New data on the beginning of the Little Ice Age.
Several volcanic eruptions occurred in the 13th century. And the most powerful in the last few thousand years is the eruption of the Samalas volcano in Indonesia in 1257. The column of ejected ash and gases during the eruption exceeded 43 kilometers, and the volume of ejected rock and ash, in terms of dense rock, was at least 40 cubic kilometers. Scientists have found traces of its ash in samples taken while drilling ice crust in Antarctica and in Greenland.
Fig. 1 Temperature change during the eruption in 1257.
Temperature changes over 2000 years are shown in Fig. 2. Red is the ocean temperature off the coast of North Iceland.
Fig. 2. Change in temperature and ocean temperature in relation to 2008.
Figures 1 and 2 show that the eruption of a volcano, even a very powerful one, led to a relatively short-term change in temperature on the planet. The trend of decreasing temperature began as early as 1010-1020.
In 1010 - 1011, frosts chained the Turkish Black Sea coast. The frightful cold reached Africa, where the lower reaches of the Nile were covered with ice.
In 1210 - 1211 the Po and Rhone rivers froze. In Venice, convoys traveled across the frozen Adriatic Sea.
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Glaciers are increasing in Greenland.
The ocean temperature off the coast of North Iceland is steadily creeping downward and in 1300 it drops rapidly.
The Gulf Stream slows down. And this is a colossus of 50 million tons.
In 1322, the Baltic Sea was covered with such a thick layer of ice that sleigh rides from Lubeck in Denmark to the shores of Pomerania.
In 1316, all bridges in Paris were blown away by ice.
In 1326 the ALL Mediterranean Sea froze over.
In 1365, the Rhine was covered with ice for three months.
In 1407 - 1408 all Swiss lakes froze over.
In 1420 there was a terrible death rate from cold in Paris; wolves ran into the city to devour the corpses that were lying unburied in the streets.
In 1468 wine in the cellars froze in Burgundy.
In 1558, an entire army of 40,000 camped on the frozen Danube.
In France, frozen wine was sold in pieces by weight …
Etc.
A meteorite, an asteroid? … A meteorite in 9612 BC, shifted the earth's crust by almost 20 degrees, exposing other areas of the Earth to the sun. Fig. 3
From an ancient text:
“… the support of the sky collapsed, the Earth was shaken to its very foundations.
The sky began to fall to the north. The sun, moon and stars have changed the way they move.
The entire system of the universe was in disarray. The sun was in an eclipse, and the planets changed their paths …"
Fig. 3 Temperature of the Northern Hemisphere for 100 thousand years.
Meteorite 3 thousand years BC caused a global flood Fig. 3-4. This is reflected in the Sumerian epic.
Fig. 4. Berkle meteorite.
And then there was only frost, poor harvest and "a year without summer", people were dying from this.
Ancient cartographers used more ancient maps and also information from those people who left records of their travels … Information to ancient cartographers went for centuries and unevenly in time, depending on which regions they came from, and because of this, objects from different times were placed on the same map, although some the object simply disappeared or moved to another place … especially the tribes, but this information has not yet been received by the cartographer.
Closer to us in time, the maps are more accurate, but ancient maps also carry valuable information informing about the existence of objects on the map in those times and more ancient.
With the distances between objects on maps, differences and errors can reach many times. In ancient times, distances were measured in days of travel, which depended on the complexity of the path, the experience of the guide, and other multiple factors.
The Mercator map shows a comet explosion crater very low above the ocean surface. The ocean is shallow there. Figure 5.
If there was a meteorite, the consequences of such a crater would be disastrous for the fauna and flora of the entire planet.
Fig. 5. Crater from the explosion of a comet. Mercator map of 1589.
Mercator took this information from a book written in the 14th century - this is a travel diary of the Dutch traveler Jacob van Knooy.
The map clearly says "The ocean between these islands bursts in four straits, along which it constantly rushes to the North Pole and is absorbed there in the womb of the earth …"
It was this obstacle that slowed down the movement of the Gulf Stream.
I call the Gulf Stream the stove of Europe, and without it the climate in Europe and in the European part of Russia would be much colder, winters are even longer, and the land is much deserted. Climate change of the whole Earth radically depends on this stove.
The barrier was formed on the site of the former Beringia.
According to oceanologists and glaciologists, the level of the World Ocean during the period of the greatest glaciation, 15-18 thousand years ago, was below the current level by more than 150 meters.
The glacier wall stretched from Scandinavia to the Central Siberian plateau. This means that at that time on the site of the Arctic Ocean shelf was the huge country of Beringia, stretching for one and a half thousand kilometers from north to south. This territory stretched from West to East for almost 9 thousand km, while the level of the world ocean dropped by more than 50 meters.
Zoologist RL Potapov: “Beringia was a very vast land (and not a narrow bridge) with a very diverse nature, with latitudinal and altitudinal zoning, with a moderately cold climate, with a pronounced seasonality and snowy winters in the taiga zone.
It is quite possible that the taiga existed in the form of a vertical belt in the mountains."
But over thousands of years, the seeds of bushes and trees have expanded their boundaries by hundreds of kilometers.
More recently, in the 17th century, mountains of tree trunks were found on the coast of the Arctic Ocean, blackened from a long stay in sea water.
In 1810, Matvey Gedenshtrom found " Wooden mountains in New Siberia represent as inexplicable a riddle as the ice-earth layers of soil. On the southern coast of this island stands a cliff mountain, composed of horizontal thick layers of sandstone and resinous wood logs, one another overlapping to the very top … At the top - a new oddity: along the very mane of the mountains, the ends of the logs of a resinous tree emerge in one row, split, a quarter or more high, and tightly adjoined to each other … " stretch along the coast of the island for 25 versts.
