Kiyar was here
The discoverers of the Caucasian Arkaim are considered the director of the Pyatigorsk tourism center Aleksey Yevtushenko, as well as Moscow historians Aleksandr Asov and Aleksey Alekseev. They were the first to put forward the theory (and still adhere to it) that they discovered the city of Kiyar in the Elbrus region - the capital of the state of the ancient Slavs Ruskolan located in the North Caucasus. “The city of Kiyar is associated with the name of the most ancient Slavic prince Bus Beloyar, the first from whom the Russian civilization began,” says Alexander Asov. - He united the peoples of Ruskolani, was a spiritual leader - a first priest, a high priest. He was revered as the son of the Most High among all the peoples inhabiting Ruskolan. It is obvious that Bus Beloyar was initiated in the Temple of the Sun, which was located in Kiyar."
According to Zoroastrian and Old Russian legends, this temple was captured by Rus (Rustam) and Useny (Kavi Useinas) in the II millennium BC. e. Mentions the Temple of the Sun and the geographer Strabo, placing in it the sanctuary of the Golden Fleece and the oracle of Eetus. According to Strabo, at the turn of our era, the Temple of the Sun was plundered by the Bosporan king Pharnaces. The temple was finally destroyed in the 4th century. n. e. Goths and Huns. Even its dimensions are known: 60 cubits (about 25 m) in length, 20 (over 8 m) in width and 15 (over 5 m) in height; and also the number of windows and doors: 12 (according to the number of signs of the zodiac).
It is known that such a structure as the Temple of the Sun was revered by all the most ancient peoples, there is a mention of it in the national epic of the Greeks, Arabs, and European peoples. There were detailed descriptions that astronomical observations were carried out in the temples of the Sun. In ancient times, the priests created such observatory temples, studying the most ancient stellar science. There were calculated not only calendars for agriculture, but also, most importantly, determined the most important milestones in world and spiritual history.
If we assume that the researchers actually found the ancient city of Qiyar, then the evidence of this fact could be the discovery of any traces of the Temple of the Sun. This is what they did in the first place.
Amateur astronomers
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Before submitting their find to the scientific community, the search engines did a tremendous job. For two years, they determined the possible location of the ancient observatory. So, for example, it turned out that the complex, located on the Irakhitsyrt plateau at an altitude of 2300 meters, includes 9 of the most significant elements. Near the Tuzluk mountain, stones worked by man were found, apparently of cult significance; cup-shaped depressions were carved on the stones, into which a sacrificial drink was poured, and grooves along which this drink flowed down. Igor Otyutsky, head of the archeology department of the Stavropol Regional Museum of Local Lore, believes that these grooves served for other purposes - with them our ancestors could mark the paths of the planets visible to the naked eye.
Found unusual stones were conventionally called "altars". Having studied the bowl-shaped depressions, scientists have found that they form certain shapes and lines. On one of the stones, the pattern resembled the configuration of the constellation Pisces. The line between the two "altars" was clearly oriented towards the East - West direction.
On one of the slopes of Mount Tuzluk, the researchers found two large stone slabs with traces of manual processing and remains of masonry. The members of the expedition put forward a bold assumption that this is the remains of the Temple of the Sun. In the center, between the two slabs, the searchers conventionally drew the axis of the alleged temple. A meter from the line connecting the two "altars" is a triangular stone. If you draw a conditional line from it, you get a perpendicular to the imaginary axis of the temple. In addition, one "altar" cannot be seen from the point at which the second construction of this kind is located, due to the peculiarities of the relief. However, the view of the two stones opens when you stand on a triangular stone. It is surprising that when the axis of the temple coincides with the center of Mount Tuzluk, a line is obtained that connects the North with the South. Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nikolay Bochkarev believes thatthat "fixing the sides of the horizon on the ground is the most important sign of the presence of an ancient near-horizon observatory."
When discussing this problem at the SAI, a number of experts had doubts: the lines that tied the cardinal points to the objects of the observatory had minor deviations from the actual measurements of the cardinal points. So, the West - East line deviated by 5 degrees 20 minutes clockwise, and the North - South line by 4 degrees in the same direction. What can cause such deviations? Tomila Potemkina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher at the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, believes that such a deviation may be caused by precessional phenomena associated with a change in the regime of the Earth's axis of rotation. Nikolay Bochkarev has a different opinion: "Since the measurements were taken not along the geographical horizon, but along the real one, a deviation of several degrees may indicate a real sunrise on the days of the equinox."The historian Aleksey Alekseev suggests that the deviations could have occurred due to the inaccuracy of the "bindings" made by the builders of the temple, which are admitted by archaeoastronomers.
