, he was severely poisoned with mustard gas during a British gas attack and was again taken to hospital. There he was caught by the news of the surrender of Germany, and, proceeding from the conviction of his chosenness, he decides to become a politician.
This decision successfully coincided with the mood in the country caused by the November revolution, the shame of the Versailles Peace, inflation, unemployment and the hope of the people for the emergence of a leader who can lead Germany out of the impasse. Racist views were developed, declaring the Ario-Germanic God-man the pinnacle of human development, occultism, esotericism and magic, the pillars of which were Helena Blavatsky, Gerbiger, Gaushofer, Aleister Crowley. Herbiger's student Zobettendorf founded the secret society "Thule", where Hitler got acquainted with a set of knowledge of ancient secret cults, mystical, demonic and satanic movements and received an additional stimulus to his already established anti-Semitism.
In the same year 1918, one of Zobettendorf's students, Anton Drexler, founded a workers' circle, which grew in speed into the German Labor Party. Adolf was also invited to it as a good speaker. Before that, he took a course in political education and worked among soldiers returning from captivity and in many ways infected with Marxist propaganda. Adolf Hitler's speeches focused on topics such as the "November Criminals" or "The Jewish-Marxist World Conspiracy."
He invested a lot in Adolf as an orator and politician, Dietrich Eckert - a writer and poet, head of the newspaper "Felkischer Beobachter", an ardent nationalist and one of the founders of the "Thule" society. Eckert worked on his speech, writing, manner of speaking, magical techniques for winning over audiences, as well as good manners and the art of dressing well; introduced him to fashionable salons.
1920, February - in Munich's Hofbräuhaus beer hall, Adolf proclaimed the party's program, which soon received a new name - the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (NSDAP), one of whose leaders, despite the opposition of some veterans of the movement, he became. After that, he had guards with the faces of criminals. Every evening, Adolf Hitler went around the pubs of Munich, speaking out against the Jews and the dictatorship of Versailles. His fiery, hateful speeches became popular.
In one of his speeches in the Austrian city of Salzburg, he outlined his program on the “Jewish problem”: “We need to know if our nation will be able to regain health over time and if the Jewish spirit can be somehow eradicated. Do not hope that you can fight the disease without destroying the carrier of the infection, without killing the bacillus. The infection will continue, and the poisoning cannot be stopped until the carrier of the infection, that is, Jewry, is expelled once and for all."
At this time, new people joined the party: Rudolf Hess, the brothers Gregor and Otto Strasser, captain Ernst Röhm, who carried out communication between Hitler and the army. An emblem appeared in the party - a black swastika in a white circle on a red background. The red color symbolized the social ideals of the party, white - nationalist, the swastika - the victory of the Aryan race.
In speed, the Nazis moved from words to deeds: they took to the streets of Munich under red banners. Adolf Hitler himself scattered leaflets, pasted posters. A resounding success brought him performances in the premises of the Crohn's circus. 1921 - Hitler seized the leadership of the party, pushing aside the previous leaders, and became the Fuhrer. Under the leadership of Rem, a "gymnastic and sports division" was created, which became the striking force of the party; and soon it was renamed into "assault squads" - SA.
Nationalist-minded officers, demobilized soldiers, and war veterans are attracted here. From that time on, the Nazis turned to violent actions, disrupting the speeches of Hitler's political opponents with their fists and clubs. For one of these acts, Adolf even ended up in prison for three months. Despite the ban of the authorities, numerous marches and rallies of attack aircraft take place in Munich, and in November 1923, with the support of General Ludendorff, Hitler, at the head of the SA detachments, began a putsch.
But the army did not support him, the police fired at the procession, arrested many leaders of the NSDAP, including Hitler. While in prison (9 months out of 5 years under the sentence), he wrote the book "Mein Kampf", where on 400 pages he outlined his racial theory, his view of the state structure, the program for the liberation of Europe from Jews. 1925 - the Fuehrer began friction with his associates: with Rem, who was against coming to power by legal means, with the Strasser brothers and even with Goebbels, who advocated the complete confiscation of the monarchists' property, and the Fuhrer received money from the nobility.
