This article is devoted to the nature-conformity of physical activity in human life, the role of physical training and education in the formation of human health. A dynamic principle is shown for increasing the quantitative characteristics of health in children of preschool and primary school age through the use of special physical activity.
Movement is the basis of life, and load is the basis of its development
Features of the human structure
The human body is a complexly organized unified biological system, based on a certain hierarchy of control, expressed in the following sequence:
The integrity of the human body is ensured by the interaction of all its systems and their components, based on the interdependencies between all levels of their organization. Cells, similar in structure, combine into tissues that have their own clear purpose. Each type of tissue folds into specific organs, which also carry individual functions. Organs, in turn, are formed into 12 systems that regulate human life.
Obviously, the musculoskeletal system is the support for the entire human body, it sets the body axis, which determines the orientation and mutual position of organs, thereby ensuring the normal functioning and interaction of all body systems. The importance of such a "foundation" can hardly be overestimated, because the skeleton begins to form almost from the first days of conception. A few days after fertilization, when the egg is already actively developing, ectoderm begins to be produced in it - a substance from which the baby's bones will form in the future.
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During the third trimester of pregnancy, the baby has already formed a skeleton, the head looks proportional, but the bones are still softer than that of an adult. The bones of the skull have not yet grown together, between them there is connective tissue - fontanelles. This is necessary so that the baby can go head forward through the birth canal without injury. Nature has taken care and created an adequate and harmonious environment for the baby, in which he is properly formed and developed - he is in the womb, washed by amniotic fluid, his safety is ensured by a protective placental (biochemical) barrier. Thus, nature itself shows us, adults, the fundamental principle of the formation of conditions for the development of a biological organism,consisting in the need to create an environmentally friendly ergonomic environment for the harmonious psychophysiological development of a person and the need to extrapolate it, as the main factor, to the entire social structure for the purpose of its sustainable development. Unfortunately, the realities of the present time are quite far from such ideas and require significant correction in a wide social range - from the conscious attitude of parents to the conception of an unborn child and his subsequent upbringing, to the formation of an adequate state policy in creating a harmonious natural environment for all members of society. Modern culture, cutting science, upbringing and education according to materialistic patterns, interpreting objective laws in its own way,is capable of creating only a violent imitation activity in solving urgent social problems. As a rule, the result of this approach is often expressed in improvement through deterioration, which is a special, cynical form of social corruption.
This state of affairs predetermines the emergence of socially negative scenarios and their subsequent implementation in relation to all gender and age categories of citizens of our country. This is especially true of the younger generation, our children - the future support of the state and society.
The health of the nation is at stake
Over the past two decades, the statistics on qualitative and quantitative health indicators are depressing. The deterioration of the health status of students in educational institutions continues. The situation is so serious that it is reflected in the official statistics.
In a study carried out by the Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents, SCDH RAMS, the results of which were published in 2016, the following negative changes in children's health over the past two decades were noted:
- A significant decrease in the number of perfectly healthy children. So, among students, their number does not exceed 10-12%.
- The rapid growth in the number of functional disorders and chronic diseases. Over the past 10 years, in all age groups, the frequency of functional disorders has increased by 1.5 times, chronic diseases - by 2 times. Half of schoolchildren aged 7-9 and more than 60% of high school students have chronic diseases.
- Changes in the structure of chronic pathology. The share of diseases of the digestive system doubled, the proportion of the musculoskeletal system (scoliosis, osteochondrosis, complicated forms of flat feet) increased by 4 times, and diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract tripled.
- An increase in the number of schoolchildren with multiple diagnoses. Schoolchildren 7–8 years old have on average 2 diagnoses, 10–11 years old - 3 diagnoses, 16–17 years old - 3-4 diagnoses, and 20% of senior teenagers have a history of 5 or more functional disorders and chronic diseases.
Similar trends are reflected in the statistics of the Main Computing Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, published in 2018:
- 83% of adolescents 15-17 years old need treatment in a polyclinic.
- The number of healthy adolescents among students in the final classes of general education schools is no more than 5-6%, and those with chronic pathology reaches 60-70%.
- Twenty years ago, children made up 25% of the Russian population. Today it is less than 18%.
