In this topic, we will discuss the development of civilization and build a periodization of this development, within the framework of which we will consider both the history, the past of civilization, and modern trends and prospects for its development.
First, the existing ideas about the development of mankind in general, and about its development throughout the civilized period, in particular, are absurd, primitive and incorrect. The general picture of the historical process in them is a set of arbitrarily pulled out facts, and completely absurd interpretations are attributed to the entire development, reasons that could not really exist. What reasons lead to this state of affairs?
The main two mistakes that European modern science makes are as follows. The first is the ascribing to all people throughout the entire period of development of the same needs and intentions, the same psychology that modern man has. Modern Western science takes the position of antihistoricism, according to which any society is considered exclusively within the framework of modern concepts, the same concepts are applied to it, the same motives are attributed to people living thousands of years ago, etc. The impression is created that all the time people are only and thought about how they would come to the modern Western capitalist model of society, and they always had it in mind. Distorting the entire history of human development on the basis of this setting, Western "researchers" draw on the basis of their own inventions a completely absurd conclusion that a person,in fact, he has always been the same being, that people in all eras have lived with the same attitude to life, the same needs, the same motives, etc. That is, "people do not change." This mistake is connected with the thoughtless projection of the modern model of the structure of society on all other eras.
The second mistake that is inherent in the hopelessly materialistic Western "science" is to notice only facts, only external causes, and explain everything with their help. Western science, due to its inclination towards primitive materialism, is not inclined at all to pay attention not only to the actual motives and decisions of people, to subjective factors, but also is not inclined to search for reasons that connect all events in some logical chain. The history of the development of mankind looks like a simple listing of facts, while only external conditions that people faced are indicated as "reasons". So, for example, if we turn to Western ideas about why a person became reasonable, we will receive as an explanation a set of external favorable factors, which coincidentally coincided, in total had the desired effect. In this set, there will be random climate changes, the random occurrence of bipedal locomotion, a random transition to food rich in animal protein, and other things that have nothing to do with the origin and evolution of the traits that define the mind, which, with this approach, completely remain behind the scenes.
This Eurocentrism and obsession with external conditions, which supposedly completely determined the entire development of mankind, create a completely absurd and distorted picture of world history.
The well-known formational approach of Marx (with the classification: primitive system - slaveholding - feudal - capitalism - communism) suffers from all these shortcomings, but even with all this, it assumes at least some kind of dynamics in the development of mankind. The theory of Marx was based on the main motive of contemporary capitalist society - namely, the desire of capitalists to obtain a surplus product. That is why the whole history of mankind, according to Marx, turns out to be similar to the evolution of giraffes according to Lamarck - giraffes wanted to eat and all the time pulled their necks to the tops of the trees, and so they stretched out. In the same way, people, according to Marx, all the time wanted more and more surplus product, which determined their progress. Furthermore, Marx, following the Europeans fixated on seeing only simple facts,put forward the thesis "being determines consciousness", that is, how a person lives, so he will be. This thesis is also completely wrong and absurd.
In fact, of course, development itself does not have any external, material causes, and is a universal process that we can observe everywhere in the world. This does not mean, however, that we must, following the Western "scientists", immediately declare the existence of a new "law" - the law of universal development, or something like that. Although development itself is a universal phenomenon, at a certain specific moment, development has its own specific sources, its guides, and it is impossible to indicate any definite constant direction in which this development would take place. Thus, observing the course of evolution, we can see that the two main types of evolutionary changes are adaptation and complication (idioadaptation and aromorphosis). If the first is determined by the desire to adapt to certain conditions, the second is a general complication,which increases the level of development and capabilities of the organism as a whole. Characterized as the complication of living organisms in principle, evolution at each specific moment and in each case has different goals, different manifestations.
We will now consider the development of a certain system, which is a single whole (which, among other things, is humanity and civilization). The development of any system should be imagined as, first of all, having internal sources, internal logic, and not determined by external conditions. The integrity of the system assumes that the connections and interactions between the parts of the system are more important, stronger, and more important than influences coming from outside, because otherwise the system would simply fall apart into separate parts.
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However, this does not mean that the development of the system is arbitrary and that we cannot predict it. On the contrary, this means that when assessing the behavior, the reaction of a system, we must take into account first of all its internal properties, then some general laws of development, and - only in the last place - external conditions.
Thus, in contrast to Western "scientists", we came to the conclusion that the development of the system is determined mainly by the properties of the system itself, properties, the system itself is changeable and developed, the qualitative transitions of the system from one stage to another are also determined mainly by internal logic, and not all sorts of "external conditions" or some unchanging "laws" existing by themselves, like mythical "needs". In describing the development of mankind, just as in science in general, we must get away from the primitive materialism inherent in Western thinking, when they immediately declare any fact they see as a law of nature, without trying to deduce it from any other facts and considerations, not trying to find the reasons why in this case it was this state of affairs, and not another.
So, in the process of human development, the main task should be seen not in the fact that humanity adapts to certain external conditions, but that humanity, as an integral system, develops itself, that is, increases certain new properties and improves them.
At the present time, it is quite obvious that from biological evolution, humanity has moved on to cultural evolution, that is, to the development of certain things that are not directly embedded in human genetic nature, but things that circulate in society in the form of some information - foundations, traditions, views, etc.
Thus, it is quite obvious that for a very long time the determining factors in human behavior, his inclinations, intentions, etc., are precisely cultural factors. Cultural evolution, of course, changes a person very much, and changes him gradually. That is, it is impossible in any way to single out, say, a moment or some event as a result of which a person became rational, at once turned from an animal into a person. Moreover, rationality itself is very relative, and certain features that we attribute to the signs of rationality today appeared gradually, in the process of evolution, and over the past many thousands of years it was precisely cultural evolution! That is, we cannot consider rationality to be some kind of integral property of modern man. In this rationality, the role of, say, hardware, that is, the hardware,and more and more the role of "software", ie, part of the cultural.
Thus, we move away from the flawed Western point of view, as a result of which the entire history of the development of mankind appears before us as, in the main, the accumulation of means of production and technical progress, and we correctly point out that the main attention in considering the history of human development, explaining and identifying it patterns should be addressed specifically to the cultural component.
When considering the last stage of human development - civilization, we must take into account that at this stage the development of culture takes place, that part of culture that is characteristic of civilization, that is, a complex, large society in which we observe a significant differentiation of the functions of people on various grounds and the presence a large number of diverse connections and relationships between them. There is a part of culture that is specific to civilization, and it appeared precisely during the development of civilization - theaters, schools, political parties, etc. The long development of society led to the fact that all these parts of culture arose from some embryos, passed a long stage of development and grinding to each other, as a result of which people gradually developed a more or less holistic idea of how everything should work, changes,brought into life by these institutions, penetrated into everyday psychology, a typical life position, etc. Although we say that the development of a system is determined primarily by internal factors, that is, first there are some intentions, and then their implementation, we are everywhere everywhere in the development of civilization and mankind in general, we observe the reverse process - when certain components of culture, created in the original, most progressive centers, penetrate the lives of other people and change their way of life, their culture, their own civilization. It is the borrowing and transfer of cultural achievements, which, like a relay race, are passed from one nation to another, from one civilization to another civilization, that makes possible the development of humanity as a whole. It is the priority of the cultural civilizational component over the biological and simpler social cultural components that developed in the pre-civilized period, such as language, that makes possible the development of mankind as a civilized species in general, regardless of the carriers of this culture, natural conditions, etc.
All our own culture, our today's European and Russian civilization, is built on the most powerful foundation of the ancient cultures of Babylon, Egypt, on the culture of the Greeks, without which our modern industrial society would never have arisen. All these ancient cultures are part of our culture, they were simply borrowed by us.
The general patterns of the development of complex systems are such that this development occurs in the form of a change in some relatively stable periods, states by others, between which there are rather abrupt qualitative transitions, and a structural reorganization of the system as a whole occurs.
We can highlight quite important periods in the history of mankind, when the way of life of people has changed in a very significant way, but in this case, I do not presume to consider this history in full, but I will focus on the last big period - namely, the period of development of civilization itself. I am going to show that the long period - the period of civilization can be divided into 4 smaller periods, the analysis of history allows us to determine their duration at about 1500-2000 years, at the present time civilization in its development has already passed almost completely three periods, being faced with the need for another significant qualitative transition, abrupt changes in the structure of society, etc. The development of civilization can be counted from 3500-3000 years. BC, when the first city-states appeared. Thus,the transition to civilization was a very significant qualitative transition that made huge, extremely significant changes in the way of life of people, their worldview, etc. Before civilization there was a long period that prepared the transition to civilization, when most people lived in certain communities, on a permanent territory, in villages, small permanent settlements, while the formation of social relations, certain views of the world, customs, myths, etc., was already taking place to a certain extent. At the same time, there was no significant division of the functions of people within communities, although there was already some kind of administration in the person of leaders and so on. This period begins with the Neolithic revolution 10-12 thousand years ago, when mankind began to move from hunting and gathering to agriculture and animal husbandry, from migrations to settled life in settlements. Thus, we can assumethat this long period took about 5-7 thousand years. In this period, mankind made the most important achievements - the farming technique was developed, the main currently known animals and cultivated plants were domesticated, a loom was created, in general, the material and cultural basis for the arrangement, in our understanding, of domestic life was laid. The next stage was to be the development and creation of things that are not necessary for one person for his usual daily needs, but serve the purposes of society as a whole.home life. The next stage was to be the development and creation of things that are not necessary for one person for his usual daily needs, but serve the purposes of society as a whole.home life. The next stage was to be the development and creation of things that are not necessary for one person for his usual daily needs, but serve the purposes of society as a whole.
So, around 3500 BC, mankind began the transition from the communal stage of development to civilization.
The main differences between the community stage of development and civilization.
