Normanists believe that the Celts belong to the Germanic tribes. Let us analyze how the term "Celts" originated. Neither the Romans nor the Greeks indicate this. For the first time the Romans mention them and call the Celts "Celts". In later times, under Julius Caesar, the Selts were characterized as "a fierce people, fearsome with their axes," which were difficult to defeat. They were a tough and warlike tribe. From the Roman authors, the nickname of this little-known people (who lived to the north-west of the Greeks) passed to the Greeks and began to pronounce them in their own way, according to the phonetic features of the language - Celtoi (according to Strabo - Celts).
When the Greek language became scientific, classical, this word went down in history. This is how the Latin Celta was replaced by the Greek Celts. According to the concepts of ancient authors, the Selts are descendants of the Cimrs or Cimmerians (some called them Cimbri), but these are features of the phonetics of different languages.
Before the advent of the Romans as conquerors of Europe, it was believed that the Celts were a large people of Europe, which they all inhabited, from northern Germany to the "Pillars of Hercules" or Gibraltar. When Rome took possession of all of Europe, capturing lands up to the Rhine, this territory was divided into three main regions: Celtica, Gaul and Belzhica, each of which was subdivided into provinces, districts and other small formations.
Since the war of Julius Caesar with the Celts-Gauls-Belgians, a lot of different peoples and tribes have appeared in history, ending in “chi”: lemovichi, lyakhovichi, norichi, illyrichi, etc., and then in “i”, “s”: belovaki, Wends, Rutheni, Belgi. Then the Lemovichs turned into Poles, Norichi into Noriks, etc. At first they were all considered Celts. When the division into regions began, they began to be considered either Celts or Gauls, and those who managed to flee beyond the Rhine to Germany - Germans. It is known that the Lyakhovichs at one time lived to the southwest of the Sekvani (Seine) River, the Lyutichi to the east along the same river (their main city is Lutetia, now Paris).
Under the onslaught of the Roman legions, the Poles went to the sources of the Danube River and settled along its tributary Lyakh, which was so named by them and their neighbors by their personal nickname. The sources of the Danube River were in Germany. The Lyakhovichi became Lyakhams and, moreover, Germans.
Lyutichi went to the lower reaches of the Danube, later we find them next to the Tivertsy at the Black Sea.
Until the third or second centuries BC. Ruthenians, Lemovichs, Kadurtsy, Gebals lived north of the Pyrenees along the Garumne River and its tributaries. They still live there. These are Rusyns, Lemkos (Lemkiv Rus), Khabaly and Kadurtsy, being on the way of the Huns, were captured by them and, apparently, dissolved in them. In present-day Hungary, there are two villages of Khabaly and Kakadura. In the Leningrad region in the Kingisepp (Yam) region there is a Khabalovskoye lake and the Khabalovka river. This is all that remains of these tribes.
Boi lived along the Liger (now Laura) river, and to the south, to the east of Garumna (now the Garona river), lived the "tektosagi wolves". This was in the 3rd - 2nd centuries. BC. These peoples lived in other places as well. So the boi became Bohemians, and the “tektosagi wolves” became moravs who settled along the Morava River. All these peoples, called Celts or Celts, living in the south of present-day France (according to the ancient - Celtia), turned out to be close to us in language. Their languages were included in the Slavic language group. We must not forget the testimony of ancient authors that the Selts were the European descendants of the Cimrs or Cimmerians, whose lands are now occupied by the Russian People. They became part of it as the most ancient and basic ethnic element. It is also necessary to remember the indication of the author of the Veles book that the Kimry are our fathers. F. M. Appendini pointed out that the Celts and Getae spoke the Slavic language.
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That the Celts are Slavs is confirmed by the indications of some chronicles, where it is said that Scythian swears by the highest gods and the sword, in particular Zamolk, the god of the wind. The nickname Celts Celtic existed in the German annals in the 7th century. and referred to Sorbs or Sorbs of Lusatian and Sorbs in the city of Sorava.
The ending "chi" exists only in Slavic dialects (Rusichi, Bodrichi, Lyutichi, etc.).
The Romans called the Celts Celtic-Scythians, and the Scythians were the ancestors of the Slavs. Even the German chronicles speak of this. Hence, this confirms once again that the Celts were Slavs. "Silenced" is a Slavic word denoting the good attitude of a deity when the fierce blowing has ceased.