Taking into account such negative trends, the main task for adults should be to preserve the life and health of every child. In these conditions, the creation of an environment that preserves and develops the health of children in all educational institutions of the country without exception is an urgent priority task of the state and all its public institutions. It is actually necessary to re-create the educational environment with which the child contacts, in which he spends most of his life. The solution to this problem is based on the fundamental works of the outstanding Russian scientist, doctor, teacher, doctor of medical sciences, professor Bazarny Vladimir Filippovich.
Life requires movement
The living human body is a dynamic oscillatory system, the individual elements (organs) of which perform complex vibrations in a wide range of frequencies - from infra-low to sound.
The most characteristic oscillatory movements of human organs:
- the heartbeat is - 60 -70 beats per minute (1 -1.33 Hz),
- muscle fluctuations occur in the range from 1 to 10 Hz,
- peristalsis of the stomach, movement of arms, legs, the whole body cover the frequencies of infrasonic oscillations (from 0.5 to 15 Hz)
The human body, its structure, starting from the cellular level, indicates to us the need and need for physical dynamics. Each of the 50 trillion. cells of the human body performs its function and is in constant motion. At the same time, the movements of the cells of the human body are verified and have an orderly nature, subordinated to a certain expediency in the sequential formation of tissues and organs that form a single, stably functioning biological system.
Physical culture, interconnected with public culture, determines the forms and methods of human motor activity, which in turn can be divided into three main groups:
- physical activity accompanying the natural activity of a person throughout his life;
- motor activity carried out in the process of physical education, by performing special physical exercises;
- unnatural physical activity characteristic of high-performance sports.
On the first point, links were previously given to our articles concerning the health-preserving technique of V. F. Bazarny. Below, we will consider the two remaining groups of motor activity.
Lesgaft Petr Frantsevich (1837-1909), an outstanding Russian teacher, anatomist, doctor. The founder of the system of physical education and medical and pedagogical control in physical culture in Russia. He is the author of many pedagogical works, including the work "Family education and its meaning."
P. F. Lesgaft, in his fundamental work "Family upbringing of a child and its meaning," especially emphasized the period of family upbringing from the birth of a child to the end of the seventh year, which he attached great importance to in the development of a person's personality.
P. F. Lesgaft considered physical education to be the most important means of the all-round development of a person's personality, closely related to mental, moral and aesthetic education:
He developed a system of sequential gymnastic exercises associated with mental, moral, aesthetic and labor education.
However, in our days, under the influence of modern culture, the meanings laid down by P. F. Lesgaft, in physical education and education. A large number of people perceive big sports and physical education as one whole, as a single mechanism for the formation of a healthy nation. Popularization and propaganda through the mass media of high-performance sports with the active support of the state form false stereotypes and concepts in society. Under such informational influence, physical culture is now being formed, coaching and pedagogical personnel, methods that are used in educational institutions, various sports clubs and numerous fitness centers are being created. In this context, we should recall the words of Peter Frantsevich Lesgaft, after whom the National State University of Physical Culture is named,sports and health:
The existing social culture just cultivates and implants to society everything that P. F. Lesgaft attributed to the negative factors affecting social development.
Unnatural physical activity
The sport of high achievements today begins with the fact that parents who do not feel sorry for their own child of 5-6 years old send him to one or another sports section, where they begin to actually train him with daily many hours of training throughout childhood and adolescence. Those who have not broken down or whose parents have not grown wiser - becomes a champion by the age of 15 - 22, and by the age of 25 - 35, a sports career ends, after which a person is invited to live according to his ability, for which in most cases he is not ready: there is neither professional knowledge nor developed intellect and horizons enough to enter any profession not related to sports. As a rule, by the end of a sports career, the athlete's body is pretty worn out even if there were no injuries in the sports career that left behind any serious consequences. It is also extremely relevant and not studied in terms of the psychophysiological consequences on the athlete's body of long-term use of anabolic steroid drugs, which make it possible to increase the athlete's body adaptability to extreme physical activity, often causing unmotivated aggressiveness and antisocial behavior. In addition, the transition from the lifestyle of an athlete of high achievements to the lifestyle of an ordinary person is not always possible due to the irreversibility of structural changes in the body and the impossibility of restructuring physiology in adulthood. Thus, if we evaluate the statistics of the health status of representatives of high-performance sports, then it can be characterized by the following words - the industry of production of disabled people, even if we exclude from consideration thosewho became disabled as a result of serious injuries in training or competitions. Sport of high achievements is not only a perverted meaning of life imposed on athletes by the culture of society, but also as a social phenomenon affecting in one way or another all members of society, it is a real threat to the future of society and the state.