Two years later, SS detachments were created - Hitler's Praetorian Guard, one of whose leaders was Heinrich Himmler. At the same time, the Nazis chose Nuremberg as their capital, where thousands of stormtroopers marches, the number of which reached 100,000, and party congresses were held.
In the late 1920s. the struggle of the NSDAP for deputy seats both in the Reichstag and in the local Landtags ended in complete failure. They are not needed - the German economy is booming. However, as a result of the global economic crisis of 1929 and the depression, unemployment and poverty began to grow rapidly in the country. In such conditions, in the next elections, the NSDAP received 107 seats and became the second faction in the Reichstag after the Social Democrats. The communists had slightly fewer places.
Nazi deputies sat in the Reichstag in their uniforms with swastika armbands. 1931 - steel tycoon Franz Thyssen introduced the Fuhrer into the circle of the rich, disillusioned with the government and betting on the Nazis. The following year, Adolf Hitler became a German citizen and won 36.8% of the vote in the presidential election, losing to Hindenburg. However, at the same time, Hitler's associate Goering became chairman of the Reichstag.
1933 is the finest hour of the Fuhrer: on January 30, Hindenburg appointed him Chancellor of the Reich. The Nazi regime began to be established in the country. The prologue to this was the burning of the Reichstag on February 27. The communists were accused of this (by the way, later it became known about the underground tunnel connecting the Goering palace with the Reichstag building). The Communist Party was outlawed, and thousands of communists, including members of the Reichstag, were thrown into prison. Thousands of books that the Nazis considered Marxist, including G. Mann, Remarque, Sinclair, were publicly burned at the stake.
This was followed by the closure of trade unions and the arrests of their leaders. Jews and representatives of the leftist forces were prohibited from recruiting into government service. A law was passed, according to which the Fuhrer received extraordinary powers, and after the death of President Hindenburg in 1934, a new president was not elected: the chancellor also became the head of state. All parties were disbanded, except for the NSDAP, under whose control they put both the education of youth and the press. The country's first concentration camp for political opponents of the Nazis appeared in Dachau. A regime of terror was established in the country. In order not to participate in the Conference on Disarmament, the Fuhrer announced the withdrawal of Germany from the League of Nations.
At this time, disagreements intensified between Rem, who sought to strengthen his power and relied on the SA, and the Fuhrer, who was supported by the army, who demanded that Hitler take measures against the stormtroopers. Rem, preparing for the seizure of power, brought his troops to alert. And then Hitler made up his mind. 1934, June 30 - with the help of the Gestapo (secret police), arrests, executions and simply murders of SA leaders were carried out. Rem was arrested by Adolf Hitler himself and killed in prison. In total, about 1000 SA leaders were killed. Now the Fuhrer relied only on the SS, led by Himmler, who distinguished himself during these events.
And then the destruction of the Versailles system begins. General military service was introduced. German troops occupied the Saar region, occupied the left bank of the Rhine. The intensified rearmament of the army began. Selected parts of it were sent to Spain to help General Franco. The Fuhrer created the anti-Comintern pact, which included Japan and Italy. Germany began preparations for a war for "living space" both economically and militarily. At the same time (1938), Adolf Hitler put the army under his control, dismissed the Minister of War, Field Marshal von Blomberg, and the commander of the ground forces Fritsch.
In the same year, the Germans occupied Austria without resistance and, with the consent of England and France (conference in Munich), began to dismember Czechoslovakia. At the same time, laws on citizenship and marriage were passed against the Jews: they were deprived of citizenship, marriages with them were forbidden to the Germans, they are now subhuman. Soon the gypsies were equated with them. And then the Jewish pogroms began. They smashed up synagogues, shops, beat people. And then the deportation of Jews from the Reich began. Was the Fuhrer an anti-Semite? Undoubtedly, but by no means the first. All this has happened before. Only the scale of anti-Semitism, elevated in Germany to the rank of state policy, many times surpassed everything that was before.
1939, September 1 - after attacking Poland, the Fuhrer unleashed the Second World War. By 1943, almost all of Europe lay at his feet: from the Volga to the Atlantic. With the beginning of the war, at the suggestion of R. Heydrich, the "final solution of the Jewish question" began. It was said about the destruction of 11 million people. It is curious that the Fuhrer refrained from a written order about this. But on his order, cripples, terminally ill and mentally disabled, were destroyed. All this was done to preserve the purity of the Aryan race.