Most of the Celtic cities and natural boundaries near Nitar bear Slavic names. For example: Chepiana, Ruda, Tula, Lake Plesso, Mount Shar, Bryansk, Brislavl.
Thus, we must consider the Celts or Celts to be our relatives by common descent from the Cimmerians.
The closest connection between the Slavs, Venetians, Celts, traced at all times - from the III millennium BC. e. until the Middle Ages, the absence of a clear ethnic and geographical border between them is reflected in the works of A. G. Kuzmin and A. L. Nikitin.
The famous discovery by archaeologist V. V. Khvoiko of the Trypillian culture 20 versts from Kiev on the right bank of the Dnieper fully confirms the kinship of the Selts with the Cimmerians, for these Selts were actually Cimmerians who had moved to the west. These new places for them were called the Greek word Germany - "foreign land". This is the most important discovery of V. V. Khvoiko, which changes the entire initial history of Europe and proves that the Russian people had a different initial history, different from the one that was invented for us. The discovery was, of course, rejected by the Normans and has not been recognized to this day.
The Slavs spread in various Eurasian directions. This is evidenced by the latest discoveries. This is how the famous British historian Howard Read proved that the character of knightly legends, King Arthur, the owner of the famous Round Table, was a Slavic-Russian prince. He is in the II century. AD together with his retinue, he was part of the army of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, crossed from the continent to the British Isles. Before that, he was the leader of one of the South Russian Slavic tribes, famous for his tall and blond horsemen, who terrified the steppe inhabitants.
Arthur's cavalrymen, as the 8000th "barbarian" auxiliary detachment, were taken into the imperial service, participated in many battles, and after the conquest of Britain remained on its territory. The main evidence of Horward Reed is: previously unpublished fragments of the poem by Galfrid of Monmouth about King Arthur, as well as a comparative analysis of symbols from ancient burials on the territory of Russia and in the drawings of banners under which the soldiers of the legendary Arthur, the Russian prince, fought.
Archaeologists have traced the path of these Cimmerian or Celtic settlers, through the open ancient settlements or villages, which goes directly to the west, towards Germany. All this is synchronized chronologically according to things, the remains of the living layer of these settlements. Foreign scholars claim that the Cimmerians left the Trypillian culture, and our Normanists say that this culture cannot belong to the Russian people.
Later, new monuments of this culture were discovered in the village of Usatovo, in the village of Vladimirovka and in many other places. The study of the remains of the dwelling layer indicated that there was a continuous connection between this and later cultures until the time of the glades. This is a consistently progressive culture with the addition of many new phases of development.
Now we know that the Scythians came from the Balkan Peninsula to the Easter River, and then further. Their movement went on for centuries and was noted in the residential layers and their stratigraphy, it is documented. Over time, the Scythians merged with the Cimmerians, and the descendants of the suromats joined them. Passing by Krivichi, northerners and other peoples also left their traces. All this is our beginning, our initial history. This is the initial history of the Russian south.
On the Old Valdai Upland, from where most of the rivers of European Russia originate, there was a new, but the same ancient Fatyanovo culture. It starts south of the Sukhona River, goes along the Sheksna River to the Mologa River, covers the area of the cities of Yaroslavl, Kostroma, descends to Tver and Suzdal, covers Moscow, stretches to the Ugra River and is lost in Transnistria. Both cultures developed around the Neolithic and Bronze Age. How many cultures have not been discovered yet?
According to the testimony of a linguist, a specialist in ancient languages (Sumerian, Assyrian, Celtic, Cuman (Pechenegs), Gypsy and ancient dialects of the German language), Professor of Columbia University John D. Prins, the Celtic or Celtic people in language belong to the Slavic group, close in religion and customs …
To confirm interethnic ties and contacts of tribes of the Neolithic and Bronze Age, the finds on our lands of the centers of the Aryan and Uralian culture, called Andronovskaya (II millennium BC), are especially indicative. They are found in vast areas up to the right bank of the Dnieper, where they were surrounded by Slavic settlements.
In addition to the similarity of the language and religious cults of the Aryans and Slavs, for centuries a common sign system of symbols and magical outlines has been developed before the written period, which were included in the ornament of utensils and other types of decorative and applied and visual arts.