Not everything is good with amateur sports, mass physical education. Due to the current culture of society, these areas have rapidly degraded over the past decades. The state policy on the mass development of physical training and education today is mainly reduced to the construction of various kinds of sports facilities, while the main issues are the preparation of qualified coaching and teaching personnel in specialized educational institutions (25 universities, including their branches, for which physical culture and sport is the only profile, as well as another 48 higher educational institutions with sports faculties) does not work properly, because the curriculum is not adequate and does not meet the goals of creating a healthy society. Educational programs are either designed to train specialists for "big" sports, or they train specialists in Western patterns who use various newfangled methods in their further work, which have nothing to do with improving society and raising a healthy younger generation. Science also works in a destructive paradigm. Consider, for example, the development and implementation of so-called “protective physical exertion” in preschool and school educational institutions. As a result, the leaders of educational institutions are often forced to block useful initiatives from the coaching staff and healthy parents, acting on the principle: "The less physical activity, the better", and then "No matter what happens!" This approach can only be called sabotage,since it does not in any way contribute to the normal psychophysiological development of the child (rather the opposite), which affects the formation of him as a person and moral guidelines, which in the future will undermine the foundations of creating a healthy society, the security and stability of the state.
Separately, it should be said about the numerous fitness centers that are growing by leaps and bounds, which the authorities present as achieving their interaction with business, that it is allegedly becoming socially oriented, investing funds in the construction of such facilities and which contributes to the improvement of the population and society as a whole. Such lies are often heard from the lips of various high-ranking officials. Most businesses have a single goal - making a profit, and therefore often by their actions bears only social irresponsibility. The widely advertised fitness centers are more correctly called centers of population disability. The absence in the vast majority of them of a competent coaching and teaching staff and control on their part, often the distribution of steroid drugs by instructors,allowing you to quickly gain muscle mass, unsanitary conditions, insufficient air exchange in the halls - these factors, supplemented by the total physical lack of education of the trainees, are at best neutral in relation to the human body, and most often they cause direct harm to the health of the trainee.
Based on the above, it becomes clear that today the state and businessmen do not have a systematic and balanced approach to the development of physical culture, upbringing and education, since each pursues its own goals: the first are engaged in imitation and profanation, and the second - in greed and profit.
In turn, the society, being under the influence of modern culture, does not form large-scale organized social initiatives aimed at creating conditions for a conscious attitude towards physical education and education. The level of understanding of a large part of the population in these matters leaves much to be desired. For example, it is not uncommon for parents who are sincerely happy that they have sent their only daughter to the boxing section, believing that the skills she has received (along with the accompanying blows to the head and body) are more important than her health and the health of their future grandchildren.
Properly organized physical upbringing and education, massively covering all age and gender categories of the population, will effectively contribute to the disclosure of all their genetic and creative potential - this is what modern society should strive for. The Creator endowed a person with a perfect instrument, his own body, and to master this instrument perfectly is the duty and vital necessity of every Homo sapiens family living on earth.
Physical education as the main factor in increasing quantitative health indicators.
Currently, the number of specialists involved in “improving” the health of children is large. This role is played by medical workers, teachers of preschool and school educational institutions, physical education teachers. All of them with enviable constancy talk about the importance of their contribution to the health of children. However, if we consider the logic of the process of children's health improvement given below, it becomes clear that all of the above categories are not related either to the health improvement of children or to a real increase in their health.
Definition of specialists of the World Health Organization (WHO):
Such a definition has no control parameters and specific meanings, is not measurable and is not uniquely conceptually defined.
Physiologists gave a clear and measurable definition of health, giving an understandable idea of what health is:
In turn, active physical activity is purposeful, consciously performed motor actions and their complexes, physical exercises. They are the main specific means of physical development and education of a person.