Since 1943, the decline of the Third Reich began, Hitler began to be haunted by only failures. And then a group of conspirators decided to end him. This attempt on Hitler's life was not the first. As early as November 8, 1939, when he performed at the Munich Bürgerbraeckeller beer hall, the explosion killed eight people and wounded 63. But Hitler survived, because he left the pub an hour before. There is a version that the assassination attempt was organized by Himmler, who hoped to blame the British for this. Now, in 1944, the top of the army took part in the conspiracy.
On July 20, during a meeting at Hitler's headquarters "Wolf's Lair", a bomb exploded, planted by Lieutenant Colonel Stauffenberg. Four people were killed and many were injured. Hitler was protected by the lid of an oak table, and he escaped with a shell shock. A brutal reprisal followed. Some of the conspirators were graciously given the opportunity to commit suicide, some were executed immediately, and eight people were hanged on piano strings, on hooks for meat carcasses.
At this time, the Fuhrer's health deteriorated sharply: a nervous tic, tremors of the left arm and leg, colic in the stomach, dizziness; fits of frenzied rage were replaced by depression. He lay in bed for hours, quarreled with the generals, his associates betrayed him. And the Soviet troops were already near Berlin. Meanwhile, on April 29, 1945, the marriage of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun took place.
Little is known about Hitler's connections with women in his youth. During the First World War in 1916-1917. he had an intimate relationship with the Frenchwoman Charlotte Lobjoy, who in 1918 gave birth to a son of an illegitimate marriage. In the 1920s. in Munich, Adolf was considered a "Don Juan". Among his admirers were the wife of the piano manufacturer Elena Bechstein, and the publisher's wife Elsa Brookman, and Princess Stephanie von Hohenlohe, and Martha Dodd, the daughter of the American ambassador. But his niece Geli Raubal, whom he moved to Munich in 1928, became a great love for him. Geli was 19 years younger than him. On her, he spent money from the party treasury and was jealous of her for everyone.
By the way, in the future, Hitler did not make a big difference between personal and state money, whether collecting an art collection for his summer residence in Bavaria or reconstructing a palace in Poland, where he was going to move. (By 1945, about 20 million marks from the state budget had been spent on reconstruction.) After Geli's suicide in 1928, Adolf suffered a deep shock and even wanted to shoot himself. He fell into depression, withdrawn into himself, tortured himself with reproaches and stopped eating meat and animal fats; forbade everyone to enter her room and ordered her bust from the sculptor Torak, which was eventually exhibited in the Reich Chancellery.
True, he himself expressed the Fuhrer's attitude towards a woman, believing that a great man can afford to "support a girl" to satisfy his physical needs and treat her at his own discretion. He met Eva Braun in 1929 in the studio of his personal photographer Hoffman. Since 1932, she became his mistress, being 23 years younger. Eva was jealous: in 1935, out of jealousy, she even tried to commit suicide. And then Hitler "officially" confessed his love to her. But the wedding took place only ten years later, and their family life lasted less than a day.
On April 30, the couple committed suicide: according to one version - Eve took poison, the Fuhrer shot himself. Their corpses were carried out into the garden and set on fire. Before his death, Hitler bequeathed all his personal fortune to his sister Paula. In a political testament, he transferred power to the new government headed by Goebbels and again accused the Jews of everything: “Centuries will pass, and from the ruins of our cities and monuments of art, hatred for the people, ultimately responsible for this, will again and again revive. to the one to whom we owe everything, to international Jewry and its accomplices."
Forensic medical examination of the remains of "presumably the body of Hitler", conducted by representatives of the Soviet Union on the jaw, was soon called into question. Stalin even announced at the Potsdam conference that no corpse had been found and that the Fuhrer was hiding in Spain or South America. All this gave rise to a lot of rumors. Therefore, the publications that until 1982 the remains of Adolf Hitler were stored in Moscow were sensationally sounded, and then, on the order of Yu. Andropov, they were destroyed, only the skull was preserved. In the history of the death of the possessed Fuhrer, many strange and unreliable things remain to this day.
V. Miroshnikova