It is extremely amusing to observe how some scientists are trying to give a definition of what "civilization" is (as well as other definitions). They have a certain intuitive notion of what “civilization” is, and under this intuitive understanding they are trying to attach some formal signs. In fact, the difference between civilization and the community stage is quite obvious (and does not require any additional formal features such as the presence of writing, etc.). The new cultural layer that began to form in people after the transition to civilization refers to the unification of people into large society. That is, to the ordinary, individual, everyday layer of culture, a layer begins to be added in which ideas about the world are set from the position of society, and not a specific person. Despite the fact that people used to live in groups,the key difference between a community and a large society is that within the community, relations between people were built on personal relationships, people simply knew each other and could directly resolve relations with each other, solve problems, etc. Even the popularity and influence of noble people and the leaders were based on the fact that the leaders arranged receptions, feasts, showed their valor and other qualities, that is, they were guided by the personal assessment of each member of their community. With the transition to civilization - a large society, a circle of people appears who, relating to this society, no longer know each other personally, and therefore ABSTRACT rules, certain norms in which a person subordinates himself to a non-specific leader, coordinate his actions not with concrete people, but with a kind of abstract society. Norms, ideas are created,which break away from a specific, separately taken community, city, etc. and begin to be considered as norms IN GENERAL, as laws IN GENERAL, as something standing above specific people, something that meets the interests of society IN GENERAL.
There can be civilizations without writing, like the Inca empire, there can be - without cities, like the empire of Genghis Khan, there can be without a central power - the main thing that should be - norms, laws, a cultural layer in which things are considered from the point of view of not specific separately taken people, but society in general.
The origin of civilizations takes place in river valleys, where favorable natural conditions contribute to obtaining the highest yields and, as a result, a high concentration of the population. Very large settlements appear - cities in which a new culture begins to take shape - the culture of civilization. In cities, there is a division of functions between people - some are mainly engaged in agriculture, others - in handicrafts, people appear in such professions that were not at all in the community. There is a need to unify the exchange and distribution of goods within large societies, a bureaucracy appears, priests, military leaders, etc., stand out as a completely separate layer. compliance with some rules not quite obvious to them,submission to some abstract requirements. Therefore, in the transition to civilization, religion becomes the main instrument in order to force people to obey such norms. In part, it is preserved, undergoing transformation and modification under the influence of religion, and the role of an individual person - a leader, who, as a rule, is declared the son of God or something like that. The performance of actions in which people perform the functions assigned by society is justified by all sorts of myths, mystical ideas, all this is cunningly entangled in rituals, correlated with some symbols, etc. The actions that people performed then, they considered absolutely necessary, since these actions are dictated by the gods or serve some other, absolutely necessary and obligatory purpose.in the transition to civilization, religion becomes the main instrument in order to force people to obey such norms. In part, it is preserved, undergoing transformation and modification under the influence of religion, and the role of an individual person - a leader, who, as a rule, is declared the son of God or something like that. The performance of actions in which people perform the functions assigned by society is justified by all sorts of myths, mystical ideas, all this is cunningly entangled in rituals, correlated with some symbols, etc. The actions that people performed then, they considered absolutely necessary, since these actions are dictated by the gods or serve some other, absolutely necessary and obligatory purpose.in the transition to civilization, religion becomes the main instrument in order to force people to obey such norms. In part, it is preserved, undergoing transformation and modification under the influence of religion, and the role of an individual person - a leader, who, as a rule, is declared the son of God or something like that. The performance of actions in which people perform the functions assigned by society is justified by all sorts of myths, mystical ideas, all this is cunningly entangled in rituals, correlated with some symbols, etc. The actions that people performed then, they considered absolutely necessary, since these actions are dictated by the gods or serve some other, absolutely necessary and obligatory purpose.is preserved, undergoing transformation and modification under the influence of religion, and the role of an individual person - a leader, who, as a rule, is declared the son of God or something like that. The performance of actions in which people perform the functions assigned by society is justified by all sorts of myths, mystical ideas, all this is cunningly entangled in rituals, correlated with some symbols, etc. The actions that people performed then, they considered absolutely necessary, since these actions are dictated by the gods or serve some other, absolutely necessary and obligatory purpose.persists, undergoing transformation and modification under the influence of religion, and the role of an individual person - a leader, who, as a rule, is declared the son of God or something like that. The performance of actions in which people perform the functions assigned by society is justified by all sorts of myths, mystical ideas, all this is cunningly entangled in rituals, correlated with some symbols, etc. The actions that people performed then, they considered absolutely necessary, since these actions are dictated by the gods or serve some other, absolutely necessary and obligatory purpose.justified by all sorts of myths, mystical ideas, all this is cleverly entangled in rituals, correlated with some symbols, etc. The actions that people performed then, they considered absolutely necessary, since these actions were dictated by the gods or serve some other, absolutely necessary and mandatory goals.justified by all sorts of myths, mystical ideas, all this is cleverly entangled in rituals, correlated with some symbols, etc. The actions that people performed then, they considered absolutely necessary, since these actions were dictated by the gods or serve some other, absolutely necessary and mandatory goals.
Thus, the first stage in the development of civilization consisted in the development and consolidation of certain rituals, traditions, actions, people were simply taught to behave in a certain way, arguing with some cunning mystical-symbolic motives.
It is extremely difficult for modern people to imagine what tremendous power and influence the priests had with their mystical and symbolic constructions in ancient society. Although the era of the most ancient civilizations is so far away that it is very difficult to accurately reconstruct the atmosphere of that time using some well-known and illustrative examples, a closer example can be cited - the conquest of Mexico by Cortez. Although Mexico had already entered the 2nd stage of civilization by that time, the priests and ancient religions still played a gigantic role there. The legend of Quetzalcoatl, who was one of the gods of the local pantheon, helped Cortez (with a very small army of his own) to conquer the multimillion-strong country. The Aztecs themselves, during the siege of Tenochtitlan, were able to disperse almost completely the 120-thousandth army of Cortez's allies, just by spreading a rumor in which they allegedly spokethe will of the gods.
If we talk about the main aspiration, and the main value that was saturated and on which the culture of the first stage of civilization was held, then this value was a habit - all life was - blind memorization of certain rituals, traditions, and dogmatic adherence to them. For the inhabitants of subsequent eras, this would be extremely strange, but for them, the bearers of the original culture, all actions had a meaning BY THEIR SELF. More precisely, the meaning was replaced by some completely meaningless mystical-symbolic explanations. In principle, all sorts of superstitions, rituals, etc. have survived to our time, I think everyone can remember that there are people who now attach great importance to all signs and superstitions, being completely unable to really explain why it is necessary, or on the contrary, you cannot perform any actions.
Of course, many of all these traditions and rituals actually made sense, but their mythical-symbolic interpretation was aimed at explaining the need for all this to ordinary people. To some extent, the meaning (and value) of all these religions and myths was obviously known only to the priests. The power of myths made it possible to rule the state, to build grandiose structures like giant pyramids, which have survived to this day in America and in Egypt, all state policy was saturated with myths. If it was necessary to transfer the capital of the state from one city to another, this required the restructuring of the entire mythological system, as a result of which the god who was associated with this city was significantly strengthened among other gods, he could turn from a minor god into a local Zeus. However, it is absolutely necessary to note the important achievements,which the first era of civilization left us as a legacy. The main institution that received powerful development and improvement during the first stage of civilization was the bureaucratic system. The essence of the bureaucrats is to receive orders and carry out these orders, and, preferably, do exactly as indicated in these orders. That is, the main function of bureaucrats, both then and now, is to worship the instructions, and the order established by the instructions, which they remember and honor. Of course, there is a certain area of activity in which it is necessary to act in this way. Ancient civilizations developed and fine-tuned to perfection the principles of work of the bureaucratic apparatus, principles of planning, calculation of collected and consumed resources, principles of management of the most complex and responsible events,such as the construction of irrigation systems or pyramids, etc. All these skills and norms, firmly and forever introducing the idea of the need to perform certain procedures in certain situations in everyday life and the worldview of a person, formed the first cultural layer of civilization, and entered an integral part of our culture.
Building this cultural layer was a great achievement. People have learned and accustomed to perform separately, independently of each other, certain actions aimed not at their own and obvious within the framework of their usual individual ideas, goals, but at goals that make sense within a large society. This culture, which consolidated the emerging relations, the distribution of functions, mechanisms of interaction and coordination of actions between people who do not know each other and do not communicate directly, within the framework of a single program, consolidated and supported this particular way of life - the way of life as part of civilization. States could collapse and fall into crises, the system of power could collapse, but people, in whose heads these cultural norms were already sitting, united anew and recreated their large society. These cultural normsbeing transferred to other peoples, they gave them the opportunity to build their own civilizations, using a ready-made heritage, ready-made models, instead of going for a long time on their own way to their own civilization.
So, let us dwell on the fact that the essence of the worldview for the people of the first stage was following a practical imperative. In interacting with other people and in his activities in a large society, a person was guided, first of all, by the fulfillment of certain formal norms, by the observance of certain formal laws, which took the form of strict instructions, a sequence of certain actions that need to be performed. Virtue in this society was considered to be a clear and unswerving observance of rituals, prescriptions, customs, etc., which only gave a person the right to count on maintaining and confirming his status in society. For all this, people, of course, saw a certain meaning that justified their diligence. From our point of view, it is certainly nonsense to see the meaning in rigid rules, customs and rituals,but even today the remains of this culture are still preserved here and there, not in the processed, included in the subsequent layers, but in that relatively independent and self-valuable form. Mountain villages of the North Caucasus and others can be cited as reserves of such a culture, which has survived up to the present time.