The classification of physical exercises proposed by the Moscow physiologist V. S. Farfel (1970) is now generally accepted. In this system, due to the variety and diversity of physical exercises, various classification criteria are applied. According to the scheme of V. S. Farfel, all physical exercises are initially divided into postures and movements.
Also, to assess the effectiveness and quality of exercises, criteria, parameters and concepts are used when performing physical exercises - volume, frequency, intensity, interval, execution technique, urgent and long-term recovery, muscle work modes, training principles and many others. A reasonable question arises. Do teachers of educational institutions and medical workers in their statistical majority use the above definitions and concepts in their activities? The answer is obvious. Not trainers-teachers, but teachers and doctors, essentially not related to the increase in the number of children's health, took on the functions of creating health promotion programs, medical and pedagogical control over their implementation, training specialists in these programs and funding them. With this approach, the role of a teacher of physical education in schools, an instructor of physical development in kindergartens, is enormous in its potential, negligible in its usefulness, since it has a performing character in relation to the programs used, which only imitate the strengthening of children's health.
As a result, the coaching and teaching staff is faced with the fact that children from 4 to 6 years old who first come to classes in one or another sports section, for the most part (more than 90%), do not have developed physical qualities.
Based on the physiological definition of health, in order for a child to be adapted to active physical activity, physical exercises must be performed. For their effective implementation, well-developed physical qualities are necessary - qualities that characterize the physical development of a person and his ability to motor activity, among which there are six main ones: strength, speed, endurance, dexterity (ability to learn quickly), flexibility, jumping ability. Accordingly, if the coach-teacher sets the task of improving the health of children, then the priority goal of training for beginners is to develop basic physical qualities - this should be the starting point for classes with children of preschool and primary school age. The development of basic physical qualities is based on a nature-like principle,which is based on increasing the potential of any organic system in response to the requirements for performing a certain work.
A classic example of a nature-like principle is the experiments carried out by physiologists with the bashful mimosa plant, whose leaves curled up when touched. The experiment consisted in the fact that a weight was attached to a leaf of this plant through a block, after which they touched the leaf. The sheet, curled up, lifted a weight. The experiment was carried out daily, repeatedly, with a gradual increase in the weight of the sinker. After a month, the weight of the weight lifted by the leaf increased two hundred times. The same principle of progression works in the development of human physical qualities. It is based on biological and social laws. The essence of biological laws is based on the phenomenon of adaptation to a constant stimulus. As you perform the same load, functional shifts in the body gradually decrease. Hence, those loadswhich led to the necessary positive changes in the body, begin to lose their developmental effect. And the functional capabilities of the organism allow it to perform standard work more economically, with less consumption of psychophysical energy. The phenomenon of economizing functions takes place. The habitual load ceases to cause a phase of super-recovery and no longer serves as a factor of positive changes in the body. It is important to gradually increase the training load to ensure an increase in its functionality. This is one of the fundamental laws of physical education - the need to increase the requirements for those involved. The socio-psychological factor is of no small importance, justifying the expediency of the principle of progression. The thing is,that a person's interest (and this is one of the important motivational factors) in any kind of activity very much depends on the success in the business he is engaged in. Therefore, if no positive changes occur, interest in classes fades away. Hence, it is recommended to increase the corresponding requirements.
Practical physiology defines three main options for increasing physical activity:
I - linear ascending;
II - step-ascending;
III - undulating ascending.
The wave-like dynamics of loads (III) is characterized by a combination of a gradual increase in loads with a noticeable increase and subsequent slight decrease. The next “wave” is reproduced in the same way, but at a higher level. This makes it possible to withstand the tendency of increasing loads over longer periods than with a stepped form. Therefore, the wave-like shape is the most effective because it allows during periods of decline of the "wave" to ensure the adaptation of the organism to the work being performed, and in the period of noticeable rises to bring the organism to new, higher levels of functioning and corresponding development. Thus, the development of physical qualities can occur in only one way, based on the phenomenon of overrecovery or supercompensation.