At the turn of the II-I millennium BC. in the middle of the Dnieper region, there was a Chornolis culture, of course, defined as Proto-Slavic, around the core, which formed a strong alliance of Slavic tribes on the lands from the Dnieper to the Bug. The tribes of this union are known in history under the name of the chipped, which was already used by Herodotus, who reports about the deep rivers of this land, along which large ships sail, and about large villages-cities.
On the Valdai Upland, along the rivers that originate here, there were tribes of Belarusians, Geloni, Nerves, Roksolans, Yatsigi, Ludotsi, etc. The Romans called them Sarmatians, and the Greeks Scythians, Suromats - all these are Russian tribes.
The Lyutich tribe came to the Baltic coast at the very beginning of our era from the direction of the Sequana River (the Seine River in present-day France) from the area where modern Paris is located and from its banks. Here they had the city of Lutetia. In ancient times, this tribe was part of the 12 tribal federation of the Rasena state, or as the Romans called them - Etruria with its center in the city of Lutsa (Luca) on the Auser (Ozer) river. From here they were driven out by the Latins and captured the city of Rasen. The Etrurians went to the Gallic Transpadis, settled for a short time near the city of Milin, and then left with the kimrogalls to the Sequane River. They apparently came to Russian territory in the 7th or early 8th centuries. AD from the side of the Baltic Sea, where several of their tribes lived. Some of them remained in place, while others went east, to the Russian lands. On Russian territory, they lived in the corner of the northwestern coast of the Black Sea and were known as uliches. From here, during the time of the Grand Dukes Igor and Svyatoslav, they moved to the region of the Carpathian Mountains. Another part of them settled in central and northern Russia.
About 400g. BC. the Celts moved east from the Rhine and Upper Danube regions. They moved in several waves down along the Danube and its tributaries.
About 380-350. BC. Celts settled in the area of Lake Balaton. They built the settlements of Vindoboka (modern Vienna), Singidunum (Belgrade) and others. At the beginning of the 3rd century. BC. one of the Celtic streams headed for the Balkan Peninsula.
In 279. BC. under the leadership of Brennus, they passed through the lands of Illyria, devastated Macedonia, invaded Thrace and Greece and reached Delphi, where they were defeated by the Greeks.
Another group of Celts (Gauls) around 270 AD. BC. settled in Anatolia, in the area of modern Ankara, where she formed the state of Galatia. From Greece, Brenna's warriors retreated to the north and settled in the Danube, between the Sava and Morava rivers. Here arose the state of the Celtic tribe of Skordis with the main city of Singidun.
In the first half of the 3rd century. BC. part of the Celts settled in Transylvania, Olteni and Bukovina, and the other on the lower Danube. The Celts easily mixed with the local population and spread the La Tene culture everywhere.
In the II century. BC. another group of Celts crossed the Carpathians and settled in Silesia and the upper reaches of the Vistula, coming into contact with the Slavs.
The name La Tène culture comes from the settlement of La Tène near Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland.
In the V-I centuries. BC. the Celts made a great contribution to the development of metallurgy and metalworking. Celtic metallurgy became the basis for the development of all subsequent Central European metallurgy. The Celts had developed blacksmithing. They created an iron plow, scythes, saws, pliers, a file, drills with a spiral thread, scissors, and improved axes. Invented door locks and keys. They also had developed glass making. The Celts invented the lathe, fertilization and liming of the soil were used in agriculture.
The strongest influence of the Celts on the development of the tribes of the Podkleshevoy culture falls on the II century. BC. As a result, a new culture was created - Przeworskaya. It was named after the remains found near the city of Przeworsk in southeastern Poland. The culture spread and covered the areas of the middle course of the Oder and the upper course of the Vistula. The Przeworsk culture existed until the first half of the 5th century. AD Under the influence of the Celts, new types of weapons became widespread in the Pshevor milieu: double-edged swords, spearheads with a wavy edge, hemispherical umber shields.
Studies of recent decades have shown that the Slavic blacksmith craft of the 1st millennium AD. in its characteristics and technological culture, it is closest to the metalworking production of the Celts and provinces of the Roman Empire.
The area of the Przeworsk culture from the right bank of the Oder in the west to the upper reaches of the Bug in the east. Western neighbors are Germans. The settlements are not fortified. The buildings are cumulus, unsystematic, which were widespread in the Slavic world and in subsequent times in Russia. Sometimes they were built in a row, along the river banks. The buildings were ground, pole or semi-earthen. This culture had a two-field farming system. The Slavs sowed rye. The Germans took over the cultivation of rye from them.
