Is there something in common between them or the Cossacks separately, and the Cossack Horde separately?
On the map of Semyon Remezov in 1701, there is the name "Land of the Cossack Horde":
Fragment of a map from Remezov's Drawing Book, sheet 44, 1701.
The map is turned north down, south up. From the west, the border of the Cossack Horde runs along the Yaik River, now the Ural, which flows into the Caspian Sea. From the north with Kalmykia. From the east - with Altai. Lake Tengiz is probably still part of its territory. Borders are not marked. From the south it also captures the Amu Darya region, which flows into the Aral Sea.
This is how it looks more familiar to us:
The same goes upside down.
It is interesting that Lake Tengiz on the map of Remezov is shown so large, with a bunch of rivers flowing into it. Mistake? Now only two rivers flow into it: Nura, Kulanotpes. Moreover, only the river is shown on the map. Nura:
Map of modern Kazakhstan.
Promotional video:
Modern view of Tengiz lake.
Similar to Remezov's card. At present, the lake is bitterly salty and drying up.
Remezov has another map, where different areas of Tartary are highlighted in color:
Fragment of a map from Remezov's Drawing Book, sheet 50, 1701.
Here the Cossack Horde already occupies a smaller territory than on the previous map. But it is located on the territory of modern Kazakhstan.
On the Map of Nikolaas Witsen there is also a Cossack Horde, only it is named Kasakkia Horda (and Kalmykia is not at all where it is now, just like on the map of Remezov):
Map of Tartary 1705.
All the same, Witsen was a foreigner and wrote all the names in his own Dutch way.
In his book Northern and Eastern Tartaria, Nikolaas Witsen writes a lot about the Cossacks, but does not mention the Kazakhs at all. It turns out that the word "Kazakh" appeared in the 20th century. Until December 1936, Kazakhstan was called KazaKstan - Cossack Stan?
And the current Kazakhs in tsarist Russia and in Soviet times until 1925 were called Kyrgyz-Kaysaks or Kyrgyz. Ostensibly in order not to confuse Kazakhs with Cossacks. (Wikipedia) I wonder how they could then be confused with someone if they were not already there?
And the word STAN is quite Russian. According to Dahl's dictionary:
“STAN - m. The place where travelers, road steel, stopped for rest, temporary stay, and the whole arrangement is in place, with carts, cattle, tents or other land; parking space and all equipment"
In the Kuban, small settlements are still called stanitsa.
Big encyclopedic dictionary: STANITSA - 1) in the 16-17 centuries. in the Russian state, a Cossack detachment to protect the notch line, which was in front of it. 2) In Russia, there is a large Cossack rural settlement or an administrative-territorial unit that unites several small Cossack villages.
Here is what N. Witsen writes about the Cossacks:
“Cossack means differently, by the strength of the word, a lover of war and freedom.
The Cossacks spread over several areas, they are all Russian Christians, such as:
1. Ukrainian, who border on Poland and changed it (crown) under King Casimir.
2. Dnieper, near the Dnieper River, which, together with the above, form one whole.
3. Donayskie, or Don, located near the Dnieper, or Borystenes.
4. Those who are called black hats and black forests, of which some are in one place, from the northwest of the Caspian Sea; they are few, they live there without women and are known as the core or the best of all the Cossacks. There are also Zaporozhye Cossacks, located near the Dnieper, and even large groups of Cossacks living in the southern cities of Ukraine, whose hetman, or ataman, or sub-king: now, two years ago, he was Ivan Samoilovich - and he is in disgrace, for the whole life was exiled to Siberia, and his son, because of a crime during the Russian military campaign in 1687, was beheaded.
5. Grebenskys - about 700 families between Terek and Aidarova, not far from the Caspian Sea, near the source of the Terek and Koisy rivers, whose village is called Greben.
6. Yaiki, near the Yaik River, which lies east of the Volga and flows into the Caspian Sea; they have several small towns there. They are generally tall and strong people."