Undoubtedly, values such as honoring habits and customs are deeply embedded in the heads of people who lived in the first era. It seemed to them that always and in the future any changes in society would consist in developing new rituals, prescriptions, customs, etc. Any person has a tendency to perform habitual actions and avoid committing any new actions that contradict his habits. This tendency, supported by the belief that it is precisely the observance of traditions and the usual course of things that is the most important and only correct order, did not allow people to rethink the need to change their behavior when all the limitations and shortcomings of the first model had already begun to manifest themselves. Therefore, here we will already notice that the most important thing that needed to be changed for further development, and what hindered further development,there was a system of values, there was this inclination, inclination and confidence, preserved in culture and way of life, that the meaning of life is in following customs, prescriptions, in performing certain well-known and having independent meaning, actions. In order for society to develop further, a change in the value system was needed, a transition further along the line of 4 values from one leading value to another.
Interestingly, the signs of the crisis, the inefficiency of the old system and the need to reform it were realized by some people both in the civilizations of the first era, and then, in the civilizations of the second, and in the third civilization (that is, our time). An attempt to reform the traditional system, the elimination of the dominance of the priests and a change in emphasis in governing the country in Egypt was undertaken by Amenhotep 4m, who took the name Akhenaten. This reform was carried out at the end of the period of greatness of the Egyptian kingdom, the kingdom was still strong enough, but the signs of the crisis were already visible. Approximately 100-150 years after Akhenaten, there will be an invasion of the peoples of the sea, turmoil, the collapse of the New Kingdom, and then a gradual degradation of the first of the great powers and civilizations, surrounded by emerging and rising new neighbors.
Akhenaten, seeing the signs of a crisis, tried to carry out a reform using methods traditional for his time - as a religious, reform of the mythological system. In the future, in exactly the same way, Caesar will carry out a reform in the sphere of politics, and the communists will be sure that an economic reform is needed. Akhenaten did not fully understand the root cause of the problems and the complexity of restructuring the country and society. In order for the reform to work, it was necessary to change the psychology of people, it was necessary to find and somehow try to introduce, first of all, a new value basis, on the basis of which the Egyptian civilization could step over this barrier, which stopped its further development, step over into second phase. Akhenaten's reforms did not find the necessary level of understanding among the people, who, by virtue of their psychology,continued to lean towards the old traditions and believe in the old gods. Therefore, the reform failed, and, some time after the death of Akhenaten, the main provisions of the reform were canceled. Nevertheless, the reform nevertheless somewhat modernized Egypt and allowed it to last for some more time. It is quite possible that the main provisions of the reform did not disappear, but became a kind of starting point for the development of the following religions and teachings.
The collapse of the system of civilizations of the first type and the transition to the second stage
First of all, it must be said that, having originated separately at first, civilizations soon came into contact and created a single civilized world. Back in the 19th century, Europeans did not have the slightest idea of the history of these first ancient civilizations. Moreover, they considered references to ancient cities such as Troy, Babylon, etc., which they encountered in ancient authors, as myths. Their discovery of the true scale of the spread of civilization in the 3-2 millennium BC. surprised them. There was a single civilized world, between the countries of which, through thousands of kilometers, intensive trade was conducted, they waged wars, entered into alliances and agreements, they exchanged cultural achievements, etc. All these civilizations are the most ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia, the civilizations of Crete and Greece, Hittite statethe civilizations on the shores of the Indus had similar features. And these features greatly distinguished them from later civilizations, which could be attributed to the ancient era. Everywhere the role of religion and priests was great, the temple was the central building in the city. Sometimes even the temple itself was a city - food supplies were stored there, artisans worked there, all sorts of rituals were held there, the king lived there with his retinue, etc. Civilizations in Greece of this period were not similar to the late ancient Greek civilization, but were similar to the civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia. The backbone of the ancient armies were chariots, which easily crushed barbarians on the plains. However, in the second millennium BC, these civilizations begin to experience an internal crisis. What happened then very much resembles a later situation - the middle of the 1st millennium AD,when ancient civilizations were already collapsing. Just as then, in the 2nd millennium BC, following the weakening and decline of the civilizations of the first wave, the great migration of peoples began. It is quite obvious that this resettlement and invasion of the barbarians was preceded by an internal crisis of these civilizations. All this is well confirmed by archaeological excavations, but if we can reconstruct the picture of the times of the collapse of the Roman Empire with sufficient accuracy, then it is very difficult to restore the picture of the first crisis. Approximately in the middle of 2 thousand BC, the Aryans invaded Iran, then India, where the decline of the civilizations that existed there occurs, a dark era begins, which then led to the formation of a new Indian civilization and culture. The picture is exactly the same in Greece. Greece, as a civilization that laid the foundations of modern European culture,has always been of particular interest. Now we can say for sure that there was no transition from the civilization of Mycenae and Crete to the subsequent ancient civilization - the new Greek civilization was created by aliens, barbarians, who replace, partially assimilating, the previous culture and former inhabitants of the region. The powerful Hittite state occupying the territory of modern Turkey is disappearing as if it never existed. From Egyptian sources, we learn about the invasion of the "Sea Peoples" in Egypt, approximately this event dates back to 1200 BC. Although the pharaoh repels the invasion, then Egypt quickly weakens and disintegrates, the country will never return to its former power.barbarians who replace, partially assimilate, the former culture and former inhabitants of the region. The powerful Hittite state occupying the territory of modern Turkey is disappearing as if it never existed. From Egyptian sources, we learn about the invasion of the "Sea Peoples" in Egypt, approximately this event dates back to 1200 BC. Although the pharaoh repels the invasion, then Egypt quickly weakens and disintegrates, the country will never return to its former power.barbarians who replace, partially assimilate, the former culture and former inhabitants of the region. The powerful Hittite state occupying the territory of modern Turkey is disappearing as if it never existed. From Egyptian sources, we learn about the invasion of the "Sea Peoples" in Egypt, approximately this event dates back to 1200 BC. Although the pharaoh repels the invasion, then Egypt quickly weakens and disintegrates, the country will never return to its former power.the country will never return to its former power.the country will never return to its former power.
Bottom line: the ancient civilizations could not rebuild, they were replaced by barbarians, who, having adopted the culture of the first civilizations, then created their own, new civilizations. The barbarians were not dominated by centuries-old traditions, and they were able to change their psychology much easier, which became the basis for the further progress of world civilization as a whole and the further growth of culture.
Unfortunately, much of the material cultural heritage of ancient civilizations was lost, in the "dark ages" there was a general decline of culture, in Greece, for example, writing was forgotten, cities were abandoned, other signs of high culture were temporarily lost. But, nevertheless, it was still progress.
Features of the transition from one stage to another
So, the first civilizations, which certainly had much greater potential than the barbarians, fell into decay, suffered defeat and degraded.
What is the reason for their defeat? it is obvious that we cannot say that the barbarians were stronger, or more numerous, etc. Of course, in a purely military and technical respect, ancient civilizations had to surpass the barbarians. Ancient civilizations were located on the most fertile lands, their population was large, food supplies were large, they could produce large stocks of weapons, they had trained armies, etc. Therefore, it is quite obvious that the key to victory over ancient civilizations lies in the field of exclusively psychology, methods and tactics of action. We saw that the ancient civilizations saw the approach of the crisis, saw the growing inefficiency of their methods, etc. We saw that attempts were made to reform. However, these reforms failed and the Conservatives won. When attempts at reform were carried out,they began with an awareness of the problems, but as soon as, following the logic of solving these problems, the reformers came across the fact that everything that already existed had to be changed radically, the conservatives launched a counteroffensive, and the reforms failed. Indeed, if we say now that we need to rebuild the entire science, the entire economy, cancel everything that is, and build on some new, and still not fully understood principles, many people will be horrified and say “yes that's bullshit!"and the principles are not yet fully understood, many people will be horrified and say "yes, this is nonsense!"and the principles are not yet fully understood, many people will be horrified and say "yes, this is nonsense!"
However, in reality, the problem is not to reform some institutions external to people, etc., the problem is that the first and most important thing that needs to be reformed is culture, that is, those ideas that are not located where then outside, but are in the heads of people. Starting with a change in the principles in our heads, we can easily rebuild then the entire visible material culture. However, the difficulty here was not only in the power of habit, not only in the manifestation of such qualities as stubbornness, dogmatism and conservatism. It was very difficult to fight with a whole, large system of views, ideas, concepts about how to solve certain problems, what to do in certain cases, what is good and what is bad, etc. The reformers themselves were people who grew up in this civilization, and they themselves carried this burden of prejudice,attitudes and dogmas. The reformers themselves were not fully imbued with the psychology of reforms. They were sure that it was necessary to reform the existing system, he did not understand that it was necessary to change the principles, it was necessary to change the psychological basis. In order to successfully carry out these reforms, even in order to simply understand their essence, it was necessary to break away from dogmas, discard unnecessary things that hinder seeing things in their true light and bring the logic of transformations to the end. The main thing that was needed for the transition to a new stage, for the further development of civilization and for the further growth of culture was a change in the psychological basis, it was necessary to flip a switch that gave people other value orientations. If the reformers of civilizations tried to rebuild them from above, starting to try to understand the complex intricacies of traditions, norms, laws, rules, etc.,the barbarians were free from the huge layer of culture of civilization, attitudes, etc., prevailing over them, so they easily adopted the basis of a new worldview, a new psychology, easily adopted the lower layer of culture, and using the advantages obtained, they destroyed civilizations that preferred to hold on to old norms, to the detriment of common sense and the use of adequate new methods in response to the actions of the barbarians.