Another unique discovery made during the expeditions is the menhir - a stone stele weighing 5 tons with obvious traces of processing, located southeast of Mount Tuzluk, which could serve as a heel stone and made it possible to predict solar and lunar eclipses. If we draw a line from the menhir to the top of Mount Tuzluk, then its direction will coincide with the extreme southeastern point of the moon's rise during the summer solstice. This phenomenon is called "high moon" in astronomy. According to archaeologist Boris Atabiev, an employee of the Museum of Archeology of the city of Nalchik, the age of the menhir may be about two and a half thousand years.
In the vicinity of the menhir on the Kayaashik pass, the researchers found four small tower-like tours made of stones. According to the members of the expedition, all these artifacts were of no small importance in the work of the ancient observatory.
During the entire last field season, the members of the expedition were engaged in testing their hypothesis by means of various instrumental measurements: they determined the azimuth of sunrise and sunset on the days of the summer solstice, linked astronomical events to near-horizon landmarks, determined the azimuth of the rising and setting of the moon on the day of the full moon following the solstice. The scientific detachment of the expedition, hung with theodolites, tripods, measuring rods, daily explored the designated area. “The sun has already risen above the horizon, but it is hidden from us by the Kanjala massif,” Andrei Malyshev, a surveyor and topographer with many years of experience, describes the measurement of the azimuth of sunrise. - Elbrus turned pink, the first rays of the sun appeared. And now, in a deep saddle, near the southern edge of Kanjal, a dazzling point appears, which we catch in the crosshair of the sight. Countdown - top edge. The countdown is the middle of the disc. Breakaway. After that, we took the azimuths to the neighboring peaks, drew the horizon profile, in order to then snap to the near-horizon landmarks."
Mount Tuzluk itself, according to the description of the researchers, is a regular cone overgrown with grass about 40 meters high with a base diameter of 150 meters. The slopes rise to the summit at an angle of 45 degrees, which corresponds to the latitude of the place, and look at the North Star. Vladimir Boltanov, a surveyor from the Pyatigorsk airborne geodetic enterprise, who previously supervised the work on the geodetic "referencing" of the Zelenchuk observatory, analyzing a space survey of the Tuzluk mountain region, noted changes in the phototone in the area of the image of the eastern slope and the foot of the mountain, which, in his opinion, indicates an artificial movement of soil on this site. The axis of the foundation of the Temple of the Sun forms an angle of 30 degrees with the direction to the eastern summit of Elbrus. The same 30 degrees are between the axis of the temple and the direction to the menhir and the Shaukam pass. Thus, it was concluded thatthat Mount Tuzluk is "tied" to natural landmarks by the Sun and the eastern summit of Elbrus.
When Itogi asked about the importance of studying archeoastronomical complexes, Nikolai Bochkarev answered: “Research in the field of paleoastronomy proves that ancient astronomers knew the starry sky much better than we thought before. The reasons for this are clear: the ancients had to know when to sow, reap, when to perform ritual ceremonies. In general, paleoastronomic research helps to understand the dynamics of human development."
Entertaining toponymy
It is curious that the theory of the location of Kiyar is supported by the linguistic closeness of the modern geographical names of the regions of the northern foothills of Elbrus with the toponymy of Slavic legends. The researchers have the following chain. So, for example, in the legends it is mentioned that at the foot of the Alatyr Mountain (according to the researchers, this is Elbrus) Iriy was located - paradise. In the Elbrus region there is the Irakhitsyrt plateau - an extended mountain range no more than a kilometer wide, sandwiched by lava fields, Elbrus glaciers and the rocks of the Tashly-Syrt ridge. The ancients also argued that Iriy was separated from Reveal by the fiery river Currant (from the word "smaga" - fire, flame). Irakhitsyrt is separated from the foothills by the Kyzylsu river - translated from the Turkic - "fiery river". Through it, according to legend, lay the Kalinov Bridge, across which the souls of the dead penetrated from one world to another. And the researchers found such a bridge. In the narrow place of the Kyzylsu River above the Sultan waterfall, there is a stone plug, along which you can go to the other side of the river, where to this day there is no vegetation, only gloomy "fields" of black and red lava. The analogy with the other world, you see, is very close.
This summer, a scientific archaeological expedition will again go to the Elbrus region to confirm the location of the ancient Slavic city of Kiyar. The purpose of the next research is to confirm the location of the city, to establish the period when this sacred center was founded, to conduct exploration of the alleged remnants of settlements, as well as burial grounds discovered by participants in previous expeditions.
Dmitry Serkov, Alexey Alekseev