He also mentions from the Siberian Cossacks:
“I am also informed about all this from Moscow by surveys of Peking travelers and by letters from governors and Kalmak ambassadors the following:
Dear Sir, Prince Galdan, not Kaldan, is that famous prince, who was later called Bushukhtu khan, for these peoples, with great luck and heroism, change their names. (this is how princes become khans - note mine)
… yes, he wrote that if he could get two or three thousand good Cossacks (Russian soldiers) from Siberia, armed with good guns, he would destroy everything that the zines owned outside the Wall."
Who helped Their Royal Majesties collect tribute, and also explored the coast of the Arctic Ocean:
“A noble Muscovite merchant told me that in Archangel he talked with the Cossacks, who told him that they walked to the end of Ice Cape for three days, that in some places it [the cape] is so narrow that you can see the sea from both sides. These Cossacks or Muscovite warriors were sent from the Yakut garrison to collect tribute in the interior of the country. They have a custom to hike around the country for 10–20 people. They said that the sea coast from the Lena to the Yenisei is even, namely, to the northeast. They partially went along the coast, from the mouth of the Lena, but did not reach the Ob, so I still do not have accurate information that they often go out to sea from the Ob, in particular, sailing to the east is unknown, so that the coast [of the sea] from Obi or Yenisei to Lena are not fully studied. They further say that they had 8 small ships, that 4 of them went to round the Cape of Ice,but there, on the cape, they met such a large whirlpool, or rather, a surf, since the northern current there seemed to collide with the southern one, 4 ships were broken and people drowned.
As well as the Far Eastern Cossacks:
“From Nerchinsky to Albazin, down the Amur, five days, and by dry route - two weeks, and from Albazin, also down the Amur, to the Ziya river, eight days. On the last river, they say, the Albazin Cossacks, subordinate to Their Royal Majesties, intend to build a castle."
“The troops of Their Royal Majesties in these Tartar regions are strengthening more and more. They are called the Cossacks, after those who were the first to begin the conquest of Siberia over 100 years ago. They come from or are recruited from those Cossacks who live on the Don, and are called free Cossacks. They finally reached the point that they settled in the region of Dauria, and in the place where the ancient city, subordinated to one Tartar prince, was located. There they built the Albazin fortress."
About the Yaik Cossacks:
“Above the Yaik River, besides the Yaik town, there is another place, the name of which I do not know, inhabited by Cossacks who came from Samara and other places to plunder Kalmaks and the surrounding hordes. This place is surrounded by a fence of trees and bushes. Each house, or building, stands separately, surrounded by a hedge of clay, sticks, logs and bushes.
These people live very simply, but in complete freedom, and eat very scarcely. Many come there from the Don River, first by land, to Kamyshinskaya, and along the Aktopskaustga River, which means the mouth of the city of Aktopsk, or Akhtukh (this city used to be the size of Amsterdam); further on in their ships along the Volga, to the Yaik or down the Volga, along some tributary, bypassing the Astrakan, into the Caspian Sea.
Ukrainian Cossacks live under their hetman, but Don, Samara, Dnieper and Zaporozhye Cossacks are free people, and most of them are of the Greek faith."
“It is reported that recently the Yaik Cossacks, with the help of the soldiers of Their Imperial Majesties, in the number of 1,000 people, invaded the Bukhara country, destroyed five towns, liberated many Russian slaves and plundered this country everywhere.”
The Cossacks were also present in Bukhara:
“The state of Bukhara, he said, was quite large, it included a certain number of Cossacks and the city of Siarsia and other cities, and the main city was almost the size of Moscow. There is little money in circulation, but everything is exchanged. The main trade consists of the exchange of cattle with blue bream for silk fabrics."
Here is a description of the Cossack Horde:
“Description of the path from Tobolsk to the regions of the so-called Tartar Cossacks. Good roads with their names through Adbashkoy and Kapkani, to the Ishim River, and about Bukhara and Khevin places, etc.
The second road, along the Sarysu River, through Sauskan, is rocky; on the Kalmak road, away from the Cossack regions, there is a guard. Through the river Zhui - the city of Savran, to the city of Turgustan - 13 days drive. There are many rivers, the land is flat, there are mountains, but they are not high, they go there by carts.