It was necessary, while carrying new principles and new values, to create a new cultural layer, intertwining it with the old cultural layer inherited from old civilizations. However, it was extremely difficult to immediately understand this, it was difficult to immediately understand the principles and decide to change the established order of things, so the old civilizations held on to the old system, which, as it seemed to them, was time-tested and effective, but the problem was that this the system was effective in some things, and in the new situation new methods were needed to which many of the old traditions had to be sacrificed. The old civilizations could not figure out and agree on all this new and old, and the barbarians simply did not need this huge old layer of culture at first, they began to create a new large society, a new civilization on a new basis,developing new methods, and at the same time assimilating old methods that justified themselves in some situations from the culture of the old civilizations conquered by them. That is, the legacy of the old civilizations was not immediately claimed by the barbarians, but as their society developed and became more complex. A striking example is the revival in Europe, an appeal to the origins of Roman and Greek culture in the 14-15th centuries. The old, unreformed culture of the old civilizations, being ineffective under the new conditions, gradually fell into decay and came to naught. Civilized peoples were assimilated by barbarians!an appeal to the origins of Roman and Greek culture in the 14-15 centuries. The old, unreformed culture of the old civilizations, being ineffective under the new conditions, gradually fell into decay and came to naught. Civilized peoples were assimilated by barbarians!an appeal to the origins of Roman and Greek culture in the 14-15 centuries. The old, unreformed culture of the old civilizations, being ineffective under the new conditions, gradually fell into decay and came to naught. Civilized peoples were assimilated by barbarians!
Note that for all the complexity of the reconstruction of ancient civilizations, such a reconstruction is still, apparently, possible. We saw that Akhenaten in Egypt tried to carry out the necessary reforms, but Egypt, although it repulsed the invasion of the barbarians, then fell into decay and was conquered by other civilizations. Another example of a relatively successful (however, not brought to mind and not finished reforms) of the ancient state is Assyria. Although during the invasion of the barbarians, Assyria experienced a severe crisis, but the Assyrians coped with this crisis, and very soon, taking advantage of the advantages that came to them due to the fact that Assyria remained practically the only developed power in its region (its fate was then repeated by Byzantium), Assyrians already in the 9th century. BC began an active aggressive policy. The Assyrians rebuilt the command and control system and the army in accordance with new principles and began to use new tactics. In a short time, the Assyrians created a huge empire, capturing Mesopotamia and even Egypt. Yet, despite this success, the Assyrians, who did not completely get rid of the wrong habits of the first era, could not consolidate military victories.
Treating their enemies with disdain and cruelty, the Assyrians followed the habits of the first era, which said that only their own customs, institutions, etc. should be respected. The Assyrians saw the main task in plundering the conquered territories, they cruelly forced them to perform the actions they needed. However, the times have already passed when hundreds of thousands of people could be freely driven to build a pyramid, arbitrarily select and distribute resources, etc. Miscalculations in the organization of control systems in the occupied territories, miscalculations in the economy, where the Assyrians were in no hurry to introduce new ones, more progressive methods led to the fact that eventually the new states that became stronger tore apart the Assyrian empire and took the capital - Nineveh, inflicting a cruel reprisal on its inhabitants.
A new empire, with new principles of organizing the economy and power, will be created by the barbarians - the Persians. Unlike the Assyrians, who sought to eradicate foreign cults and beliefs, the Persians showed tolerance for the religions of the peoples that were part of their empire. They also did not show unnecessarily excessive cruelty and did not strive for total suppression of the independence of other peoples. The Persians no longer tried to suppress the will of the peoples with the help of cults, they ruled through a developed system of political power. In this regard, in the Persian Empire, it no longer mattered much what gods the inhabitants would worship, whose cult would be extolled, what specific customs would be, and how, with the help of what bureaucratic subtleties, tax collection and management of the economy on the occupied lands would be carried out. The priests and bureaucracy faded into the background in the society of civilizations of the second type. The main institution of society was the system of political power. The main thing in this system was no longer to indicate which traditions and prescriptions should be followed, the main thing in this system was the delineation of powers - who would obey whom. Who has the right to give orders, and what competence will limit his powers. In other words, the priority work in the new society was not planning actions, but setting goals, making fundamental decisions about the performance of certain actions. It is absolutely clear that a rigid system built on rituals and prescriptions that envision the whole life and actions of a person was in every respect losing to a new system, such as the one that was organized in the Persian Empire. The main institution of society was the system of political power. The main thing in this system was no longer to indicate which traditions and prescriptions should be followed, the main thing in this system was the delineation of powers - who would obey whom. Who has the right to give orders, and what competence will limit his powers. In other words, the priority work in the new society was not planning actions, but setting goals, making fundamental decisions about the performance of certain actions. It is absolutely clear that a rigid system built on rituals and prescriptions that envision the whole life and actions of a person was in every respect losing to a new system, such as the one that was organized in the Persian Empire. The main institution of society was the system of political power. The main thing in this system was no longer to indicate which traditions and prescriptions should be followed, the main thing in this system was the delineation of powers - who would obey whom. Who has the right to give orders, and what competence will limit his powers. In other words, the priority work in the new society was not planning actions, but setting goals, making fundamental decisions about the performance of certain actions. It is absolutely clear that a rigid system built on rituals and prescriptions that envision the whole life and actions of a person was in every respect losing to a new system, such as the one that was organized in the Persian Empire.what traditions and prescriptions must be followed, the main thing in this system was the delineation of powers - who will obey whom. Who has the right to give orders, and what competence will limit his powers. In other words, the priority work in the new society was not planning actions, but setting goals, making fundamental decisions about the performance of certain actions. It is absolutely clear that a rigid system built on rituals and prescriptions that envision the whole life and actions of a person was in every respect losing to a new system, such as the one that was organized in the Persian Empire.what traditions and prescriptions must be followed, the main thing in this system was the delineation of powers - who will obey whom. Who has the right to give orders, and what competence will limit his powers. In other words, the priority work in the new society was not planning actions, but setting goals, making fundamental decisions about the performance of certain actions. It is absolutely clear that a rigid system built on rituals and prescriptions that envision the whole life and actions of a person was in every respect losing to a new system, such as the one that was organized in the Persian Empire.the priority work in the new society was not planning actions, but setting goals, making fundamental decisions on the performance of certain actions. It is absolutely clear that a rigid system built on rituals and prescriptions that envision the whole life and actions of a person was in every respect losing to a new system, such as the one that was organized in the Persian Empire.the priority work in the new society was not planning actions, but setting goals, making fundamental decisions on the performance of certain actions. It is absolutely clear that a rigid system, built on rituals and prescriptions that envision the whole life and actions of a person, was in every respect losing to the new system, such as the one that was organized in the Persian Empire.
So, if the main inclination of the inhabitants of the first civilizations was the observance of the usual, fixed by customs and prejudices hammered into their heads, the order of things, then for the inhabitants of the second civilizations it was a tendency to actively formulate and achieve their own goals. Strength, might, power became the main value. The main qualities that contribute to the achievement of success and those that were in demand by the culture of the second civilization were not persistence, etc., but decisiveness, courage, willpower. As an example of a man of his era, in whom these qualities were most clearly manifested, and who used them to the fullest, we can call Alexander the Great. In general, Greek culture was the most striking phenomenon of the second era of civilization, it was the Greeks who made the greatest contribution to the total cultural layer of their era. Greek culture became a bridge between east and west, absorbing, on the one hand, the culture of the east, when after Alexander's campaign a huge empire was created, which even occupied the territory of India, on the other hand, the Greek culture itself was borrowed by the Romans, who, complementing its own modifications, introduced among the barbarians of Gaul and Britain. Thus, in the ancient era, a single ancient culture, worldview was formed, a huge civilized world was formed, again connected by trade routes, diplomatic agreements, etc. countries of the East, and she created the most advanced and developed culture of her time. Similar,the new culture of the 3rd era was developed not in the old places, where the ancient cities and traditions with a rich history existed, but in the new ones - in the north of Europe.
The Greeks have significantly developed economics, science and art. All major systems of political structure were field tested in the Greek city-states. The traditions of various sports and games originate from the Greeks, our modern theater begins from the Greeks, the Greco-Roman educational system, copied almost unchanged, existed in Europe until the end of the 19th century. the Greeks torn education and science away from purely vocational training and from priestly mysticism. They created separate sciences, which they tried to fill with knowledge on their own. The Greeks and Romans created a magnificent developed civilization, in which there were cities with a population of over a million people, political parties and schools of thought, a well-thought-out unified management system, developed technologies and the production of various goods, etc. The Greeks and Romans showed a much greater desire to explore and develop new lands, to expand their territory and culture, with them new peoples were converted into civilization and new lands were occupied. However, from our point of view today, we would still find their activity and capabilities, the class of those tasks that they set for themselves, insufficient. From our point of view, the Greeks and Romans thought somehow rather primitive and differed in primitive requests. For some reason, they did not want to search, explore and annex new lands, did not try to benefit also from the inventions, discoveries, and promising developments they made. They thought, frankly speaking, straightforwardly. And too specific. I don't need this thing? So let's throw it out. Or we will adapt it somewhere as an entertaining artifact. The Greeks and Romans did not yet think in terms of benefits,what the Western "scientists" are stubbornly trying to ascribe to them, and for them that which could not be directly correlated with any specific goal had no special value. The Greeks and Romans preferred simple, concrete solutions.
In general, representatives of each lesser era are less active and less cohesive. More active, more united and more persistent and consistent in achieving their goals, barbarians come and smash the loose, unreconstructed societies of ancient civilizations with their stone axes and clubs. While civilization has not yet exhausted the possibilities of development and is passing its evolutionary path at a stage interval, people are still doing useful things that contribute to the development and strengthening of their culture and civilization. However, as time passes, civilization, as it were, reaches the upper limits of growth, when the aspirations that possessed most of the people of this civilization are generally satisfied, and degeneration sets in. People waste their energy, their strength, resources,its excellent accumulated and developed technologies and its time for all sorts of nonsense. The actions of people no longer correlate either with the interests of society or with the goals of development. Human activity loses its constructive character, it ceases to lead to important and necessary results. All this, just like at the end of the ancient era, we observe in our days. Completely passive, selfish and dogmatic people flood Internet forums, they do not set themselves any goals, engaging in chatter, pouring from empty to empty and disputes, in which they retell and repeat to each other the same dogmas, replicated by the media, a thousand times. These people, due to their narrow-mindedness and arrogance, fell into the illusion that all the possibilities of civilization exist only so that they waste time wasting, doing only that,what would come to their mind and indulge their stupid ego. Likewise, stupid Romans, gathering at the end of the ancient era on the streets of Rome, shouted "bread and circuses", confident in their arrogance that life is arranged in order to satisfy their stupid primitive needs. It is clear that, just as for the Egyptians, who did not want to give up their habits, it all ended badly for them.