Doctor of Geography S. V. Tomirdiaro believes that Beringia was a plain saturated with ice, and on the site of the present tundra of Siberia, as well as on the territory of the sunken Beringia, there were Arctic prairies - a dry and cold tundra steppe, on which huge herds of mammoths grazed, bison, saigas, horses.
Clear traces of an ancient coastal terrace found at the bottom of the Bering and Chukchi Seas allow us to trace the history of Beringia, its gradual flooding from the time of ice melting after the end of the last glaciation and up to those times (separated from us by about six millennia), when the last remnants went under the water Beringia, with the exception of the rocky hills of the Diomede and St. Lawrence islands - the peaks of the Bering mountains.
In 7-8 thousand BC. according to the most conservative geological estimates, the average July temperature at Kola was + 18 C - the same as now in Moscow.
Biologists say that in the 9 thousand BC. in the northern part
Scandinavia already had oak forests. What does it mean? For comparison, the oak no longer grows north of Vologda. In the period of interest to us, it grew on the entire Kola Peninsula, in the Pechora Guba region and even on the Southern Island of Novaya Zemlya and where part of Hyperborea was previously located beyond the Ripean Mountains..
Figure 6.1 Fragment of a 1697 map.
Fig. 6.2 Fragment of a 1594 map.
Fig.6.3 Fragment of a modern map.
Fig. 4 A fragment of a modern map.
The fact is that oak is a rather thermophilic tree, not to mention the elm and hornbeam, which also successfully grew in the regions of interest to us. Consequently, the climate was then much warmer than it is now. It's just that, even from common sense, it is obvious that if oak and hornbeam grew on Kola and in winter they did not freeze, then there was no severe cold there.
The glacier blocked the flow of rivers into the Arctic Ocean and formed a freshwater ocean with an area of a million square kilometers … until it found a flow into the Aral through the Turgai threshold. And further to the Caspian and Black Sea.
Fig. 7 Obstruction in the path of river flow and the arrow points to the Turgai sill.
The most interesting thing is that this runoff is indicated on ancient maps.
Fig. 8 Map of the 5th century A. D.
It stretches from the Crohn Sea to the Caspian … and the Crohn Sea is the freshwater ocean. And instead of the Kola Peninsula, an island is designated.
When the glacier melted, this freshwater ocean carried away all the accumulated sediments of the rivers to the Arctic Ocean.
These sediments were carried away by the shock wave and tsunami in the form of a mystery, like ice-earth layers of soil and thick layers of sandstone.
The shock wave and tsunami destroyed all life on the shore … then the Finnish Ugrians came to these places …
Fig. 9 Tsunami strikes. Distribution of the genus R1a.
On the map in Fig. 5 on one of the islands it is written … "Pygmies live here, no more than four feet tall, like those who were called Screlingers in Greenland."
Fig. 10 Contemporary photo in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.
Novaya Zemlya and the Subpolar Urals softened the consequences of the shock wave and tsunami for the region from the Kola Peninsula to the Urals, people from such a misfortune from these places moved south. The ocean erodes this barrier over time …
Fig. 11. Fragment of a 1531 map.
And its remains have survived almost to our days - this is the Sannikov Land and on August 13, 1886, Baron Edouard de Tolle recorded in his diary:
“The horizon is perfectly clear. In the direction to the northeast, we clearly saw the outlines of the four mesas, which in the east connected with the lowland. Thus, Sannikov's message was fully confirmed. We have the right, therefore, to draw a dotted line in the appropriate place on the map and write on it: "Sannikov Land"
In 1893, Toll again visually recorded a strip of mountains on the horizon, which he identified with Sannikov Land.
Sannikov Land, like many other nearby but disappeared islands of the Arctic Ocean, such as the Semyonovsky, Vasilievsky and others islands, which were plotted on navigational maps in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, actually existed, but consisted of ice on which there was a layer of alluvial soil is applied. Later, due to the warming of the Arctic, they melted.
Fig. 12. Melted Islands. 1 - Gillis Land, 2 - Andreev Land, 3 - Sannikov Land, 4 - President Land, 5 - Peterman Land, 6 - King Oscar Land, 7 - Crocker Land, 8 - Bradley Land, 9 - Keenen Land, 10 - Land of Harris, 11 - Land of Tak-Puk, 12 - Land of the Peasant, 13 - Land of polar explorers of Henrietta Island.
From beneath the epicenter of the explosion, ice, water and debris from the soil and vegetation of Beringia were thrown onto the surrounding ice and thus created an annular ridge. It can be assumed that, under their weight, the shafts, pushing the ice, sank slightly into the depths of the ocean, thus creating a funnel - the drain of which was below the surface of the ocean. Ocean water flowing like a funnel to the center again found itself in the ocean.
Figure 2 shows that around 1300 there was a sharp drop in the air and water temperature of the ocean, probably a significant part of everything that was thrown onto the ice sank to the bottom and even more blocked the path of the Gulf Stream.
The Melted Isles are echoes of the crater on the Mercator map.
The disappearance of these barriers cleared the way for the Gulf Stream and then the Little Ice Age disappeared.
PS: Almost 20 thousand tons of space substances fall to the Earth per year.
In addition to small particles, large meteorites also fall, leaving a bright glow in the atmosphere. Glow in excess of 1 gigaJ. recorded by military experts in control of nuclear explosions. Fig. 13.
Fig. 13.
The brightness of the flash is tens of J.
During the period from 1994 to 2013, 556 meteor outbreaks were recorded
The Earth never gets bored … …..