Coming out of Sauskan, by the stony river Sirdarya, to the right of the aforementioned city of Savran in the Cossack regions, is the chief, whose name is Kas Sultan. To the left of Savran, in the Cossack region, it is rocky. (Turgustan, apparently modern Turkestan - note. Mine)
From Turgustan to Ihan 15 versts, or three German miles, grapes grow there; to the south of the town of Ihan is the town of Otroff 1690. A chief named Thorson Khan lives in half a day's drive from there; from Otroff to the south, in the city of Sosiran, or Sairan (Wikipedia writes that in the first half of the XIV century, Sauran was the capital of the Juchid White Horde - mine is mine), a day and a half away, the chief Karabas Sultan lives, and then there are many other towns, just as in the Cossack lands there are only 32 small towns, of which the main one is Turgustan. It lies surrounded by water, the ramparts are built of sand, slightly more than 2 fathoms in height, with low rotundas; one rotunda near Teffka Khan's house was built of bricks, the others - a total of six of them serve as city gates and were built of adobe; the walls are fathoms thick, in some places less."
And the city of Otroff, maybe Otrar?
Archaeological excavations, Ancient Otrar, XIV-XV centuries.
Otrar is one of the largest cities in Central Asia, now a settlement in the Otrar district of the South Kazakhstan region. It is located in the lower reaches of the Arys River at its confluence with the Syr Darya, 10 km west of the Timur railway station, next to the modern village of Talapty, 57 km south of the city of Turkestan, 120 km northwest of Shymkent. The number of Otrar warriors reached 200,000 warriors. (Wikipedia)
“The mentioned house in Astana was built by Temir Asak Tamerlane; for this he brought craftsmen from the Chinese state of Sina, and he, Temir Asak, is buried in Samarkand or near it and, as others say, in Turgustan. Their drinking is water from dug wells, their faith is Basurman, they walk with their heads uncovered, without a turban.
(ha-ha, according to the official version, a Basurman, this is exactly a Muslim, and not vice versa. And, of course, they couldn't find their own masters to build a house, they had to bring from China - my note)
The goods that the Bukharans trade in the Cossack regions is cotton, red and white, of the lowest grade. In the Cossack territories there is no significant trade, they have no (or few) cannons, few small arms, and also no good craftsmen. They fight with a bow and arrow, they receive weapons from the Bukhara state, their military clothes are shells (these shells consist of iron rings or scales attached to an iron helmet, on the head, and reaches the chest, covering the face, however, so, so you can watch), called tegilay.
(It probably looked something like this):
and + helmet with aventail)
There is an abundance of livestock - sheep and horses. They have no cows. Teffki Khan, who now rules in Turgustan, has no legs, as he was shot by his own people; they carry it on their hands. There is a fair there. Teffki Khan rides on horseback to trade, armed with a bow and arrow. What is the reason that he leaves like that, I do not know. The people of the Cossack territories are free people; they can go wherever they want without recognizing their superiors. Karakalpaks are located not far from them, at the bottom of the Sirdar. People who are trustworthy say that this people is 8,000 people, they have no guns, and they have Tigilaiof shells and throwing weapons in abundance in the Cossack and Karakalpak lands. Rice, millet, barley, rye, wheat, peas grow there, but rye and oats do not grow there. To the south and east of Turgustan is the Talas River, its length is six days' drive and more,populated by Cossack peoples, they say, numbering 40,000 people. Further south of Turgustan there are fortified cities like the city of Tashent, or Taskate, six days' drive from here; around him live people whom they call katama kuruma. The prince is called there Uras Sultan; he has a Busurmian faith, he fights with the Cossacks every year.
There are many military people in the Khiva state, there are also many firearms, but no cannons; firearms there are made by Russians named Danila Etskoy, a Cossack, and Petrushka Usinskaya, a Cossack, with their people who live there.
Shells, chain mail and others, as well as throwing weapons For example, arrows and slings, they have in abundance. The troops live in the groves. Bukhara residents live in the cities; in Khiva there is a building in which a certain Medreka, a saint, is buried, according to their custom."
“According to some Cossacks who were in Turkestan and Bukhara, they wrote to me from Moscow in 1694 the following:
…… The Cossacks were sent to Teftikhan with the ambassador to appeal against the invasion of the aforementioned Kozak horde, but since he died there, they fled from Bukhara, and from there some returned to Tobolsk, others to Astrakan. This summer, a Cossack horde with three or four hundred men went to plunder townships near Tobolsk, but rather far away; the Russians defeated them, and five prisoners were brought here.