About the "slave system". Modern "scientists" combine the 1st and 2nd stages of civilization into one (and the 3rd is divided into 2), calling them a "slave system". You and I have already seen that between the 1st and 2nd stages there are huge, fundamental differences, quite obvious within the framework of my correct periodization. Slavery also bore a number of characteristic distinctive features in these two stages. In the 1st era, at the dawn of civilization, there was no slavery at all. All people were free and relatively equal in rights. Slavery appears when wars start, conflicts between cities and states, as a result of which prisoners are taken. From the point of view of civilization of the 1st level, the main task for a person in society is to perform certain functions and duties. That is, the captured opponents were considered in terms ofwhether they have any value in terms of functionality, similar to how they paid attention to the functionality and usefulness of a thing. Prisoners who fell into a foreign society, with other customs and traditions, were extremely limited in taking at least a minimal part in his life and possessing at least minimal rights. If the victors believed that the captured could be adapted to perform some specific functions, then they were enslaved. In Egypt, a large number of slaves appeared after the deployment of powerful campaigns of conquest, the slaves were distributed to work for the pharaoh, in the economy of temples and nobles. However, while playing a role in the economy, slaves were not an essential element of 1st era society. Slaves are workers who can be made to do some work,but in the system of social relations the class of slaves did not yet represent any special role, slaves were used to carry out the same work as ordinary peasants. Slaves were seen as an additional labor resource, but not as some special, obligatory social class, as a proper component of society. A truly slave system was the system of the 2nd era. Here, where relationships between people were based on the order-obedience relationship, slavery became an integral part of society. Unlike the 1st era, where both slaves and free peasants performed, in fact, the same functions - they worked on the instructions of the pharaoh and were severely limited in personal freedom, in the 2nd era there is a sharp division of society into free and slaves. Some Greek authors, notablytrying to substantiate this state of affairs and this division by some natural "reasons", that is, that there are, as it were, people who are destined by nature to be slaves, there are - who are destined to be free. The division of society into those who must give orders and support the regime and power, and those who must obey is consolidated. Accordingly, over time, slaves become the main productive force, all labor and production based on their use. A slave is no longer a function, but a characteristic of a person's position. As for the fact that the labor of slaves is ineffective in comparison with the labor of, say, dependent peasants, since those allegedly are more interested in labor, this is, of course, stupidity. It is not labor that is ineffective, the whole system is ineffective, becauseslave owners lose the desire not only to engage in any improvements, but also to engage in, as we would say now, business. There is some constant source of income, the funds from which can be easily appropriated without making any investments and without spending much effort. if under capitalism, in order to hire workers, expand production, all this must be bought, under the slave system, property rights, like status in society, were usually resolved by force. It was necessary either to fight or engage in political intrigue. We know that in the 3rd era there were sometimes significant regressions with attempts to return to that ancient system of relations of the antique model. For example, in the United States, slavery was abolished quite recently by historical standards - less than 150 years ago. Absolutely obvious,that any attempts to introduce at least something similar to the elements of such a system today drastically reduce the efficiency of the entire economy and lead to the degeneration of society. Nevertheless, in the modern Russian economy, we can observe a number of analogies with the same type of economy - the economy of the ancient slave system. Likewise, there are figures who "control" factories, oil wells and other sources of income, seized (and not bought) through forceful actions in combination with political machinations. Naturally, having come to power, honest people should all these “new Russians” with the manners of slave owners unscrew their heads or, at best, send them to the Kolyma.in the modern Russian economy, we can observe a number of analogies with the same type of economy - the economy of the slaveholding ancient system. Likewise, there are figures who "control" factories, oil wells and other sources of income, seized (and not bought) through forceful actions in combination with political machinations. Naturally, having come to power, honest people should all these “new Russians” with the manners of slave owners unscrew their heads or, at best, send them to the Kolyma.in the modern Russian economy, we can observe a number of analogies with the same type of economy - the economy of the slaveholding ancient system. Likewise, there are figures who "control" factories, oil wells and other sources of income, seized (and not bought) through forceful actions in combination with political machinations. Naturally, having come to power, honest people should all these “new Russians” with the manners of slave owners unscrew their heads or, at best, send them to the Kolyma.honest people should unscrew their heads to all these “new Russians” with the manners of slave owners, or, at best, send them to the Kolyma.honest people should unscrew their heads to all these “new Russians” with the manners of slave owners, or, at best, send them to the Kolyma.
Unfortunately, parasitism and the substitution of the real interests of society by the selfish interests of its individual representatives take on a mass character at the end of each era. Despite the fact that by encouraging such things, society actually commits suicide, the stupidity of the people allows such things to be done. Moreover, the people themselves get used to the idea that this is quite normal, and that everyone should live for themselves. The staggering stupidity of such representations should make any person who has more brains than an amoeba, jump in a chair. Such a position is IMPOSSIBLE in the conditions of civilization !!! The resources created by civilization must be used in the interests of the whole society. Of course, the development of the whole society guarantees an improvement in conditions, and, most importantly,increasing opportunities and freedom for every person in this society. However, it is absolutely unacceptable to try, at the expense of those institutions that are needed by the whole society, to satisfy the ambitions of the oppressed oligarchs. Currently, we notice how these dastardly oligarchs are trying to grab schools, research institutes, factories that produced products important for the state for their needs, but what, every day, everyone sees how dastardly accomplices of the oligarchs cut down parks, destroy reserves, break playgrounds and etc., with the aim of seizing territory and making a profit. Just as in the body, a mutated cell that has gone crazy and begins to grow at the expense of the body, having ceased to perform its intended functions, destroys leukocytes, so in society, oligarchs must be destroyed as a phenomenon, as a class. The oligarchs will pay for everything!it is absolutely unacceptable to try, at the expense of those institutions that are needed by the whole society, to satisfy the ambitions of the oligarchs who have fallen into disarray. Currently, we notice how these dastardly oligarchs are trying to grab schools, research institutes, factories that produced products important for the state for their needs, but what, every day, everyone sees how dastardly accomplices of the oligarchs cut down parks, destroy nature reserves, break playgrounds and etc., with the aim of seizing territory and making a profit. Just as in the body, a mutated cell that has gone crazy and begins to grow at the expense of the body, having ceased to perform its intended functions, destroys leukocytes, so in society, oligarchs must be destroyed as a phenomenon, as a class. The oligarchs will pay for everything!it is absolutely unacceptable to try, at the expense of those institutions that are needed by the whole society, to satisfy the ambitions of the oligarchs who have fallen into disarray. Currently, we notice how these dastardly oligarchs are trying to grab schools, research institutes, factories that produced products important for the state for their needs, but what, every day, everyone sees how dastardly accomplices of the oligarchs cut down parks, destroy nature reserves, break playgrounds and etc., with the aim of seizing territory and making a profit. Just as in the body, a mutated cell that has gone crazy and begins to grow at the expense of the body, having ceased to perform its intended functions, destroys leukocytes, so in society, oligarchs must be destroyed as a phenomenon, as a class. The oligarchs will pay for everything!Currently, we notice how these dastardly oligarchs are trying to grab schools, research institutes, factories that produced products important for the state for their needs, but what, every day, everyone sees how dastardly accomplices of the oligarchs cut down parks, destroy nature reserves, break playgrounds and etc., with the aim of seizing territory and making a profit. Just as in the body, a mutated cell that has gone crazy and begins to grow at the expense of the body, having ceased to perform its intended functions, destroys leukocytes, so in society, oligarchs must be destroyed as a phenomenon, as a class. The oligarchs will pay for everything!Currently, we notice how these dastardly oligarchs are trying to grab schools, research institutes, factories that produced products important for the state for their needs, but what, every day, everyone sees how dastardly accomplices of the oligarchs cut down parks, destroy nature reserves, break playgrounds and etc., with the aim of seizing territory and making a profit. Just as in the body, a mutated cell that has gone crazy and begins to grow at the expense of the body, having ceased to perform its intended functions, destroys leukocytes, so in society, oligarchs must be destroyed as a phenomenon, as a class. The oligarchs will pay for everything!break playgrounds, etc., in order to seize territory and make a profit. Just as in the body, a mutated cell that has gone crazy and begins to grow at the expense of the body, having ceased to perform its intended functions, destroys leukocytes, so in society, oligarchs must be destroyed as a phenomenon, as a class. The oligarchs will pay for everything!break playgrounds, etc., in order to seize territory and make a profit. Just as in the body, a mutated cell that has gone crazy and begins to grow at the expense of the body, having ceased to perform its intended functions, destroys leukocytes, so in society, oligarchs must be destroyed as a phenomenon, as a class. The oligarchs will pay for everything!