Without the supercompensation phase, there is no development of physical qualities, there is no adaptation to physical activity. Therefore, the main goal of sports and health-improving training is to obtain a phase of supercompensation (overrecovery) as a result of exercise. It is in this, and not in memorizing exercises and any movements, passing the standards, as it is written in all manuals and methodological recommendations, that is the main essence of the methodological principles of physical education when conducting sports and health-improving classes in order to increase the amount of health among those involved. The real state of affairs in preschool and school educational institutions with the health improvement of children is as follows,that there is no increase in the quantitative characteristics of the health of children or the health-improving effect in physical culture classes either because of insufficient fatigue of the child when performing physical exercises, or because of untimely training. Accordingly, if, as a result of physical exercises, the child's physical qualities do not develop, then the exercises turn into an imitation of physical culture, and therefore have no meaning. As it was written above, active physical activity underlies the increase in the amount of health, and it should be of sufficient volume, high intensity and high quality of exercise performance. In order for children to perform physical exercises repeatedly, at a high pace and with high quality, the exercises should be simple and familiar to the child, the same,standard, memorized to automatism through their repetition in long time intervals, at each workout in a certain sequence and with certain requirements. Only in this case it is possible to achieve a high degree of fatigue in a trainee due to the manifestation of maximum muscular efforts. It is necessary to understand that the constant variety of exercises, their originality and novelty reduces the density of the training process, which, as a result, does not lead to positive physiological shifts and the appearance of a phase of supercompensation. Such training does not have any health benefits. Only in this case it is possible to achieve a high degree of fatigue in a trainee due to the manifestation of maximum muscular efforts. It is necessary to understand that the constant variety of exercises, their originality and novelty reduces the density of the training process, which, as a result, does not lead to positive physiological shifts and the appearance of a phase of supercompensation. Such training does not have any health benefits. Only in this case it is possible to achieve a high degree of fatigue in a trainee due to the manifestation of maximum muscular efforts. It is necessary to understand that the constant variety of exercises, their originality and novelty reduces the density of the training process, which, as a result, does not lead to positive physiological shifts and the appearance of a phase of supercompensation. Such training does not have any health benefits.
Only professionally trained trainers and educators can achieve this goal. The role of the teacher-trainer in physical education is enormous - the formation of incentive motives in the trainees and their controlled involvement in the training process, therefore, it should be under the guidance of a coach. Many people know that when performing physical exercises, a person begins to experience some euphoria, emotional enthusiasm for the process, which literally lures the trainee, thereby creating the prerequisites for greater independence in performing certain exercises, which as a result inevitably leads to a departure from the technique of performing exercises, so most not only negates the beneficial effect, but can also cause harm, for example, by increasing the risk of injury. The coach-teacher must monitor the technique of performing exercises, ensure strict adherence to the methodology and program. Observing the emotional background, stop inadequate illusions and excessive enthusiasm. With this approach, a really felt positive result will not be long in coming, which will contribute to the emergence of interest among the trainees, stimulate the coach himself.
In this respect, the research and practical activities of Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft, the founder of the physical education system in Russia, who emphasized the role of gymnastics and gymnastic exercises, are of great interest. On the instructions of the Ministry of War, he studied the experience of physical development and training of gymnastics specialists in Western Europe for two years, having visited 26 cities in 13 countries. The result was the creation by him of a program of sequential gymnastic exercises associated with mental, moral, aesthetic and labor education. In practical terms, he managed to organize training and gymnastics courses for officers at the second military gymnasium. The course program included anthropology, anatomy, physiology, hygiene, the theory of bodily movements, the technique of gymnastic art, mathematics, physics,chemistry, as well as practical disciplines: gymnastics, fencing, swimming, games and crafts.
In our time, the coach-teacher in artistic gymnastics, Alexander Vladimirovich Petrov, in 1985-88, developed an effective program to preserve and strengthen the health of children through the implementation of a standardized set of general developmental and strength exercises, exercises for the development of jumping ability, agility and flexibility, called " Mowgli ". This program fully reflects the dynamically progressive principle of increasing the quantitative indicators of the health of preschool and school children, which is described above in the article.
A. V. Petrov conducts the Spartakiad * Mowgli Cup * 2017.
THE AFTERWORD
The preservation and development of the mental and physical health of the nation, especially its children, should become the main priority and goal for all sound social and political forces of our country.