Last year I had tartars who did not know about the Mohammedan religion, but when they want to thank or pray, they put their hands together, raise their hands and eyes to the sky and say: “The great God who created the world will reward or keep you - and they say that they worship the same only God and believe in the resurrection of the flesh, but with some inventions about the transmigration of souls, and they are the most sincere and simple people that I have seen from this nation."
The letter ends here."
Here I could not grasp the meaning: the Cossacks say that the Cossacks came to plunder Tobolsk, previously captured by the Cossacks for Their Royal Majesties (see the Conquest of Siberia by Yermak), and that the Russians, who are the Cossacks, defeated them …. These three tartars are those who are not Muslims, but believe in the One God and know about reincarnation.
It turns out that there were also Polish Cossacks:
“He told me other things that I had heard about before, namely that the Polish Cossacks sailed on ships along the rivers of Georgia (modern Georgia - mine is mine), that the King of Poland recently sent two or three ships with gifts to King Teimuraz near Guriela. I doubt if this is Kogne or some other place belonging to the Turks, which is without a doubt the country that they gave him in possession."
And the Greben Cossacks:
“Between the town of Terki, near the coast of the Caspian Sea and near the Terek River, on the river islands, there live several Cossacks, who are called the Greben Cossacks by the name of the small region of Greben located there. They came there to live long ago from Russia: they live by robbery and robbery, doing little farming. Now they have mixed marriages with Tartars, so the Russian language is now broken and mixed with Tartar. They still retain the Christian faith. The same free people live near the Yaik River near Krasnoyar: these are immigrants from both Muscovy and the land of the Cossacks, who mainly live by poaching and are called Cossacks.
Behind the city of Terki, opposite Derbent, to the northwest, inside the country is the Kumania region, or the country of the Kumyks, separated from the Chirkas and Dagestan by high mountains; from the south, it borders on George.
They wrote to me on March 11, 1692, when Semkal attacked the city of Terki, belonging to Their Royal Majesties; he robbed, set fires, took many people into captivity; it was supported by a crowd of rebellious Cossacks who had previously plundered a Turk in the Black Sea; however, later the Russian military forces sent there curbed and calmed him, on the condition that he promises never to disturb the Caspian Sea or its shores and give free passage to the subjects of Their Imperial Majesties. For one or two years he fought with Persia and defeated 3,000 men, which, however, was attributed more to the negligence of the governor in Derbent and the envy he had for the Persian colonel than to the courage of the shemkhal. The Persian then had 12,000 men under arms."
Tersk city.
Terki is a Russian fortress settlement in the North Caucasus in the 16th-18th centuries.
Fortress - Star. And there are many more in that area. Fortress Kizlyar on the Terek River:
Plan of the Kizlyar Fortress from the Atlas of the Russian Empire in 1745.
Fortress on the Agrakhan River (not far from the Kizlyar fortress):
Fortress of the Holy Cross.
The plan of the fortress Groznaya.
And the Phanagoria fortress:
Fanagoria Fortress, Taman.
But it seems like it was built by Suvorov in 1794, i.e. already in the 18th century. It is interesting that the Cossacks not only lived on Taman, but also robbed it:
“From here, 100 miles to the west, there is the Chornaya Protoka or Abaza Irmakhi river.
From here to Temryuk 40 miles; it lies at the mouth of the Kuban River, and a few years ago, despite the fortifications, this place was very often plundered by the Cossacks. With this prey, the Cossacks often stop at the Abas River, when the captured people and cattle are unloaded before they are taken away."
Cossacks also lived in Crimea:
“Crimean Tartaria is a peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea. It includes four large cities: Perekop, Kozlov, Balaklava and Kafa. This peninsula is, as it were, sown with villages, for they say that there are 160 thousand villages, which are mostly inhabited by Greeks, Poles, Russians and Cossacks, from time to time transported there by slaves and prisoners, who were subsequently united by marriage with the natives of this country."