So, at the end of the era, the crazy society of civilization, forgetting that the stage of communities was passed by humanity as early as 3500 BC, begins to disintegrate into egoists, each of whom is sure that you need to live for yourself. As a result, fewer and fewer people perform useful functions, society is increasingly weakening, degrading and degenerating. A similar picture could be seen at the end of the ancient era, we see a similar picture of a crazy society today. In the Roman Empire in the 4-5 centuries. a huge pile of parasites appears, which, being absolutely sure that they do not owe anything to anyone, begin to parasitize on society, devour resources and, moreover, in their stupidity, cause harm to those people who are trying to save the situation. Roman society 5th century - the apotheosis of stupidity, the theater of the absurd, a complete triumph of the principles of idiocy and egoism,which are now implanted in all of us by Western culture. Know how it ends! Fewer and fewer Romans refuse to fulfill the main function of a free person in the then society - to support the government and the regime. They refuse to serve in the army, refuse to perform any functions at all, refuse to do anything useful for society at all. Despite the impending crisis, despite the danger that is becoming more visible, despite the economic downturn and the loss of control over the empire, the Romans not only do not try to change their minds and do at least something to prevent the crisis, on the contrary, seeing that resources are decreasing, that the power and warm places are less and less, they grapple with each other, trying to gnaw each other's throats in the struggle for power, which is becoming more and more shaky, in the struggle for resources,which are becoming less and less. The same people who try to make at least some effort to save the Romans also fall prey to these insane egoists. As a result, all this distraught Roman society becomes an easy prey for the barbarians, who come and take from the Romans all these resources for which they fought, and then power. Terrible glitches of Western thinking in all their glory manifested themselves during the agony of Rome. In 408, the barbarians first moved to Rome. The emperor and his group took refuge in Ravenna, in an inaccessible castle among the swamps, leaving Rome to fend for itself. But after the townspeople bought off the barbarians with a large ransom, the emperor again quarreled with the barbarian leader Alaric, refusing to negotiate, and Alaric again led his troops to Rome, where the slaves opened the gates for him, and brutally plundered the city. They toldthat when the emperor was informed that Rome was dead, in response he exclaimed loudly: "Why, I just fed him from my own hands!" The fact is that he had a huge rooster named Rome, when it was explained to him that the city of Rome had died at the hands of Alaric, having calmed down, the emperor said: "But I thought it was my rooster Rome that had died."
5m in. the Romans, who practically did not have their own army, fought against some barbarians by the hands of other barbarians. In the end, the barbarians began to freely roam the territory of the empire, which the Romans for the sake of appearance granted the status of "allies". In 461, Julius Majorian, the last emperor who tried to keep the empire from collapse, was killed, and in 467 the barbarian commander of the imperial guard deposed the emperor and sent the signs of imperial power to Constantinople.
Of course, as noted above, the development of society is unconditionally and inevitably beneficial to its individual representatives, society, being a normal society, does not suppress the individuality and personal freedom of citizens, but, on the contrary, creates and provides normal conditions for development. Of course, the correct slogan for building a new society is the slogan “Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood!”, Proclaimed during the Great French Revolution. However, as we noted above, the lack of awareness and underdevelopment of individual representatives of society prevents the organization of the correct development of society and the transition from one stage to another, in particular. Of course, it is correct for all people to observe certain principles and requirements arising from life in society, but we must understandthat society actually consists of people, therefore it is absurd that the fact that some abstract society is invented, the goals of which do not correspond to the goals of the people themselves. Such a society turns into a suicidal society, which we, in particular, have also already considered above. A normally functioning society is a society in which people coordinate their actions and work out general solutions, in which there is no war of an individual against others in society, no totalitarian suppression of individuality and the introduction of stupid restrictions that impede the development and progress of individual citizens of society and therefore, ultimately society itself as a whole. We notice that, of course, the theory of evolution teaches us how great the importance of diversity is,for only the diversity and diversity of the species is the key to its successful development and evolution. Moreover, when we start standardization, when we get a species consisting of individuals similar to each other, this species degenerates, and the species disappears from the historical scene. Undoubtedly, the freedom of citizens, along with equality and brotherhood, is a guarantee of the normal development of society.
As we have already noted above, towards the end of the period, the stratification and disintegration of society sets in. Despite all the negative consequences described above, such a disintegration, such a stratification and an increase in the individuality of each citizen of society, liberation from the fetters of the restraining, totalitarian and backward imperatives of ancient societies, certainly has a positive aspect. It is quite obvious that in order to restructure the structure of the system, it is necessary to change the way the elements are connected, that is, first to divide this system into parts, and then assemble it in a new form, with the addition of new elements. Towards the end of the period, a progressive process begins in society, consisting in the fact that the old totalitarian and rigid norms, driving a person into the framework of total submission to society and suppression of his freedom,begins to blur, the person receives conditions for individual development. Despite the fact that most people, absolutely not thinking about why they were given this freedom (especially at the very end of the stage), begin to abuse it and wage a war against the whole society and against all its other participants, this freedom certainly plays and a positive role - it is only thanks to it that the accumulation of ideas, prerequisites and cultural elements becomes possible, which will then become their integral part in a new society, a society of the next stage. We notice that things that meet the values of the new, future era, the worldview of the new era are present in the old society, however, they are paradoxically present in the form of piecewise ideas that people, due to their unreasonableness, try to develop in isolation, and, being the owners of these different ideas,They scold opponents and strive, instead of creating with them an integral concept of a new society, new culture, science, etc., to suppress their ideas.
At the same time, we must abolish that the “freedom” provided to the inhabitants of the society at the final stage of the stage is, of course, pseudo-freedom. giving people freedom (relative) from destructive totalitarian things from the old society that suppress individuality in a person, this "freedom" does not provide the second most important element that people need in society - namely, conditions for development. It is not surprising that people use this freedom in order to harm society itself and not add something new and enrich society, but on the contrary, despise it, reject cultural and moral norms in general, and destroy this society, in the end, like parasites. If in the old society the lack of opportunities was combined with certain guarantees and a fairly clear program of requirements and actions for each member of society, at the final stage there is a phenomenon in which each person trying to use his freedom for development experiences suppression, humiliation, and misunderstanding on the part of the people in society, at the same time, old cultural norms are also ridiculed - the one who observes them, the one who tries to act for the good of all, is considered a complete fool and idiot. A person who has experienced suppression and disappointment in society (and in himself), imbued with hatred of society, and having the freedom to not follow any restrictions, takes an antisocial path, leading destructive activities, becoming an egoist,and not thinking absolutely about the interests and the same requests for the improvement of others. It is in our society that we can observe such a picture when "freedom" is used to suppress, to humiliate, to trample on the human dignity of people, after which these people, who have experienced disappointment in life, in their original ideals, become the same selfish, humiliating and trampling on others. The only correct option for action in this situation is to understand the causes of such problems, and the war is not against the very principle of society and mutual assistance of people, not against the existence of rules and norms that regulate the activities of people in society, just as it is not against freedom and individuality proper, suppression, the only correct option is a war against outdated customs, rules, foundations,against ridiculous prejudices and prejudices, against the old system of values, which alone is the reason that the possibility of freedom in people does not find realization, forcing them to humiliate and suppress each other, forcing them to habitually contradict each other and commit meaningless actions aimed not at their own development and transformation of society, but on their own degradation and destruction of society.
Only a few people find in themselves enough strength and intelligence in order not to succumb to the general bacchanalia of egoism, in order to oppose the insane crowd of egoists who trample on human dignity and zealously defend their old primitive value system, which allows them to do this. Consider the heroic biographies of people who died for a just cause at the final stage of the second era, but the immortal image of these heroes will be with us forever.
So, towards the end of the era, people of two types appear. The former believe that society has exhausted the possibilities of development within the framework of the old model, and it is necessary to move on, the latter, on the contrary, believe that society has just achieved what it has been striving to achieve all its life, and now we need to live for our pleasure and think only how sharing achieved. These figures not only try to preserve the functioning of society on the basis of old values, but also tear them away from society itself, from the realities of social life, and make them absolute. They say - look, all their lives people have achieved this, and achieved success, this is what drives people, we have discovered a great law, and now we will give everyone the opportunity to be Alexander the Great or Bill Gates. Values such as observance of customs and worship of a cult, power or money become things,completely divorced from the real life of society, from the concerns of people, the desire for them, which was previously correlated (and rather rigidly) with the observance of things useful for society, now loses its useful semantic load. If Alexander the Great used his power and authority for great accomplishments, the new rulers believe that power is absolute, that it was given to them for their own satisfaction, that honor and worship, the ability to issue orders to the left and to the right are an integral attribute of power, an attribute that others achieved by their actions and personal qualities, they want to have as a free application. Interestingly, at first both the first and the second express general theses, trying to destroy the existing system, however, if the former have a plan to replace this system with a more perfect one,the latter want to remove all restrictions for themselves. Typical examples of these two approaches today are the ideologies of communism and liberalism. Through the efforts of the latter, as a rule, there is a separation of the leading institution of society from the society itself and the absolutization of its attributes. That is, its existence begins to be supported not by compliance with the real needs of society, but by the unhealthy interest that people show to participate in it and its attributes - people who first developed the system and developed values to meet their needs, now become its hostages, they are forced to give up their own common sense in pursuit of the fictional pseudo-attributes of success in life - power or money.there is a separation of the leading institution of society from the society itself and the absolutization of its attributes. That is, its existence begins to be supported not by compliance with the real needs of society, but by the unhealthy interest that people show to participate in it and its attributes - people who first developed the system and developed values to meet their needs, now become its hostages, they are forced to give up their own common sense in pursuit of the fictional pseudo-attributes of success in life - power or money.there is a separation of the leading institution of society from the society itself and the absolutization of its attributes. That is, its existence begins to be supported not by compliance with the real needs of society, but by the unhealthy interest that people show to participate in it and its attributes - people who first developed the system and developed values to meet their needs now become its hostages, they are forced to give up their own common sense in pursuit of the fictional pseudo-attributes of success in life - power or money.who first developed the system and developed values to meet their needs, they themselves now become its hostages, they are forced to give up their common sense in pursuit of fictitious pseudo-attributes of success in life - power or money.who first developed the system and developed values to meet their needs, they themselves now become its hostages, they are forced to give up their common sense in pursuit of fictitious pseudo-attributes of success in life - power or money.