The Przeworsk culture in the Polish scientific literature began to be called "Wendsian".
The Veneds are the largest tribe of European Sarmatia. According to Ptolemy (second half of II century AD), it is located in the Vistula region. From the south, Sarmatia was limited by the Carpathians and the northern coast of Pontus (Black Sea). From the north - the Veneda Gulf of the Sarmatian Ocean (Baltic Sea).
In the last third of the III century. BC. the Celts developed the Zarubinets culture 2.3-1.7 thousand years ago (in the village of Zarubinets in the bend of the Dnieper). It covers the Pripyat Polesie, the middle Dnieper and adjacent lands of the upper Dnieper.
P. N. Tretyakov draws attention to the presence of local Scythian and Milograd components in the Zarubinets antiquities. He considers the formation of the Zarubinets culture as a synthesis of local Dnieper and Western aliens. This culture is characterized by semi-earthen structures that sank into the ground up to 1 meter. In the middle of the Dnieper region, ground dwellings were built with the floor lowered into the ground up to 30-50 centimeters. The walls were wicker-framed and covered with clay. All dwellings were square or rectangular. Heating was carried out by open hearths. Most of the settlements consisted of 7–12 dwellings, large ones are also known - up to 80 residential buildings. The burial grounds are burial-free, there was cremation. Pottery, iron knives, sickles, scythes, chisels, chisels, drills, needles with an eyelet, dart and arrowheads were found. The main occupation of the inhabitants was agriculture, and cattle breeding was also developed. In the southern regions of the middle Dnieper region, blacksmiths knew how to make steel, this skill came to them from the Scythians.
The Zarubinets culture in the Upper Dnieper region ended at the end of the 1st early 2nd centuries. AD Part of the population near the middle Dnieper region at the beginning of the 3rd century. became part of the Kiev culture. Most researchers consider the Zarubinets culture as early Slavic. This was first expressed by V. V. Khvoiko at the beginning of the 20th century.
At the end of the II century. in the middle Black Sea basin on excavations of burial grounds the Chernyakhovsk culture of the Slavs was discovered 1.8-1.5 thousand years ago (in the village of Chernyakhovo in the Kiev region). In the III-IV centuries. it spread from the lower Danube in the west to the northern Donets in the east. The tribes of this culture developed metalworking, pottery, and other crafts. The villages were located in 1, 2 or 3 rows along the coastline. The dwellings were built in the form of semi-dugouts with an area of 10–25 sq.m. There are large dwellings of 40-50 sq.m. Above-ground Chernyakhovsky dwellings were large - 30–40 sq.m. The walls were frame-and-pillar. In the southern part of the habitat, stone dwellings were built with walls from 3.5 to 50 cm thick. The dwellings were surrounded by a rampart and a moat. The basis of the economy is agriculture and animal husbandry. They sowed wheat, barley, millet, peas, flax, hemp. The bread was harvested with sickles. Blacksmiths mastered the technology of processing iron and steel. Plows with iron tips were also made. Found a calendar with marked Vedic holidays associated with agricultural rituals. The year was divided into 12 months, 30 days each.
The history of the Sarmatians begins from the I-VIII century. BC. The Sarmatians were allies of Mithridates, who fought with Rome. They destroyed Olbia. No chronological gap between the Sarmatian and Chernyakhovsk cultures was found. The bulk of the Sarmatian population belongs to the Chernyakhov culture.
In Volyn from the end of the II century. AD the tribes of the Welbarsk culture lived. Its population included Slavs, Western Balts, Goths and Goto-Gepids.
The Antas, known from the historical writings of the 6th-7th centuries, was the name of a group of Slavs that formed in the conditions of the Slavic-Iranian symbiosis mainly in the Podolsk-Dnieper region of the Chernyakhov culture.
The early medieval Penkovskaya culture (V-VII centuries), which developed on the basis of the remains of the Chernyakhovskaya culture, is identified with the Antes and spreads, along Procopius of Caesarea, from the northern bank of the Danube to the Sea of Azov. It is known that in the IV century. Antes repulsed the attack of the Goths, but after a while the Gothic king Venitarius defeated the Antes and executed their prince Bozha with 70 foremen.
Chernyakhovsk culture ceased to exist after the invasion of the Huns.
All of these cultures were created by our ancestors, from which all the peoples of Europe and a significant part of the peoples of Asia originated.