Witsen mentions both Russian and Tartar Cossacks, and, frankly, I did not understand the difference between them. For example, an excerpt from one letter:
"Dear Sir, Their Royal Majesties not only captured the Azov, but also subjugated the surrounding places, like the Buttercup region, two miles from Azov; also the city of Kuban and other nearby towns. The Kuban and Nagai tartars, which were located near the Kuban, use the Ayuka shamkhal so that they implore Their Imperial Majesty to treat them favorably [tartars] and give permission to settle on this or that river in safety; for this they offer their troops of many thousands, always ready to march, to serve Their Royal Majesties, since these people have already suffered great damage from the Crimea and from the Zaporozhye chirkases near Kozlov and Ochakov. On this road, the Cossacks go to plunder in the Black Sea. It is wrong to think that this city is located at the mouth of the Maly Don.
In 1637 the famous city was occupied by the Don Cossacks, destroying all the Turkish invaders."
Chirkas or Cherkasy used to be the same name for Cossacks:
Cherkasy (Italian Circassi) is an exo-ethnonym of the 16th-17th centuries, used among the Russian-speaking population and in the documents of the Russian kingdom to the inhabitants of the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region, in particular, to the ancestors of modern Circassians, Ossetians, Circassians, Russians, Ukrainians, as well as an exonym of the Slavic-speaking Cossacks-Christians of Eastern Europe and the south-west of Tartary (Russia) (mostly Ukrainian) in the Russian state (in particular, in official documents) until the end of the 18th century. (Wikipedia)
An excerpt from the Decision of the Zemsky Sobor on the reunification of Ukraine with Russia:
“October 1, 1653
And in the past, in 161, the Zaporozhye hetman Bogdan Khmelnitskaya sent his two envoys to the Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Russia, that from the royal side, by agreement, on what with them, the Zaporozhye Cherkasy, reconciled, not fulfilled, and the Church of God, which were written in the contract to give from the unia, they did not give, but which few were given, and those were turned back under the unia."
The Krasnodar Territory, where the Kuban Cossacks now live, was previously called Cherkessia, the capital of which was the city of Cherkessk, located on the Kuban River.
Map of Circassia 1830.
But there was also Chirkassia (Cherkassia), located in the Don region. An excerpt from a letter from a naval officer of the Russian embassy in Constantinople, quoted by Witsen in his book:
“Three languages are spoken in Chirkassia: Cossack, Russian and Turkish.
……. On Monday, 22nd, we dropped anchor in front of Chirkassk, where we were greeted with three shots from 80 cannons. Chirkassk is the main city of 39 Cossack cities; starting from Rybny to Panshin - 16 cities. From Panshin to Chirkassk, 23 cities can be seen, mostly lying on the Don islands, with double wooden fences and palisades. Many of the named cities are divided into two parts: one with ovens, where they live in the winter, and the other to rule in the summer. The walls and floors are white and clean on the inside, and usually much neater than the Russians. Their clothes are more like Turkish.
So, probably?
Kuban Cossack artist Andrey Lyakh.
Each city chooses its chief for one year, and if they like the way he rules, then he is left, if not, then another is appointed in his place. The husband is not obliged to keep his wife longer than he wants; through the city herald, he calls men to the market, where he walks in a circle with his wife, holding her hands, and the husband shouts: Men, brothers and married Cossacks, I lived with this woman for so long, she was always kind and faithful to me, and now whoever wishes can take it. At the same time, he takes his hand from her, and leaves it. It happens that a husband, for an insignificant reason, kills his wife, or drowns her in water, or sells her, as it happened openly in Azov in my time. One Italian boss bought one for four ducats, a Dutch boss bought the same 21-year-old woman for seven ducats. Because of the power of men, women have great respect for them.
If a Cossack is caught stealing and the theft can be proven by two witnesses, then his top shirt is filled with sand, sewn up and thrown into the Don alive. All other major matters on the Don, such as a conference about the war, preparations for a campaign, are accepted here in Chirkassk, and the hetman, as chief, also holds his throne here.
(it probably looked like this):
Ilya Repin Letter of the Cossacks to the Turkish Sultan.