A similar situation develops towards the end of the old era in Rome. The old democratic system of organizing power in Rome is practically in decline. Applicants strive for power by any means, in order to get to an elective office, use bribery and organize squads of their supporters with clubs. The citizens of Rome themselves are becoming hostages of incessant internal political strife. Instead of society determining political life, the very vicissitudes of political life begin to determine the life of society. Politicians manipulate the interests of various groups in society for their own purposes. The oligarchy is growing stronger. Along with the oligarchy, corruption, abuse of power, and squabbling for positions are growing. An antisocial layer is being formed and an antisocial orientation in its actions is growing. It turns out that the old value system allows people topossessing power, to do the greatest arbitrariness and terror for their own purposes.
Sulla uses the army against the Senate, seeking recognition as a dictator, and then unleashes a bloody terror in order to destroy his opponents. Proscriptions were drawn up - lists entered into which were outlawed, and a reward was issued for their murder. It was just that rich people were included in these lists, and their property was confiscated. It is clear that such a system and practice hardly delighted many Romans. And Caesar, as a fighter against the oligarchs, leading his legion to Rome, received the support of the people. Despite the fact that Caesar had to wage a brutal civil war with his enemies, his policies are very different from many. Of course, Caesar set himself the task of carrying out reforms, and not only in terms of weakening the power of the oligarchs, but also in terms of changing the general vector of politics, changing the essence and meaning of state power,turning it over from serving the interests of individuals to something greater, introducing some new motive into it. And Caesar makes an intuitively visible and understandable turn to a new system of values that will determine the life of people in the society of the third era. For the first time, Caesar makes the basis of his policy not dictates and violence, but consensus. Caesar tries to build relationships on the principles of mutual benefit. Many of his implacable enemies were not only forgiven (and not destroyed), but were also appointed to higher positions. Of course, Caesar, consistently demonstrating such principles in his policy, counted on a response from the rest, and, obviously, on strengthening these principles in the future in political life. However, Caesar did not understand the depth of the problem,the whole breadth of the issues raised by this change in the principles, since the values and habits that pushed people to the habitual, with the help of violence, method of solving problems were already deeply rooted in psychology, people did not know how, could not and did not want to act differently. Caesar's reforms put an end to the oligarchic republican system, and became the basis of a new system of the era of the empire, but they failed in their ideological orientation. Caesar's forgiven enemies, by cunningly attacking him in the Senate, put an end to this cultural experiment. And this result, as well as the failure of Akhenaten's reforms, once again shows how great the difficulty is in shifting deep psychological and value attitudes, how futile it is to try to solve problems by digging them up from the surface.who pushed people to the habitual, with the help of violence, method of solving problems, were already deeply rooted in psychology, people did not know how, could not and did not want to act differently. Caesar's reforms put an end to the oligarchic republican system, and became the basis of a new system of the era of the empire, but they failed in their ideological orientation. Caesar's forgiven enemies, by cunningly attacking him in the Senate, put an end to this cultural experiment. And this result, as well as the failure of Akhenaten's reforms, once again shows how great the difficulty is in shifting deep psychological and value attitudes, how futile it is to try to solve problems by digging them up from the surface.who pushed people to the habitual, with the help of violence, method of solving problems, were already deeply rooted in psychology, people did not know how, could not and did not want to act differently. Caesar's reforms put an end to the oligarchic republican system, and became the basis of a new system of the era of the empire, but they failed in their ideological orientation. Caesar's forgiven enemies, by cunningly attacking him in the Senate, put an end to this cultural experiment. And this result, as well as the failure of Akhenaten's reforms, once again shows how great the difficulty is in shifting deep psychological and value attitudes, how futile it is to try to solve problems by digging them up from the surface. Caesar's reforms put an end to the oligarchic republican system, and became the basis of a new system of the era of the empire, but they failed in their ideological orientation. Caesar's forgiven enemies, by cunningly attacking him in the Senate, put an end to this cultural experiment. And this result, as well as the failure of Akhenaten's reforms, once again shows how great the difficulty is in shifting deep psychological and value attitudes, how futile it is to try to solve problems by digging them up from the surface. Caesar's reforms put an end to the oligarchic republican system, and became the basis of a new system of the era of the empire, but they failed in their ideological orientation. Caesar's forgiven enemies, by cunningly attacking him in the Senate, put an end to this cultural experiment. And this result, as well as the failure of Akhenaten's reforms, once again shows how great the difficulty is in shifting deep psychological and value attitudes, how futile it is to try to solve problems by digging them up from the surface.once again shows how great the difficulty is in shifting deep psychological and value attitudes, how futile it is to try to solve problems by digging them up from the surface.once again shows how great the difficulty is in shifting deep psychological and value attitudes, how futile it is to try to solve problems by digging them up from the surface.
And now, after the death of Caesar, another person appears, already deeply aware of all the ingrained shortcomings of the existing global system of relations in society, the system of values and worldviews, and understanding how to change - change, starting with psychology and basic subjective aspirations. He creates and promotes the doctrine that formed the basis of a new system of values and a new thinking of the third era - Christianity.
War against backward thinking
Starting this topic, I note to myself how complex it is, how many aspects can be considered here, how deep and difficult it is for ordinary people to understand. Nevertheless, all this diversity, complexity and depth can be quite simply expressed using the concept of the transition of humanity and man in his individual development along the chain of value systems, basic aspirations and criteria of "happiness", or something, satisfaction associated with his communication with people and its position, place and role in society.
Jesus Christ, unlike Caesar, correctly understood what the root of troubles is - violence, slavery and other shameful phenomena of ancient society do not lie outside a person, not in some orders, laws, institutions, but inside, they are embedded in a cultural layer, stored in the minds of people, and here I come back again and once again note the importance of the thought I expressed at the very beginning - about the priority of the cultural level that exists in society over everything else, about the priority of subjective, internal attitudes of people over any external conditions. These internal attitudes and the cultural layer have their own logic of development, in which civilization is gradually moving towards higher and more advanced values and worldview.
At the time of Christ, the matrix hammered into the heads of people (and its remnants have survived to this day) said that relations between people can only be built on violence, that anyway, in any society, people begin to find out which of them is stronger, more important, etc., that inevitably everyone strives for power and establishes such power, a system in which some command and others obey. People, being born, absorbed with cultural norms the realities of the surrounding life, which said that any person should belong to some power group, occupy some place in the hierarchy, that he should not be weak if he wants to take some place in life, that all kinds of feelings, love, etc. in any case are thrown away by people when it comes to the struggle for power and to take their place in the power hierarchy. This logic correlated among ordinary people not so much even with the state system of power, it permeated everything, everyday, everyday relations, it was the "truth" of everyday life - do not be weak, you have a dispute with a neighbor - show arrogance, aggression, etc., to succeed. Drive on it, in other words. This logic put pressure on an ordinary person, he could not feel comfortable when he did not occupy some position in the hierarchy, when he did not belong to a power group. Just as before, in the first era, such a person would feel like a black sheep, if he did not worship customs and follow along with all generally accepted stupid cults, just as now in the third era, such a person feels like a black sheep if does not follow the general cult of animal emotional manifestations, the race for profit and selfish morality. People,kicked out of society, not understanding the reasons that lie in the inconsistency of the value system, experience the deepest depression and hatred of society.
Of course, the sphere of practical thinking, and volitional, emotional, and intellectual sphere is inherent in every person, as well as in everyone, at any given time, and basic aspirations, which are the basis of the chain of four leading values and value systems based on habit, strength, love and freedom. Nevertheless, most people show stupidity and fall into insanity, self-confidently declaring that they know the nature of people, which, of course, has always corresponded and will correspond to … the leading aspiration, the leading value of the era in which they live. These stupid statements of people who self-confidently believe that they "know life" and "know people" are undoubtedly harmful, such people should be caught and taken to the laboratory for experiments.
So, Jesus perfectly understood that there could be no question of any conformity with the nature of people to this aggressive system of values, but he had to endure a war with people who contained dogmas and attitudes driven into their heads that convinced them otherwise. Jesus passed this barrier and saw perfectly how the life of people can be built on a different basis, on different criteria and on a different basis, how to make relations between them more human, how to eliminate the need for strict control and hierarchy, eliminate slavery, and eliminate violence as an integral attribute of life. people, but for this people had to be taught to think differently, to learn to understand each other, to teach to see the criteria of good and evil, the criteria of moral values. It is moral values and love, as a leading aspiration, that should have been taken as the basis of a system of values, attitudes,worldview of a new society, a society of the third era. However, then there was still a wall of misunderstanding between people, a wall of emotional misunderstanding and rejection, just as now there is a wall of intellectual misunderstanding and rejection. Christ comprehended the basic provisions of his new concept and started propaganda. On his example, we can see how difficult this task turned out to be.
First of all, it was necessary to teach people to internally refuse to follow the generally accepted logic. “They'll hit you on the left cheek, turn your right one” - taught Jesus, thereby emphasizing the need to abandon the logic of opposition, mutual aggression, from the logic of resolving the dispute by impudence and hassles. Love each other and forgive each other, each person needs to be loved - taught Jesus, emphasizing that the task is not to alienate a person, but to teach him to think differently, to switch to other values, that all people are the same in that, that they can feel that they need the love of others. Jesus perfectly understood that his logic is more correct, and that a person who grasped the essence, let intuitively, do not return back to the logic of violence, to ancient values that push him to power according to the heads of others. Jesus perfectly understands the possible negative aspects of the emotional system, and he explains in detail to people that one cannot get bogged down in vices, one cannot succumb to animal needs, base feelings.
