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In the previous parts, it was repeatedly suggested that the underground floors of old buildings could have formed by a very slow (over decades) subsidence of the buildings themselves in unconsolidated soils or in water-saturated clays. Although, there are great doubts that old and completely brick houses on a foundation of rubble stone can withstand this without even cracking, I propose to continue to talk on this topic, consider a number of models.
Watching the video:
Several soil experiments are shown here (from 13 minutes).
It is clear from these videos that in the presence of a low density (or high water cut) of soils, the structure may sink. Vibration also contributes to this process (for example, mild, but frequent earthquakes).
What conclusion can be drawn from this information? Imagine that after the flood (from the 16th century) 150-200 years have passed and the soils have not yet compacted and have an increased water content. They are building brick buildings. They are not destroyed during a drawdown, because the process is very slow, and even during the life of one person is not felt. To notice this process, you need to compare photos and make pits. However, this fact is revealed during archaeological excavations or during the reconstruction of buildings. But the scholarly world interprets this as an increase in cultural layers or the principle “they built it this way”.
Promotional video:
In the 19th century. soil, clay already have a different density and bearing capacity - houses built in this century stop "sinking".
But this model does not apply to the cities of Italy, in particular Rome, buried in the process of passing mudflows. The model is a scientific explanation of particular striking cases, for example, the buried Polytechnic Museum in Moscow, houses in Kazan, where their reconstruction processes were presented in photographs as underground first floors. There are many questions in this model as well. To answer them, you need to deal with physical models in laboratories and calculations based on the data obtained. You understand who should be doing this …
I do not want to put an end to this topic. Because this model can only explain some of the facts from a scientific and official point of view. For me, having something intelligible from the versions is much more adequate than constructing endless yet unprovable hypotheses.
Here is a clear example, proof of this version:
toropyggka: I heard it last night either on Viasat or Science. The show was about big projects. They talked about the water drainage system in Mexico City. There they announced the figure that after the construction of Mexico City sank 12 m. I searched the Spanish-language resources, all I found was the problem of floods and sinking of the city, since it was built on a drained lake.
The only thing is that there are no numbers. 12 m, apparently, this is from the level of Tenotchitlan, which the Spaniards actually destroyed and in its place and from its stones they built Ciudad de Mexico City.
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The information seemed interesting to me, here are short excerpts in translation:
Official information: The city was once located on the lake. In 1325, the Aztecs founded their capital, Tenochtitlan, on an islet. Over time, they expanded the city by backfilling soil and planting in floating gardens called chinampas, arable land that is created with rafts of reeds and mud.
Later, the victorious Spaniards fought a war against the water, deciding to dry up the lake. They replaced dams and canals with streets and squares; they drained lakes and cut down forests.
An engraving of a view of Mexico City when it already belonged to the Spaniards.
But the same article says:
Mexico City lies on a mixture of volcanic soil and mud from lakes. Areas such as the historic center are located on clay. Other structures were built in volcanic areas with layers of ash.
Previously there was a lake - now it is a plain.
In Mexico City, there is such a soil problem:
The city is built on a mixture of clay and volcanic soil, it is sinking, causing dangerous cracks in its buildings.
Settlement model of buildings.
What conclusion can be drawn? For some unknown reason, the lake on which Tenotchitlan was located, ancient Mexico City, was covered with volcanic ash and clay. There they regularly find something like this during construction work:
A pyramid was found in the east of Mexico. The pyramid, located at the top of the hill, was made of stones. It reached a height of 12 m.
“All we know at this point is 30 burials, two of which contained skeletons of children,” says the archaeologist. Along with human bones, the remains of dogs, coyotes, deer, birds and fish were found in the graves.
Subsequently, on the soil that did not have time to lie down, the Spaniards began to build brick houses, which are still submerged in the soil.
All buildings in Russia and Europe, where we see the buried lower floors of buildings, could undergo similar processes.
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What were the canes for?
xspline in comment
Recently I looked at Piranesi's prints and found oddities - few people, and those who are, wander or stare at what they got, and there are also those who walk with poles. There is apparently something liquid underfoot and, as in a swamp or depth, it is checked or used as a support.
It has long been a feeling that on the engravings people are depicted against the background of ruins as researchers who evaluate and study.
How do you like the fashion for walking sticks in those days? Why would healthy aristocrats go with her? Not because you could easily get bogged down in some places where the clay has not yet dried, has not settled down, or the water has not completely left? A cane can "touch" a puddle or a suspicious place.
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Another proof that vibrations (earthquakes) can cause buildings on soft soils to go underground - this is the earthquake in Japan in Niigata in 1964.
Multi-storey buildings sank into the ground, tilted and toppled over.
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Cities in the deserts of China.
Judging by the photo, it was clearly not built like that. This temple suffered destruction from mudflows from the mountains, or so the sands were packed after hurricane winds.
There is a film on this topic. But there is nothing interesting about it, except: Sir Aurel Stein discovered that the cities are covered with sand, and the 1000-year-old Buddhist library is in almost perfect condition.
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Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Yemelyanovo
Trinity Church - founded on October 10, 1798.
Obviously, the church was not built like that. In winter, there will be snow on the windows. Either it sank - by analogy with the information at the beginning of the article, or it was specially filled up so that the foundation of the building would not be exposed to frost heaving of the soil.
The floors inside are also raised and it can be seen that the arches and ceiling vaults are unnaturally low.
On the reverse side, the picture is the same. Maybe it has something to do with the year without the summer of 1816? Dust storms swept the church.
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At the end of this article, the video:
Excavations at Ilyinka. 6 meters down. Gothic arch and lots of water!
Continued: Part 33.
Author: sibved