There are seven or eight thousand good soldiers in this city, both on horseback and on the water; the city stands on an island, in the middle of the Don, around it is well fortified with bolverki and towers in the old model. From Panshin to here in all cities there are soldiers, and they consider it a shame to engage in agriculture or peasant work. In turn, they make hikes of 100-400 people on Kalmaks or Kuban tartars and usually divide the loot: people and horses."
Chirkassk is now called the village of Starocherkasskaya:
Starocherkasskaya (Starocherkassk, until 1805 - Cherkassk) is a village in the Aksai district of the Rostov region. Located on the right bank of the Don River, 30 km from the regional center. The administrative center of the Starocherkassk rural settlement.
It is known as the capital of the Don Cossacks and the birthplace of General Matvey Platov and many other Don heroes. (Wikipedia)
There is such an asterisk next to the village of Starocherkasskaya:
Plan-diagram of the cr. St. Anne of the 18th century.
This is how it looks now:
Anninskaya fortress.
And next to another, in Rostov-on-Don:
Fortress of St. Dmitry of Rostov.
This is how this area looks on a modern map:
Rostov-on-Don.
And in a smaller plan:
Map of Russia with the location of the Cossacks in the 17th century.
The lands of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, Don, Astrakhan, Yaik, Kuban and Cossacks of the Cossack Horde were located here.
Now, for some reason, in the heart of this Cossack settlement is the Republic of Kalmykia, although earlier it was located in a completely different place (see the maps of Remezov and Witsen):
The modern location of Kalmykia on the map of Russia.
Here is what Witsen writes about the Kalmyks:
“Between the Caspian Sea and the Kingdom of Siberia, on the border of Kalmakia, in the desert places called“steppes”there, in 1694 there were many Kalmak tartars. These are immigrants from the Golden Horde, which settled near the Caspian Sea, at the place where I indicated on my map. From Kalmykia itself, they were joined by various other people from the surrounding peoples, numbering about 25 thousand people. They are ruled by a head of their own people. They roamed for the sake of plunder, and a year and a half ago they robbed the Russian village of Krasny, not far from Tyumen in Siberia, hacked many people and took 200 people and a lot of cattle prisoner. They are called the Cossacks or the Cossack horde, but the Golden Horde (Horde or Chord is a lot of people together, under one head, living in the steppes) rose up against them and drove them out of their possessions and defeated them. From there comes the name "kazasi"what it means, I do not know, but I believe that they were given this name because they, like the Cossacks, are brave warriors. These hordes often mix."
By the way, Witsen practically does not mention Mongols in his book. Just a couple of times, for example, in this message:
“Dear sir!
So that you are well aware of the situation of these wild countries and peoples, I will use what I learned from the smartest tartars and could understand myself after being there. First, I must tell you a little about their origins and how they are divided into hordes under the rule of elected leaders (they live sedentary, separately from other peoples, in dwellings built for themselves). First, I want to note that these tartars boast of their origin from the oldest family of the famous Scythians and also the fact that they were never enslaved, although troops, including Alexander the Great, Darius, Cyrus and Xerxes, tried to capture them many times. The hardships of the war forced them to rally into hordes (Horde is a group of people living in yurts or in tents under the rule of one chief) with various names:
1) yekamogal, which means big Mongols;
2) sumangals, that is, water Mongols;
3) mercat;
4) metritis. They named their possessions: Kozan, Cossacks, Bukhara, Samarkand - until they united enough to form a single state. They chose an experienced and famous person named Chingis as their emperor, or khan. This happened around 1187 after the birth of Christ."
And in one more place:
"Under the name of Mughals, or Mongols, as well as under the name of Turks, Arab writers sometimes mean all sorts of Tartars or Scythians, as well as Zaoksky or Mavranar, and even Georgian Christians are sometimes called Tartars."
So the Tartars are the descendants of the Scythians, and the Mongols are one of the names of their groups, united into a Single State. The word "Tatar" Witsen mentions in his book in general only once, saying: "Tatar, which means tartarin." Apparently nothing was known about the Tatar-Mongol yoke in the 17th century. But much was known about the Cossacks, united in hordes …
All illustrations, maps, diagrams, photographs were taken by me on the Internet for free access.
Author: i_mar_a