The value system of Jesus violated all the foundations of the then society, the state system, it encroached on the power of people sitting at the highest steps of the social pyramid, who, naturally, then, as now, did not want to lose their privileged position. Of course, many people liked the sermons of Jesus, people understood that this was something new and extraordinary, that it certainly makes sense. However, not fully understanding it, they, seizing on the moments they liked in the speeches of Jesus, hoped to use them and the prophet himself for their own purposes, goals that were dictated by the logic of the existing society, and which Jesus himself could not agree. As Jesus rejected proposals from potential "allies" that were contrary to the very essence of his concept of a new value system,more and more opponents appeared who began to hate him and tried to suppress his activities. Nevertheless, seeing how all this would end, the prophet did not back down from his to the end.
So, as we have seen, thoughtless self-indulgence, arrogance, self-confidence and unwillingness to progress ultimately led to the collapse of ancient civilization. Civilizations were replaced by barbarians, and if earlier the Romans assimilated the barbarians, now the barbarians assimilated the Romans, because their barbaric level of organization was higher than that of the Romans! They had a lower level of cultural development, but the very basis of their cultural level was higher. For many centuries, the darkness of the Middle Ages fell on Europe. The new system of values, based largely on Christianity, replaced the old power, volitional system of values of the ancient society. We can also mention here the phenomenon of Byzantium, which, just like Assyria, which was written about earlier, became a half-rebuilt old, ancient power in a new skin. However, a truly new culture is emerging in a new place, in those very barbarian kingdoms, in the north - among the Franks, Germans, Rus, etc. Byzantium and Rome played their role as carriers of culture, and we, Russians, are obliged to Byzantium the foundation on which our own culture is built.
As I mentioned earlier, the decline of culture was an INEVITABLE consequence of the fact that the old civilizations could not and did not want to rebuild their own culture in time, this culture simply did not suit the new civilizations, since they built their culture on a different value basis, they could only gradually, as it developed, to digest something from the heritage of antiquity and build it into your own culture, but it was no longer the same as the Romans and the Greeks, it was new, similar to the old. At the same time, the damage done to the culture was enormous. Imagine that of all the now well-known works that everyone can easily find in the library, such as "War and Peace" or Pushkin's fairy tales, only a small part survived, which was collected in pieces, translated into Chinese, and this was considered large luck. And the threat of a new Middle Ages is already hanging over our modern civilization.
In the 6-7 centuries. the old culture is dying out and destroyed. However, even before that, under the Romans, the new value system, which spontaneously invaded the cultural space of civilization, declared its rights to it and showed its destructive and overwhelming, due to this spontaneity, essence. Faced with opposition, the new culture released its negative sides, its apologists knew that they were stronger, that they would win, but the opponents, being blind in their arrogance and seeing in the new cultural phenomenon only primitiveness, rudeness and roughness, with their opposition only fueled the fanaticism of these apologists. In Byzantium, the Olympic Games were banned, the academy founded by Plato was liquidated, Christian fanatics destroyed the famous Alexandrian library, turning it into a temple. The remains of the greatest collection of books were destroyed by the Arabs, along with half of the city. Caliph Umar said that since there is the Koran, there is no need for other books. Neither fanatics nor barbarians needed the old culture, moreover, they sought to destroy and destroy it. The contempt and nihilism of civilized egoists against new phenomena in culture and society turned against them. The wall of incomprehension they were building fell back and crushed the old civilization.fell back and crushed an old civilization.fell back and crushed an old civilization.
However, the new value base initially had greater potential than the culture of the second stage. And after passing through the gloomy Middle Ages, she brought the Renaissance to Europe. The flourishing of arts, science, economics clearly lays the outlines of a new, more developed society. Europe is slowly waking up from sleep, throwing off the fetters of religious suppression and transforming the destructive direction into the direction of creation. Creeping out of Christianity, the universalists, creating a new European science and art, lay in them qualitatively different preconditions that give them a much greater potential for development. Still within the framework of the prohibitions and restrictions imposed by the church, the masters of painting, sculpture, etc., create the greatest works of art, in which they do not focus on the beauty of the body, not on the expression of strength and will,but for aesthetic moments, for the subtlest manifestations of emotions, shades of moods and feelings.
It was the new value basis that created the conditions for people to understand these moments, a universal language for describing things and the world in the categories of morality, emotional experiences, and soul movements. In science, the new basis brought a practical orientation, which was deprived of the detached philosophical science of antiquity. And people of the Renaissance, striving to benefit from their discoveries, achieve more and surpass ancient science. In the Renaissance, the desire, which is the basis of the new value system, briskly pulls the harness of reasoning and inventions of people who WANT to bring something new, something of their own, to prove something and present it as rational and useful reasoning. This INTRODUCTION, the desire to prove one's hypothesis, the desire to find one's niche in various solutions to a particular problem, was incomprehensible to the authors of antiquity. And European scientists of modern times dug deeper, laying the foundation for the science that we have now. And now this science has stalled in its pragmatic imperative, rejecting the possibility of a systematic study and understanding of both the surrounding world and the phenomena of life.
The new era, finally ridding Europe of the harsh terror of the Inquisition, makes it the flagship of the whole world. The mission that Europe is fulfilling is building a new civilization, finalizing the foundations and characteristics of a new civilization and completing the third cultural layer. Europe fulfills this task, making an industrial revolution in the 19th century, and in all respects leaping head and shoulders over the civilization of the ancient Greeks and Romans. A new sphere of public institutions appears and is rapidly becoming the most important in the life of European society - a sphere related to economic life; numerous exchanges, banks, corporations and just a bunch of people rushing to kill their lives to create their "business" appear and develop. The end of the 19th century becomes the golden age of capitalism, a world capitalist system is created, which has penetrated all corners of the world,Europeans and their followers in the USA confidently control the countries and peoples that have lagged behind them in development, they confidently carry out their expansion, it seems that the final society has already been built, the only task is how the world map will be divided between the “civilizers”. However, the icy breath of another new era is already bursting into the world. Apologists for the new doctrine of communism already want to destroy the old world of violence. Arising in the very heart of European civilization, the new teaching spills out beyond the borders of Europe and spreads throughout the world. The 20th century became a century, on the one hand, of the maximum achievements of the third era of civilization, the maximum manifestation of its essence, on the other, a time of struggle for renewal, for reforming the foundations of this civilization, a century in which both its reformers and conservatives were defeated. Capitalism suffered blow after blow, 1st world,the Great Depression, an attempt to revenge the supporters of the force-based organization of society. The colonial system collapsed, with its disintegration Europe loses control over the planet, moreover, more and more Europeans themselves become hostages of the policies of their former colonies (and their own ill-considered policies towards these countries). A hundred years ago, when trams with signs “only for whites” ran along the streets of colonial cities, it was absolutely impossible to imagine a cartoon war or Arab pogroms in Paris, just like September 11, the terrorist attacks in Madrid and London, an open and unpunished declaration of jihad to the whole western world. The position of the modern West is as powerful decrepitude as in the Roman Empire of the 4th-5th centuries.with its collapse, Europe loses control over the planet; moreover, more and more Europeans themselves become hostages of the policies of their former colonies (and their own ill-conceived policies towards these countries). A hundred years ago, when trams with signs “only for whites” ran along the streets of colonial cities, it was absolutely impossible to imagine a cartoon war or Arab pogroms in Paris, just like September 11, the terrorist attacks in Madrid and London, an open and unpunished declaration of jihad to the whole western world. The position of the modern West is as powerful decrepitude as in the Roman Empire of the 4th-5th centuries.with its collapse, Europe loses control over the planet; moreover, more and more Europeans themselves become hostages of the policies of their former colonies (and their own ill-considered policies towards these countries). A hundred years ago, when trams with signs “for whites only” ran along the streets of colonial cities, it was completely impossible to imagine a cartoon war or Arab pogroms in Paris, just like September 11, the terrorist attacks in Madrid and London, an open and unpunished declaration of jihad to the whole western world. The position of the modern West is as powerful decrepitude as in the Roman Empire of the 4th-5th centuries.more and more, Europeans themselves become hostages of the policies of their former colonies (and their own ill-considered policies towards these countries). A hundred years ago, when trams with signs "for whites only" ran along the streets of colonial cities, it was completely impossible to imagine a cartoon war or Arab pogroms in Paris, just like September 11, the terrorist attacks in Madrid and London, an open and unpunished declaration of jihad to the whole western world. The position of the modern West is as powerful decrepitude as in the Roman Empire of the 4th-5th centuries.more and more, Europeans themselves become hostages of the policies of their former colonies (and their own ill-considered policies towards these countries). A hundred years ago, when trams with signs "for whites only" ran along the streets of colonial cities, it was completely impossible to imagine a cartoon war or Arab pogroms in Paris, just like September 11, the terrorist attacks in Madrid and London, an open and unpunished declaration of jihad to the whole western world. The position of the modern West is as powerful decrepitude as in the Roman Empire of the 4th-5th centuries.an open and unpunished declaration of jihad to the entire Western world. The position of the modern West is as powerful decrepitude as in the Roman Empire of the 4th-5th centuries.an open and unpunished declaration of jihad to the entire Western world. The position of the modern West is as powerful decrepitude as in the Roman Empire of the 4th-5th centuries.
Collapsed, due to a poor understanding of how to build a new society, and our system of socialism. Moreover, dying capitalism, dying with its dead breath, immediately destroyed and plunged our country into a deep crisis. At the turn of the 21st century, the specter of a grave crisis of world civilization has already quite clearly stood before the leaders of the world's leading powers. Having suppressed and strangled the movement of renewal that had arisen within itself, rejecting the new system of values, European civilization signed its own death warrant. Eh, where are the good old communists, anarchists and hippies? Passions about the wearing of hijabs, the publication of cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad and other nonsense are bursting into the streets of European cities, which, nevertheless, the modern Western society takes quite seriously. The generation of reformers has already replaced the generation of destroyers. However, despite this,the ruling "elite" still prefers to litter themselves and everyone else's brains, hiding the truth.